Списки:Камбоджа
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Interested Article - Камбоджа
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- 2020-06-14
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????????? ( ?????. ??????? Kâmp?chéa ), ????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? , ?????????? — ???????????? ????????? ( ?????. ????????????????????? Pre?? Réachéanachâkr Kâmp?chéa ); ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? — ??????????? ? ???-????????? ???? , ????????????? ?? ??? ??????????? ????????? . ??????? — ???????? . ??????? — 181 ???. ??². ????????? — ????? 16 ????????? ??????? (16 926 984 ?? ?????? ?? 2020 ?. ); ????? 97 % ?? ??? — ?????? . ? 1993 ???? — ??????????????? ???????? , ????? ??????????? — ?????? . ??????????????? ????? — ???????????? ????????? ( ???????????? ????????? ? ????? ). ?? ??????? ???????? ? ????????? , ?? ?????? — ? ?????? , ?? ??????-?????? — ? ????????? .
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— ???????? ??????
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.
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1975
—
1989 ?????
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(
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). ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ????: ??????????? ???????? (
1953
—
1970
? ?
1993 ????
),
????????? ??????????
(1970—1975, ?????
??? ????
),
??????????????? ????????
(1975—
1979
, ????? «
??????? ???????
»
??? ????
),
???????? ?????????? ????????
(1979—1989, ????? ?????????
????????
),
??????????? ????????
(1989—1993, ??????
???
).
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??????? ??????
??????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ???. ??? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ????????????? ???????????. ?????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????, ??? ?????? (I—VI ??.), ? ??????? ????? ???????????????? ???????, ? VI—VIII ??. ?? ????? ???????? ?????, ? ? IX—XIII ??. — ?????????? ???????, ??? ???????????? , ?????????? ??????????? ???-????????? ????. ? XIV—XIX ????? ? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? .
????? ? ??? ????????
???????? ???????????? ??????? ? ?????? ? ????????? ( ????????? ).
???????????? ??????
? 1863 ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ? ????????????, ?? ???????? 1884 ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? .
C
1942
??
1945 ????
???? ????????????
???????? ????????
.
?????? ?????????????
? 1953 ???? ???????? ???????? ????????????? .
? ????? 1960-? ?? 1975 ??? ? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? , ? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? , ????? ??????? ? ??? . ???? ????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????? ? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ???????, ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ? ????? ????????. ? 1966 ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????, ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????, ?????????? ? ??????????? ????????????????? ????? ? ???????? ? ????????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????. ????, ?? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????????????? ??? ????? ????????, ??????? ???????? « ». ? 1970 ???? ????????? ????????? , ? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? . ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ????????????? ??? ????, ????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? — « ??????? ??????? », ??????????? ???? ??? ? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ? ???????? .
? 1975 ???? , ??????? ? ??????????? ????? , ? ?????? ?????? « ??????? ?????? » ?? ????? ? ??? ????? . ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????????? «????????? ??????????», ???????????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????????? ?????? (????????, ???????, ?????????????, ?????????, ???????????? ??????????, ?????? «??????»). ?? ????????? ???????, ???? ?????????? ?? 1 ?? 3 ??? ??????? ??????, ??????? ? ??? ????? ??????????? « ??????????????? ???????? » .
??? ? 1973 ???? ? ???????, ?????????????? «???????? ????????», ???????? ????????? ????????? ? ???????????? ??? ??????????????, ? ? ?????????? ?????????? ? ??????? — ????????? ???????????? ??????????. ? ???????? 1975 ???? ????? ????? ????????? ? ????????? ???????? , ? ?????? 1976 ???? — ????? ?? ????? ? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????? , ? 1977 ???? — ? ???????, ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? (??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????????, ??? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????). ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? 2 ????? ? ????????? ??????????? , ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????????, ? ??? ?????, ??? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ????????. ? 1978 ???? ????? ????? ????????? ? ?????????? ??????? (?????? 1978), ????????? , ???????? ? ?????????? (??? ??? — ? ??? 1978).
? 1978 ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????, ? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? . ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ??????????? ???????????.
