Interested Article - Нобелевская премия по физике

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(1845—1923), ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??????.

??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ( ????. Nobelpriset i fysik ) ???????????? ???? ??? ? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???? . ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????????? ?????? , ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ? 1895 ????, ??????? ????????? ? 1901 ????.

?????? ??????: ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? , ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? , ??????????? ?????? ???? ? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ? ???????? . ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? «? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????, ???????????? ? ???????? ????????????? ????? , ????????? ???????????? ? ??? ?????». ??? ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ???????????? ????? ? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????, ??????? ????? ???????? ?????. ??? ????????? ? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????????? 10 ???????, ? ????????? ?????? ??????.

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?? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? . ?? ????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????, ?????????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? — ??????? ??????? ? ???????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ? ? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ???? .

??? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??????. ? ?????? ???? ????? ???????: ??????? ?. ?????????? , ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????? .

??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ?????? , ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????, ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???? . ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????????. ??? ????? ????????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????????? ??????.

????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ???????????. ????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????? ?????????? ???, ? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????????. ?????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ???? ? ??????? ?????????? ???. ???????, ?? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????.

?????? ??????????? ?????????, ? ??????, ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????, ???????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ? ???? ????????. ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????. ??????? ???????????? ?????? ? ?????????????? ??????????????? ???????????. ? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???????????, ??????? ????? ????????, ???? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? (?????? ? ???????) ? ?????????? ? ???????. ?? 1974 ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????????, ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ????, ??? ??? ???? ????????? .

??????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????, ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? «????????? ????????». ?? ???????? ??? ????????, ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ? ???????, ??? ???????, ??????? 20 ???, ? ????? ???? ??????? ??????. ????????, ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? 1983 ???? ???? ?????????? ?. ???????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ???????? ?????, ??? ???? ??????? ? 1930 ????. ?????????? ????? ??????? ? ???, ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????, ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????. ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????????, ??? ??? ???????????????? ?????? ? ???? ???????, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? .

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??????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ? ????????????? ??????????? ? ???????? ????? . ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ????? ? ??????? ???? . ???? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????; ? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ? ??? ???????? .

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?????? ??????????? ??????, ???????????? ? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? 1902 ????, ???????? ??????????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??????, ?????, ?????????? ??? ????????, ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ????? (1833—1896). ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????, ?? ? ????????? ???? ???????? . ??????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ?? ??????????, ????????????? ???????. ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ???? ? ??? ?? ?????? .

?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? 1903 ????, ???????? ????? ???? ? ????? ???? , ?????????? ? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????

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??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????, ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? . ?????? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????, ? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?, ??? ???????, ???????????? ????, ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? .

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????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????; ? 2009 ???? ????? ?????????? 10 ????????? ???????? ???? (1,4 ??? ????. ???) . ????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?? ????, ??????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????????? ? ???? ????. ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ? ????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????. ???? ??????????? ????, ?? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? .

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??????? ? ??????????, ??????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????, ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ? ???????. ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????????, ??????? ?????????? ???????? ? ????? ?????????? 10 ???????, ? ????????? ?????? ??????. ???????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ? ????????, ?????????????? ???????? ???? .

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. Retrieved November 1, 2007. ?? 30 ??????? 2007 ?? Wayback Machine
, Encyclopædia Britannica , accessed November 5, 2007 ( ).
. ???? ?????????: 14 ??????? 2012. 25 ???????? 2006 ????.
(PDF). ??????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? (11 ??????? 2004). ???? ?????????: 17 ??????? 2012. 28 ??????? 2012 ????.
Gingras, Yves . Wallace, Matthew L. Why it has become more difficult to predict Nobel Prize winners: A bibliometric analysis of nominees and winners of the chemistry and physics prizes (1901–2007) // Scientometrics. — 2009. — ? 2 . — ?. 401 . — doi : .
A noble prize (????.) // Nature Chemistry : journal. — doi : . — Bibcode : .
Tom Rivers. . .voanews.com (10 ??????? 2009). ???? ?????????: 15 ?????? 2010. 14 ??????? 2012 ????.
? . Nobelprize.org. ???? ?????????: 15 ?????? 2010. 3 ???? 2006 ????.
?? 5 ??? 2011 ?? Wayback Machine (2007), in Encyclopædia Britannica , accessed 15 January 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online :

