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article title for Бедность on wafarin.com

Interested Article - Бедность

???????? ??? ????????? ? ???????? ???? ???????????? ????? ???????? (?? ?????? ??? , ?? 2008 ?.)

????????? — ?????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????? , ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? , ??????????? ??? ?????, ?????????? ???????????????? , ??????????? ???? .

???????? ???????? ????????????? ? ???????????? ???????? ? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ???????? ( ??????????? ????? , ?????? ????? ).

?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? (?????????) ? ????????????? (?????????) ????????. ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ????????, ? ??????? ? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??? ???????????????? ?????????. ????????????? - ??? ????????? ????????, ??? ??????? ????????? ? ???????? ???????? ????????????, ????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ????? .

??????? ? ?????? ??????????? ( ????????? )
????? ? ???????? ????????? ( ????? )
??????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????? ( ?????-????????? , ?????? )

??????? ???????? ????????

? ????????????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????? ? XVIII ?? ?????? ???????? XX ???? ( ?. ???? , ?. ??????? , ?. ??????? , ?. ??????? , ?. ?????? , ?. ????? , ?. ????? , ?. ??? ? ?. ??????? ) ? ???????????? ???????? ? XX ???? ( ?. ?. ????? , ? ??.). ??? ?????? ?. ????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ??????????? ?????, ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??. ??? ? XIX ???? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????? ? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????, ????????? ? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ????????????????? ? ????????. ???????????? ????? ? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????, ??? ? ?????????, ???????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????? ? ????????; ???????? ????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?????, ? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ? ? ????????? ?????? ?????????????.

??????? ?????????????

???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ? ??????????????? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ? ????????? ??????:

?? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? « ?????? », ??????? ????? ???????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ? ????, ??????? ? 2010 ????, ?????????:

  • ????????? ????????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ,
  • ?????????? ???????? ??????? ,
  • ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ????? .

? 2013 ???? ????????? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ? ????????, ??????????? ??????, ? ??????? ???? ???????????, ??? ????????? ??????? , ????????, ????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????????. ? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? 2° C ? 4° C ??? ????????????????????? ????????????, ????????? ?????? ????????, ?????????? ????????? ? ???????????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ?? ?????? , ????? ???? ? ???-????????? ???? . ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? 2 ° C ??????: ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ?? ??????; ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ? ????? ????, ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????????, ? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????????????, ???????? ??? ?????; ?????????? ? ?????? ????? ? ???-????????? ????, ??? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????? ???????; ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ????????????? ??????? . ? 2016 ???? ? ?????? ??? ??????????, ??? ? 2030 ???? ??? 122 ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??-?? ????????? ??????? . ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????????, ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????, ? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????, ?????????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? . ????? ????? ? ?????????? ????? ? ???? ????????, ??? ???? ?? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??, ??????? ? ?????? ??????, ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????, «??? ?? ????????????? ??? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ?????, ????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ????????? ??????» ? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ? ????? ?????? «???????? ? ?????????? ?????» (2003) .

???????? ????????

????? ????? , ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? , ?????, ??? « ??????????? , ? ?????? ????????, ????????? ?????????, ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????????, ???????? ??-?? ????, ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???, ?? ????????? ?????????, ??????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ?????» .

??????? «??????????? ????????» (??????? ???? ????????? ?? «???????? ????????») ??????? ????????? ? ??????????????? ?????? ??????, ? ?????? ? ????? «???? ?????: ???????? ????????????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????», ??? ????? ????????? ???????, ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ????????. ?? ?????????, ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????, ??? ???????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????. ??? ??????????, ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ? ???? ?????, ?, ??????????????, ?? ??????? ????????? ? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ????? ?????, ??? ????, ????????????? ? ???????? ????????, ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? , ?????????????, ??????????? ? ????????????????. ???, ??? ??????????? ? ??????????? ??????, ?????????? ? ???, ??? ???????????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ?? ???????? ? ???????????. ?????? ? ????????, ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???????????? ? ??????????????? ??????????, ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????? ? ?????? ????????????? ? ????? ?????? ????????????? ?????. ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? , ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ?? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? . ? ? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????????????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????.