? ??????? 1978 ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? (?????), ???????????? ?????????????? ? ???????????????? ????. ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? , ??? ?? ? , ? ????? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? . ??? ??? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ? ??????????? ??????. ? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?? ????? «??????? ???????» ? 1976—1977 ????? (? ?????????, ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??? ??? , ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? 1978 ????), ? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? 20-?? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? . ???? ?????? ???? ????????????? ?????, ? ??? ??? ??? ????????????. ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????-????????????? ?????? ???????? , ????? ??????????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ????.
? 1979 ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????? « ??????? ??????? ». ?????? ???? ????????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???????? . ??? ? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????????????? ????????, ??????? ??? ??????????? ????????. ????????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ? 1989 ???? , ?? ??????????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ?????. ????????? ????????? «??????? ???????» ???????? ????? , ??????? ????? ? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????. «??????? ??????» ?????????????? ???????????? ? ????????? ?????? ? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? , ??????????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ???-???????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ???????? . ??? ??????????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ???????. ?????? ??? ????? ????????????? ????????? ? ???????????? ???????? ? ??? .
? ????? ? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ????? ( ???????-??????? ) ???????? ??? ??? , ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???? ??????? , ?????????? ?? ?????????????? ???. ? 1989 ???? ??????????????? ????????? ????????????? ??? ? ??????????? ???????? . ???? ??????? ??????? ? ??????????? ????????, ??????????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????????? ????????? ???????. 24 ???????? 1993 ???? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????. ??? ? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????.
????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ???? 1997 ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????? ? ????????? ????????????? ?????????.
7 ??????? 2004 ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????, 14 ??????? 2004 ???? ??????????? ??????? ????????, ?? ???????????? ??? ???????? ?????, ?????? ??????????, ???????????? ????? ?????? — ??????? ??????? . ?????? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????? ???????-???????? ??? ???? [ ???????? ?? ?????? 4571 ???? ] . 24 ?????? 2000 ???? ???????????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ???? .
? 2007 ???? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ?? ??????? ?????? «??????? ???????» ???? ??????????, ? ? ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ? ?????????.
28 ???? 2013 ???? ? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? . ???? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? (49 % ???????), ?? ????????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????, ??????? ????? 45 % ???????. ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????????, ??????? ?? ???????????????????. ? ???? 2013 ?? ???? 2014 ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????????????????? ????????????? . 16 ?????? 2017 ???? ????????????? ???? ???? ???????? ? ?????????? ????????????????????? «??????? ?????????» ? ?????????.
?? ??????? 29 ???? 2018 ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????, ?????? 76,85 % ??????? ? ??? 125 ???? ? ???????????? ????????? . ????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ? «???? ?? ??????????» ???????? ?????????????? 5,89 % ? 4,86 % ???????.
?????????
???????? ??????????? ? ???-????????? ????, ? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????? . ???????? ? ????????? (?? ???????), ?????? (?? ??????-???????) ? ????????? (?? ?????? ? ??????-??????); ?? ??? ? ???-?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? . ????????????? ?????? ??????????: ? ????????? — 1228 ??, ? ????????? — 803 ??, ? ?????? — 541 ??; ????? ????????? ????? — 443 ??. ??????? ??????????? ?????????? 181 040 ??² . ?????????? ?????? ?????? — ???? (100 ??²).
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?????????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????. ??????? ????? ???????? (????? 75 %) ???????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ? ???????????? ???? ?????? . ??? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????: ?????? ??????? (?? ???-??????), ???????? ?????? (?? ???) ? ??????? (?? ??????). ????????????? ?? ??????-??????? ?????? ????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ? ????????? ???????????? ???????? (?? ??????) ? ? ??????????? ??????? ??????? (?? ???-???????). ????? ????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ??????-???????.
???? ??????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ? ??????-?????? ?? ???-??????, ????????? ????? ????? 1500 ?. ?????? ????? ????????, ???? ????? , ????????? ? ????????? ????? ?????? ? ?????????? 1813 ? ??? ??????? ????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???-??????, ?????? ?????????? ?? 500 ?? 1000 ?. ? ???-?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????, ??????????? ? ????????? ??????. ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? 500 ?, ? ?????? ????? ????????? 750 ? ??? ??????? ????. ? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? , ?????????? ??????-?????? ????????.