Each Nobel Prize consists of a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money, the amount of which depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation. (A sum of $1,300,000 accompanied each prize in 2005.) A Nobel Prize is either given entirely to one person, divided equally between two persons, or shared by three persons. In the latter case, each of the three persons can receive a one-third share of the prize or two together can receive a one-half share.
(????.) . Myntverket. ???? ?????????: 15 ??????? 2007. 18 ??????? 2007 ????.
?? 16 ???????? 2009 ?? Wayback Machine , «Linus Pauling: Awards, Honors, and Medals», Linus Pauling and The Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History , the , . Retrieved 7 December 2007.
. Ceptualinstitute.com. ???? ?????????: 15 ?????? 2010. ???????????? ?? 14 ??????? 2012 ????.
?? 12 ??????? 2011 ?? Wayback Machine , «Source: Photo by Eric Arnold. Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers. Honors and Awards, 1954h2.1», «All Documents and Media: Pictures and Illustrations», Linus Pauling and The Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History , the , . Retrieved 7 December 2007.
? . Nobelprize.org. ???? ?????????: 15 ?????? 2010. 1 ???? 2006 ????.
Sample, Ian (2009-10-05). . London: Guardian. ?? ????????? 8 ??????? 2009 . ???? ?????????: 15 ?????? 2010 .
Ian Sample, Science correspondent (2008-10-07). . London: Guardian. ?? ????????? 13 ??????? 2010 . ???? ?????????: 10 ??????? 2010 .
David Landes. . Thelocal.se. ???? ?????????: 15 ?????? 2010. 14 ??????? 2012 ????.
. Nobelprize.org (6 ??????? 2009). ???? ?????????: 10 ??????? 2010. 14 ??????? 2012 ????.
. ???? ?????????: 14 ??????? 2012. 9 ?????? 2010 ????.

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Friedman, Robert Marc (2001). The Politics of Excellence: Behind the Nobel Prize in Science . New York & Stuttgart: ( ). ISBN 0-7167-3103-7 , ISBN 978-0-7167-3103-0 .
Gill, Mohammad (March 10, 2005). . magazine.
Hillebrand, Claus D. (June 2002). . 27.2: 87-93.
Schmidhuber, Jürgen (2010). at with graphics: National Physics Nobel Prize shares 1901—2009 and .
Lemmel, Birgitta. . nobelprize.org . Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 2006. (An article on the history of the design of the medals.)
. nobelprize.org . Copyright © Nobel Web AB 2007.

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[what-1] . Retrieved November 1, 2007. ?? 30 ??????? 2007 ?? Wayback Machine

[2] , Encyclopædia Britannica , accessed November 5, 2007 ( ).

[3] . ???? ?????????: 14 ??????? 2012. 25 ???????? 2006 ????.

[4] (PDF). ??????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? (11 ??????? 2004). ???? ?????????: 17 ??????? 2012. 28 ??????? 2012 ????.

[5] Gingras, Yves . Wallace, Matthew L. Why it has become more difficult to predict Nobel Prize winners: A bibliometric analysis of nominees and winners of the chemistry and physics prizes (1901–2007) // Scientometrics. — 2009. — ? 2 . — ?. 401 . — doi : .

[6] A noble prize (????.) // Nature Chemistry : journal. — doi : . — Bibcode : .

[7] Tom Rivers. . .voanews.com (10 ??????? 2009). ???? ?????????: 15 ?????? 2010. 14 ??????? 2012 ????.

[nobelprize2-8] ? . Nobelprize.org. ???? ?????????: 15 ?????? 2010. 3 ???? 2006 ????.

[BritannicaPrizes-9] ?? 5 ??? 2011 ?? Wayback Machine (2007), in Encyclopædia Britannica , accessed 15 January 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online :

Each Nobel Prize consists of a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money, the amount of which depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation. (A sum of $1,300,000 accompanied each prize in 2005.) A Nobel Prize is either given entirely to one person, divided equally between two persons, or shared by three persons. In the latter case, each of the three persons can receive a one-third share of the prize or two together can receive a one-half share.

[10] (????.) . Myntverket. ???? ?????????: 15 ??????? 2007. 18 ??????? 2007 ????.

[PaulingPeacePrize-11] ?? 16 ???????? 2009 ?? Wayback Machine , «Linus Pauling: Awards, Honors, and Medals», Linus Pauling and The Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History , the , . Retrieved 7 December 2007.

[ceptualinstitute1-12] . Ceptualinstitute.com. ???? ?????????: 15 ?????? 2010. ???????????? ?? 14 ??????? 2012 ????.

[Paulingmedal-13] ?? 12 ??????? 2011 ?? Wayback Machine , «Source: Photo by Eric Arnold. Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers. Honors and Awards, 1954h2.1», «All Documents and Media: Pictures and Illustrations», Linus Pauling and The Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History , the , . Retrieved 7 December 2007.

[nobelprize5-14] ? . Nobelprize.org. ???? ?????????: 15 ?????? 2010. 1 ???? 2006 ????.

