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article title for Графит on wafarin.com

Interested Article - Графит

??????? (?? ??.-????. «??????????, ??????») — ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????? , ???? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? . ????????? ????????. ???? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ??-??????? ????????????? ???????????? ???? ?????, ??????? ????? ??? ????????? , ? ?????????? ?? ?????????????? ???????? (???????????????-???????????????), ?? ???????????? (?????????????-?????????????????). ???? ??????????????, ????? ???????, ??????? ?? ????????????? ????? ?????? ????????. ????????? ????????????, ??????????. ???????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????????-???????? ???????? , ???? — ???????? ??????????????-?????????? ????????. ? ????????????????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? (0001). ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????: ????????????????????? (???????), ??????????????? (??????????), ????????????????????? (????????, ????????????????????) ? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??????????.

???????

?????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??-?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????????, ????????, ???????????? . ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????-?????? (4000 ??? ?? ?. ?.), ???????????? ? ??????? ????? ???????? . ???????? «??????» ?????????? ? 1789 ???? ???????? ???????? , ??????????? ????? ???????? «?????? ??????» ( ????. black lead), «????????? ??????», «??????????? ??????» .

?????????? ????????

?????? ???????? ????????????? ??? . ???????? ?????? ?????????? (1 ?? ????? ????? ). ???????????? ??????. ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ???????. ????????? 2,08—2,23 ?/??³. ???? ?????-?????, ????? ?????????????. ?????????, ???????? ??? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???????. ?????? (?????????) ?? ?????. ????????? ?????? ???????? 10—12 % ???????? ???? ? ??????? ??????. ??? ?????? ????????????? ?? ????????? ??????? (??? ???????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ).

???????????????? ??????? ?? 100 ?? 354,1 ??/(?·?), ??????? ?? ????? ???????, ?? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?? ??????????? .

????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? , ? ???????????, ???????????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ? ?????????????, ? ???????????????? — ? ????? ??? ??????. ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ? ????????? 300—1300 ?, ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????. ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ????? ??????????????????? ??????.

??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? 700 ? ??????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? (?????? ????????? ??? ??????????), ??? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????. ???? 700 ? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????. ? ???????????, ???????????????? ???????? ??????????, ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????, ??????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????????? ? ????? ??? ? 20 ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????.

???????????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????????? 300÷3000 ? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ??????? . ? ??????????????????? ??????? ????? ?>3500K ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? : ????????????????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ( ?????????? ) ?????? ? ???????????????? ???????????????? ???????? , ??? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????? ???????? .

??????? ??????????? ????????? — 3845—3890 °C, ??????? ?????????? ??? 4200 °C [ ???????? ?? ?????? 1601 ???? ] . ?? ????? ???????? 1 ?? ??????? ?????????? 7832 ???? ?????.

????????????? ??????? ??????????? , ????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ? ???????? ????????? ? ?????? ? ????????????? ???????? ??????????. ??????????? ????? ???????? ? ?????????????? ?? ????????????? ??? 2400 ?.

?????????? ????????

?? ??????? ?????????? (????????? ?????????, ??????) ???????? ?????????? ????????? .

????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ? ?????????? , ?????? ?? ??????????? ???? . ????????????? ? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ???????? (CF) x .

? ???????????? ???????? ?? ????????????.

?????????

?-??????
?-??????

?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????????.

????????? ??? ??????????? ???????: ?-?????? (?????????????? P63/mmc) ? ?-?????? (??????????????? R(-3)m). ??????????? ????????? ?????. ? ?-??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ??? ? ??? ???????? ?????????????? (??????? …???????…), ? ? ?-??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????. ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ? ?????????????? ????, ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????.

?-?????? ? ?????? ???? ?? ???????????, ??? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ?????. ??????, ? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???? ????? ????????? 30 %. ??? ??????????? 2500—3300 ? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ? ??????????????.

??????? ?????????? ? ???????

????????????? ????????: ?????? , ??????????? , ??????? , ?????? , ????? , ???????? , ???????? , ??????? . ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ? ????????????? ? ????????????? ?????? ??????? , ? ?????????? ? ??????? . ??????????? ? ????????? ????? ? ???????????? ? ??. ?????????? ? ??????????????????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ??????????????. ?????? ????????????? ? ??????????????? ??????? — ??????????????? ???????, ??????? , ???????? . ??????? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??????????????? ????????? ( ?????????? ??????? , ????????? ????????????? ?????????????????????? (?????????) ???????, ????????? ????????????? (? ????????? ????? ?? ???????????????). ??????????? ??????? ?????????? .

??????????

?????????? ?????????? ????.

????????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ???????.

  • ??? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? , ???????????? ???? — ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? (? ?????????? ?????????), ?? ??? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????? ???? ????????????? ????????.
  • ?????????? , ?????????????? ????????? — ????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? (??????? ????, ??? ? ??????????? ???????? ).
  • ??? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????. ? ?????????, ??? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????:
  1. ??????? ?????????????????? , ? ??? ????????? — ??? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????
  2. ?????????????? ???????? ???????, ??????????? ?? ????????? — ??? ?????????? ??? . ?????????????? ???????? ????????, ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????????????? ???, ? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???????. ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? .