?????????? ????
?? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???-?????? ??????, ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ? ???????? ????? ???????? ? ???? ??????. ???? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ?????????????. ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????; ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??, ????? ???????????? ?? ???-?????, ? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???-?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ????-????????? ????. ??????? ? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????. ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????, ??????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ???????????? ??????, ? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????????? ? ????????? ???. ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????.
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?????? ????????, ??? ?? ??? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ???-????????? ????, ?????? ??????? ?? ????????. ??????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ??????????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ??????????? 25 °?. ???????????? ??????????? — ???? 32 °?, ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? 38 °?. ??????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ???? 10 °?. ????? ???????? ????? — ??????, ? ????? ?????? — ??????. ??????????? ???????, ????? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ????????, ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????????.
??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? 1000 ?? 1500 ??. ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ?? 5000 ?? ? ???. ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???-?????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ???????? — ???????? ??????????.
????? ??????? ? ????????
????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????. ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? 212 ????? ?????????????, 536 ????? ????, 240 ????? ???????? ? 850 ????? ???????????? ???. ?????????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ????? ????? ???????? , ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? . ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??????-??????? ? ??????? ??????, ? ????? ????? ??? ???????. ?? ???-?????? ????????, ?? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????, ?????????? ?????????? 1834 ??².
??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ????. ??? ???? ??????????? ????? , ??????? ????????? ? 1969 ???? ????? 70 % ?????????? ??????, ??????????? ?? ????? ???? 3,1 % ? 2007 ????. ? 2012 ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? 57,4 % ?????????? ???????? — 10,2 ??? ??????. ? 2010 ???? ??????? ????? ? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ? ?????????? 1,3 % ? ??? .
?????????
?? ?????? ?? 2020 ??? ????????? ?????? ?????????? 16 926 984 ???????, ????? 97 % ?? ??? — ??????. ?????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? , ???????????, ????????? ? ??????? ???????? . ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?? 2020 ??? ???????? 1,4 %. ????????? ??????: 950 ?????? ?? 1000 ??????. ??????? ????????????????? ????? ?????????? 65,9 ???? (63,4 ??? — ? ?????? ? 68,6 ??? — ? ??????). ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? 2020 ??? — 24,2 %. ??????? ??????????? ?? 2018 ???: 80,5 % (86,5 % ?????? ? 75 % ??????) .
?????????? ?????? ????????:
- ???????? : 2 234 566 ???.
- ?????????? : 250 000 ???.
- ???????? : 171 800 ???.
- ?????????? : 132 000 ???.
- ?????? : 89 549 ???.
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????? 96 % ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? , ??????? ????????? ? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? . ? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? , ?????? ??? ?????????????????? ????? ??????????? ? ????????? ?????. ??????????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ?????????????, ? ?????, ????? ???????????, ?????????????? ??????. ????? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????????. ? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ? ?????????.
?????????????? ????? ? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????: ??????? ? ????????? ????????, ??????????? , ???????? , ??????? ? ??. ?? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????: ????? (??????), ??? (????), ??????? , ?????, ???, ????? ? ??? .
???????
??????? ?????????? 97,9 % ?????????; ????? — 1,1 %; ???????????? — 0,5 %; ?????? ??????? — 0,6 %. ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? , ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? 4390 ??????. ???????? ? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ? ?????????. ??????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????, ???? ?????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ????? ???????, ?? ????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????????. ? 1975 ????, ? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? «??????? ???????», ?? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? 1979 ????. ??? ?? ?????, ? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????????, ????? ????? ??????? ???????.
???? ???????? ????????????? ??????, ????? ????, ???????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????. ??????? ? ???????? ????????? ????? 300 000 ?????????, ??????? ????? ?? ??? ? ????????? ??????????. ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ? ?????????? (???????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ???). ????? [ ???????? ] 1 % ???????????? ?????????? ????????????, ??????? ??????? ??????????. ????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ? ????? ? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? — ????????? ? ?????????????? .