[15] Sample, Ian (2009-10-05). . London: Guardian. ?? ????????? 8 ??????? 2009 . ???? ?????????: 15 ?????? 2010 .

[16] Ian Sample, Science correspondent (2008-10-07). . London: Guardian. ?? ????????? 13 ??????? 2010 . ???? ?????????: 10 ??????? 2010 .

[17] David Landes. . Thelocal.se. ???? ?????????: 15 ?????? 2010. 14 ??????? 2012 ????.

[18] . Nobelprize.org (6 ??????? 2009). ???? ?????????: 10 ??????? 2010. 14 ??????? 2012 ????.

[19] . ???? ?????????: 14 ??????? 2012. 9 ?????? 2010 ????.

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1901—1925	??????? (1901) ?????? / ?????? (1902) ????????? / ?. ???? / ?. ???? (1903) ????? (1904) ?????? (1905) ?????? (1906) ?????????? (1907) ??????? (1908) ??????? / ????? (1909) ??? ??? ?????? (1910) ??? (1911) ????? (1912) ?????????-????? (1913) ??? ???? (1914) ?. ?. ????? / ?. ?. ????? (1915) ?????? (1917) ????? (1918) ????? (1919) ????? (1920) ???????? (1921) ?. ??? (1922) ???????? (1923) ?. ?????? (1924) ????? / ???? (1925)
1926—1950	?????? (1926) ??????? / ??????? (1927) ????????? (1928) ?? ?????? (1929) ????? (1930) ?????????? (1932) ????????? / ????? (1933) ?????? (1935) ???? / ?. ???????? (1936) ???????? / ?????? (1937) ????? (1938) ??????? (1939) ????? (1943) ???? (1944) ????? (1945) ???????? (1946) ?????? (1947) ??????? (1948) ????? (1949) ?????? (1950)
1951—1975	??????? / ?????? (1951) ???? / ??????? (1952) ??????? (1953) ???? / ???? (1954) ???? / ??? (1955) ????? / ?????? / ???????? (1956) ??? / ?. ?? (1957) ???????? / ????? / ???? (1958) ????? / ????????? (1959) ?????? (1960) ?????????? / ????????? (1961) ?????? (1962) ?????? / ???????-????? / ?????? (1963) ????? / ????? / ???????? (1964) ???????? / ??????? / ??????? (1965) ??????? (1966) ???? (1967) ???????? (1968) ????-??? (1969) ?????? / ????? (1970) ????? (1971) ?????? / ????? / ??????? (1972) ????? / ???????? / ????????? (1973) ???? / ????? (1974) ?. ??? / ?????????? / ????????? (1975)
1976—2000	?????? / ???? (1976) ?. ???????? / ???? / ??? ???? (1977) ?????? / ??????? / ?. ??????? (1978) ?????? / ????? / ???????? (1979) ?????? / ???? (1980) ?????????? / ?????? / ?. ?????? (1981) ??????? (1982) ??????????? / ?????? (1983) ?????? / ??? ??? ??? (1984) ??? ???????? (1985) ????? / ?????? / ????? (1986) ??????? / ?????? (1987) ???????? / ????? / ??????????? (1988) ?????? / ??????? / ????? (1989) ??????? / ??????? / ?. ?????? (1990) ?? ??? (1991) ?????? (1992) ???? / ??. ?????? (1993) ???????? / ???? (1994) ???? / ?????? (1995) ?. ?? / ?????? / ????????? (1996) ?? / ????-???????? / ??????? (1997) ?????? / ??????? / ??? (1998) ???? / ??????? (1999) ??????? / ?????? / ????? (2000)
? 2001	??????? / ???????? / ????? (2001) ?????? / ?????? / ???????? (2002) ????????? / ???????? / ??????? (2003) ????? / ???????? / ??????? (2004) ??????? / ???? / ???? (2005) ????? / ???? (2006) ???? / ???????? (2007) ????? / ??????? / ??????? (2008) ??? / ???? / ???? (2009) ???? / ????????? (2010) ?????????? / ????? / ???? (2011) ???? / ???????? (2012) ?????? / ????? (2013) ??????? / ????? / ???????? (2014) ??????? / ?????????? (2015) ??????? / ??????? / ????????? (2016) ????? / ????? / ???? (2017) ????? / ???? / ????????? (2018) ????? / ????? / ???? (2019) ??????? / ??????? / ??? (2020) ?????? / ?????? / ?????????? (2021) ???? / ??????? / ????????? (2022) ?'????? / ????? / ???????? (2023)

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Нобелевская премия

Нобелевская премия мира 1951—1975

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