?????? ? ???????????

?????????? ? ???? ?????????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ; ? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? , ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????? (??????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ???)

???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? .
? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????????, ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ??????-?????????? ? ??????????????? ????????? ????????.

???????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ???.

??????????? ??????? ? ???????????????? ??????

?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????. ????????? ???????? ? ????????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????????? (???????? ????????, ??????????? ????? ? ??.) ????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????. ?????????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?? ?=1000 °C ?? ????????? 400—600 °C/?. ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????????? ??????? ???????. ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? (?? 300—400 ???) ?????????????? ???????? ? ???????????????? ????????????, ??? ???? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????, ???????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????. ????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????? ???????????, ?????? ???????? , ????????? ???????? ? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????.

??????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????

??? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? ? ??????????????? ??? ??? ?????????. ??? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ? ???? . ?????? ???????????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????, ????????, ????????? ??? ?????????.

???????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????:

  • ?????????? ????? ? ???????????? (???????????????? ?????????, ????????????, ??????? ? ??????? ????? ?? ????????);
  • ?????????? ??????????;
  • ????????????? ?????????? ????? (????????? ? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????????);
  • ?????????? ??? ?????????? «???????» (????????????) ????????? ? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????;
  • ?????? ?????????;
  • ?????????? ?????????;
  • ???????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????.

???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? 30—40 ??, ????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ??? 1300 °C. ??? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????, ??????????? ?????????? ? ??? ??????? ???????, ????????????? ??? ?????????, ???????- ? ????????????????. ????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????. ??????? ????? ???????? ? ????????? ? ????? ? ?????????? ??????? ??? 90—130 °C.

? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????????, ? ????? ????????? ?????? ???. ????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? (80—100 °C). ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ????? ????? ????????, ??? ? ?????-?????. ??? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????????.

??? ???????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ????? ? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ? ????????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????? 800—1200 °C. ????????????????? ????? ?????? (?????? ? ??????????) ?????????? 3—5 ?????? ? ??????????? ?? ??????? ? ????????? ?????????. ?????????? — ????????????? ??????????? ????????? — ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ? ??????. ?????????? ???????? ? ????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????????? 2400—3000 °C. ??? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????. ?? ????????????????????? «?????????» ???????? ?????????? ????????????????????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????.

????????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ???, ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? (????? ??????) ? ?????????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????????? ? ????? ????? ???????????????? ????????. ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ? ??????? ???????? ? ????????? ????? .

??????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????

??????????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????: ?????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ??, ??????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ??, ??????????????? ?????????, ??????????? ???????? , ?????? ? ??????? ????? ??-1500?83, ?? 1500??5, ??-1500?83, ??-1500??5, ??????, ??????? ? ???????????????? ????????? ????? ????, ???-80??, 7?-2?, ??, ??, ???.

??????????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ?? ?????????????? ????????? ?????, ???????????????? ???? ? ???????? ?????????? ???????. ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ??-1500 83, ??-1500??5 ???-600?83, ???-600??5 ? ?? ????????. ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ? ? ??????? ??????, ?????????? ???????? ??? ?? — 250—300 °C, ??? ?? — 300 °C (? ????????????????? ? ??????????? ?????? 1500 ? 2500 °C ??????????????). ?????????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? (?? ??????????? ??????? ???????), ? ????????? ?????, ?? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ? ????????????????? ????????? ????? ???????.

?????? ??? ???????????????? ?????

?????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????? ????-????????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????????, ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ? ? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? 17,8 ?/? — ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? . ? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??, ??? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ???? (????????????????????-?????????????????? ????????) ?????? ?????????????? ? ? ??????, ? ? ????. ??? ???? ? ?????? , ??? , ????????? , ?????? — ? ????????, ????? ??????????? ??? ?? ???. ??? ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????-?? ???????????????, ? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????, ? ???????? ???????????????, ? ??? ????? ????????????. ?????????????, ??? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????, ?? ????? ???????? ? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????. ??? ?????????, ????????, ? ???????, ?????????? ???????????? .

????????????? ???????

????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????:

  • ???????????? ?????? : ??????????? ????? ????? ? ???? ?? 2800 °C;
  • ??????????????????? ?????? : ????????????????? ?????????? ?????, ?????????? ????, ???, ????????? ?????? ? ????????????????? ????????.
  • ?????????????? ?????? : ????????? ?? ???????????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? 1400—1500 °C ? ??????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? 2500—3000 °C ??? ???????? 50 ??? (?????????????? ??????? — ??????????; ? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????????? «?????????????»).
  • ???????? ?????? : ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????.
  • ????????? ?????? : ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????????.

??????????

  1. ? .
  2. , — 2007.
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