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???????????? ???????????, ???????? ? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ? ???????? ? ??????? ???????????. ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ??????? ????????????????, ??????? 3 ?????? ??????????: ???????????, ???????????? (??????????????) ? ????????. ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ? ??????? 9 ???, ?????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????????. ??????????? ??????????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????????, ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????. ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ???????????, ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ? ???? ???????. ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????????.
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? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ? ??????? ???????????????, ???? ? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????. ?? ?????? ?? 2020 ??? ??????? ????????????????? ????? ? ?????? ????????? 63,4 ??? ??? ?????? ? 68,6 ??? ??? ??????, ??? ??????????? ???? ??????????? 1999 ???? — 49,8 ? 46,8 ??? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????????. ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ? ??????????????? ????? ????????? ????????????????? ????????? ? ???, ??????? ? ?????? ????????????.
??????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? 27 ?? 1000 ?????????? ?????? ? 2000 ???? ?? 18 ?? 1000 — ? 2014 ????. ? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? 5 ??? ???????? ? 54 ?? 35 ?? 1000 ?????????? ?????? . ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ?????????? , ??? 22,9 % ????? ??????? ? ???????? ?? 5 ???; ?????, ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????, ????????????? ??????????????, ?????????, ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ???? ? ??????? ?????????.
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? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ? ????????. ?????? ? Wi-Fi ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????, ?????, ?????????? ? ?? ?????????. ??? ?? ?????, ???????? ?? ???????????????, ????????? ADSL ? ?????????-?????????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????????? ??????, ??? ? ??????????? ???????? ?????. ???, ?????????? 2 ????/? ????? ?????? 95$ ? ????? . ? ????? ? ????, ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ? ????? 3G ? WiMAX , ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? . ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ? ???????? ????????? ?????????.
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?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? 23 ????????? ( ???? ) ? 1 ????? ???????????? ?????????? ( ????? ). ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ( ???? ), ???????, ? ???? ???????, ??????? ?? ?????? ( ???? ). ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ( ???? ), ????????? ?? ????????? ( ??????? ).
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?????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? , ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ???????, ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ????????. ? 1993 ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????, ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????. ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? , ??????? ?? ????? 30 ???, , ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ????????.
????????????? ?????: ? 18 ???; ????????.
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?????????????: ????? ?????????, ??????????? ????????.
???????? ??????: ????????? ????????? ?????, ??????????????? ? ??????????? , ??? ????????? ? ??????? 1997 ?.; ????????? ??? ? ???? ?????? ?????????.
???????????? ?????? ? ??????: ???????? ?????? ???????? (???; ??? ??? ), ?????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? (CNRP, ??? ??????? , ??? ????? ) ??????????? ??????????? ?????? (BLP; ???? ????? ); ????????? ??????????? ?????? (???); ????????? (????? ??????? ??????? ); ?????? ??? ?????? (SRP) (?????? ?????? ????????? ????? (KNP)).
???????? ???????: ????????? ????????, ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ? ????????, ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????, ??????????? ????????, ??????????????? ????? ? ???????? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????; ? ????????? ???? ????????????? ???? ?????? ?????.
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?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ? ????? ? ??????????????? ???????????????? ???????. ? ??? ??? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????. ? 2005 ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ? ?????????? ? ?????????? 1985 ???? ? ????????????-??????????? ??????????????? ??????? (Complementary Treaty to the Treaty on the Delimitation of State Border of 1985). ???????? ????????, ???????? ? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? 2008 ???? . ? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????????, ??? ???? ??????? «??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????? ? ????????????? ???????» ????? ????? ????????????? . ? ???? 2012 ???? ??????? ? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????. ???????-???????? ???????? ( ????? ??? ???? ) ? ???????? ( ??? ??? ) ????? ???????? ??? ??????? . ????? ????, ??????? ? 1990-? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ????????, ????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ? ??????????? ??????-?????.
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?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ? ????????? ??? ??????????????? ????, ????????? ? ??????????????? ????? ?????????? . ? 2008 ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? , ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ( ????????????-??????? ??????????? ???????? 2008 , 2009 ? 2011 ?????). ? ????????? ????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????, ??? ? ?? ??????? ????????.
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???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ??? ? ?????????????, ??? ? ? ???????????? ??????, ? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????, ? ????? ? ????????? ?????????? — ???, ?????????? ? ???????. ??? ? ????????? ??????? ? ???, ??? ????? ? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? « ??????? ??????? » . ??? ?? ?????, ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ? ????????? ???????? ? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ???????? [ ???????? ?? ?????? 493 ??? ] .
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???????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ? ???? . ? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????????, ? ? ???????? — ?????????? ????. ????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ???? ????? ???????? ? ????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? . ????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? .
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????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ? ?? ???????. ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ??? . ? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????? 350 ???. ??????????, ? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? 70 % ?????????. ? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? 80 % ?????????, ?? ????????? ?? 2012 ???, ??????? ??????????????? — ???, ????? ?????????? ????????, ???? , ?????? ? ?????, ??, ?????? , ??????????? ???????? (??????????, ?????, ??????, ???????? ??????); ???????? ??????? ??????? ????, ??????, ????????? ?????.
?????? ??????, ???????? ???????????? ?????, ???, ??????????, ?????????? ? ??????????? ????? (15,8 ???? ????. ? 2017 ???? ).
???????? ???????? ?? ???????? (? 2017) — ??? 19 %, ???????? 11 %, ?????????????? 8,2 %, ?????? 8 %, ??????? 6,5 %.
???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????, ????? ? ????????????? (?? 30 % ?? ????????? ???????), ?????? (?? 18 %), ?????????????, ????????, ??????????????, ??????, ???????????? ? ???????????, ??????????? (12 ???? ????. ? 2017).
???????? ???????? ?? ??????? (? 2017) — ????? 40 %, ???????? 25 %, ??????? — 7,6 %.
??????? ???????? — 16,5 % (2016 ???), ??????????? — 0,3 % (2017 ???)
? ???????? ??? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? , ?? ??? ???? ? ??????? ? ??????? ??????????????. ? 1 ?????? 2020 ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? $ 190. ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????, ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????, ? ??? ????? $10 ? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ? $7 ?? ?????????, ?????? ????? ? ??????? .
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? ??? 2009 ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ????? ? ???????? . ? ?????? 2015 ???? ??????????? ???????? Viettel ???????? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? .
? 2018 ???? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? Suning ??????? ? ????????? ????????????? ?? ????? 2 ???? ???????? ??? ? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ? ???????? ? ????????? ?????????? [ ?????????? ?????? ] .
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? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????? ????? ? ?????? ? 1 ???? ? ????? ?????? 612 ?? . ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ? ??????????? (????????? ? 1960-? ????), ?????? — ???????? ? ???????????? ? ?????????? (????????? ? 1930-? ????). ??????? ????? ???????????? ? ???????? (?? ??????? ???????) ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????. ?? 2009 ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ????? ????????? ? ???????????? , ?????? ? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????????. ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ??????????????? ????, ?? ???????? ? 2011 ???? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ? ???????????, ? ? 2013 ???? — ????? ?????????, ???????????? ? ??????????. ????? ????, ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????. ? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????, ??????????? ???????? ? ?????????.
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? 1980-? ????? (????????????? ???????, ???????????? ? ???) ? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ???????, ?????????????? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ??????. ? 1980-? ? 1990-? ???? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ? ????? , ???????????? ??? , ? ??????????? ??????????? .
????????????? ???-??? ?????? Astronomy Class ???????? ????????? ????? ? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????, ?????????? ??????????? .
? ??????? ???-?????? Dengue Fever (???-????????) ????????? ????????????? ??????????, ???? ???? ?????? ???????????????? ??? « ?????????? ?????? » ? ???????? ? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ? ???????? ???-???????.
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??????? ???????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ? ??????? ????????. ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ? ??????? ??????? ??????? . ???????????? ????????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????????, ???????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????, ???????????? ???????????? ???????, ????????? ????, ?????????????? ????????, ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ? ??. ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????, ????????? ? ????????? ?? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????. ????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ? ???? ???????, ????????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ? ??????????????????? ???????????, ? ????? ? ???????????? ? ?????? ????????.
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?????????????? ??????? ?? ??????, ?????? ? ???????? ??????????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ?????. ????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ; ??????? ????? ?? ? ??????? ???????? ? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????. ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????. ??????? ??????????????? ? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????. ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????, ??? ?????? ??? ????? (1841—1860) ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????, ?? ? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? , ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ? ???????. ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? , ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? XIX ???? ? ??????? ??????, ???????????? ? ???????????? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???????, ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ? 1915 ????. ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????????.
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??? ? ? ?????? ??????? ???-????????? ????, ??????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ??? . ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ????????, ?????? ????? ? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????. ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? , ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ? ???; ????? ?????? ????????????? ? ?????. ????? ????, ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????, ??????, ????????? ? ?????? ?????, ?????, ????????, ??????, ????????? ??????, ?????? ????? ? ??. ?????? ???????????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ? ????????. ?? ????????? ? ????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ??????, ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ? ????.
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??????????????? ????????????????? — (????????????????????), ???????? ? ???? ???? ????????? ? 12 ????????????.
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???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? «??????????????» ????? ????. ?? ??? ??????????? ????? ? ???????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??? . ?????????????????? ??????? « ??????? ?????? » ? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ???????? ? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???, ??? ? ?????, ???, ????????, ?? ????? , ???????? , ??? , ???????????? , ???????? . ????? ????????? ?????? — ????????? ??? , , ?????????? ???-1 , ????????? ?-72 ? ?-58, ???????????? ??????? ? ?? ????? (MN-79, MD-82B).
? 1979 ???? ????? 57 ???. ???????????? ???????? ??????????.
?? ?????? Land Mine Museum ?? 2010 ??? , ??? ?????????? ? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? 3 ?? 6 ??? ???????? ???.
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??????????
- (?????.) . ???? ?????????: 14 ????? 2020. 19 ???????? 2020 ????.
- ? (????.) . IMF . ???? ?????????: 29 ??????? 2020. 28 ??????? 2021 ????.
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- (????.) . CIA. ???? ?????????: 19 ??????? 2020. ???????????? ?? 29 ??????? 2010 ????.
- ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????. — ?., 1967. — ?. 32.
- ? // ?????????. ???????????? ???????????? (???.) . — ??????: ????? ?????????????? , 2005. — ?. III. — ISBN 9965-9746-4-0 . (CC BY-SA 3.0)
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- ??????? ????????: ?.?. ???????; ???????????: ?.?. ???????, ?.?. ?????????, ?.?. ????????. ???????? // ???????????? ????? ????. — ??? «?????????», ???, ????????? ???????????? ???? (???.) . — ?. , 2004.
- (?????.) . ???? ?????????: 28 ?????? 2019. 18 ????? 2014 ????.
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- (????.) (20 ???????? 2019). ???? ?????????: 4 ????? 2023. ???????????? ?? 26 ???????? 2019 ????.
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- [asiavector.ru/news/3114 ????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ????????????? ????? ??? ? ????????]
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??????????
- ????????? ???????. ??????. ??????? ????????? ??????????? / ???. ?. ?. ????????. — ?.: ??? «???», ???????, 2003. — 296 ?.: ??. — ISBN 5-17-020640-2
- ??????????? ?. ?????? ? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ? ????????. — ?.: ?????, ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? , 1987. — 240 ?.
- ????? ?. ?., ?????? ?. ?. ????????. — ?.: ??????????, 1960. — 72 ?. — ????? «? ????? ????».
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- ????? ?????. ?????? / ???. ? ?????. ?. ?. ?????????. — ?.: ????, 2009. — 432 ?.: ??. — ????? «???? ???????????». — ISBN 978-5-9533-2738-1
- ????? ?????. ??????. ??? ?? ????? / ???. ?. ?????????. — ?.: ???, ???????, 2003. — 192 ?.: ??. — ????? «??????-?????. ????????». — ISBN 5-17-017626-0
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- 1 ??????? 2013 ????.
- ? ???????? ?????? Curlie (dmoz)
susan
- 2020-06-14
- 1
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