???????????????? « ????? » ? ?????? , 1974 ?.

????????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????. ??? ???????????? ????, ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????, ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????????, ???? ????????? ? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????. ?????? ? ??? ?? ??????? ??????, ????????????? ? ?????? ?????, ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???, ??? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ????. ??????? ???????, ??? ????????? ????????? ????????????????, ???????? ?? ??? ????, ??? ??? ???????? ????????????? ? ????????? ?????????. ????? ? ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????? , ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????, ??? ????? ????????? ???????????????????? ???????, ??, ?? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????, ???? ? ???????? ? ???????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? .

???? ????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ? ????????????? ??????? , ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ????????? ? ????? ??????????, ??? « (????.) » (1965), ? ????? ????? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ? ????????? « (????.) ».

? 70-? ??. XX ???? ??????????????? ???? ?????? ? ?????????????? ??? ??? ??? ??????, ??????? ??????????????? ? ??????????? ???????????, ??????? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ? ?????????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????. ?? ??? ??????, ???????? ??????????? ?????, ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????, ?? ? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ?????????, ??????????????? ?? ?????. ? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ? ?????, ??? ? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ? ????? ?????. ? ??? ??????????? ?? ????????? ? ?????????.

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????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ???????? . ????? ???????? — ??? ??????? ?????????????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ??? ???????????, ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ????????????, ??? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????????.

???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????????, ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????????????? ????? ( ????. discretionary income ). ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????: ?????????? ??? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ???????? (??????; ????. extreme poverty ).

????????? ???? ? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ?? ????? ??? 1,25 ????????????? ??????? ? ???? (???? ?????????????? ?? ??? ). ? 2015 ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? 1,9 ??????? ? ???? .

? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????????: ??? ?? ????????? ????? ????????????, ??????????? ??????????????? ??? ??? ? ????? ?? ??? ???????. ????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ????????, ????? ???????? ? ??????????? ??????, ? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????.

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???? ????????????? ???????? ????? ??????????, ????????, ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????????. ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???, ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????. ????????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ? ??????? ????????????? — ?????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????.

???????????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? , ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ?????????, ??? ??????? ??-?? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????????. ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????, ??????????? ?????????? , ??????? ?? ??????? ??? «????????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????, ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????, ???????? ??? ????? ? ?????».

??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????, ??? ?????? ? ???????????? ???????????, ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????, ??????, ???????? ???????, ???????? ??????????? ???????????, ????? ? ????????? ????? ??????????, ??????? ? ???????? ?????, ?? ??????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????, ?????????? ???????? ?????????, ??????????? ?????????? ??????, ??????????? ? ??.

? ????????? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????????.

? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ? ?????????????, ?? ??????????? ???????? ??????, ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ????????????. ? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????, ??????? ?????????????? ??????. ? ??? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????? 40 % ?????????? ??????, ? ??????????? ????? ?????? — 50 %, ? ??????????? — 60 %.

? ?????? ??????? ???????????, ??????????? ???????? ??????????-???????? ?????? ????????, ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????. ? ???? ?????? ?????????????, ????????? ?? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ????? ????????, ?? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????.

???????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ????????. ?????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????????, ?? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????, ?????????? ????, ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??????? . ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ???? ??????????, ????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????????.

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???????????? ???????? — ??? ????????? ????????, ?????????????? ?? ??????, ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????????, ????? ?? ??. ??? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????: ????? ??????, ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????, ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????. ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ????????, ??????????? ?? ???????????? ??????, ? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ?????????.

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????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ? ?????????????? ??????????????? ???????. ???????? ???, ??????? ????????? ????????, ??? ??????????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????????, ? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ????????????? ?????? ???? ? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?????????????, ?? ? ????????????????? ????????, ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ? ???????????????, ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????.

????? ???????, ????????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????????? ????????????? ? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????, ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????????. ???????? — ??? ?????????, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????????? ?????-????? ????????? ????????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???? ? ???????????? ??????????.

?????? ? ????? ? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ? ???????????. ??????????? — ??? ??? ?????????, ?? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ? ???????????????? ???????. ??? ??????????, ??? ????????? ?????????, ? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ????? ????, ? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????, ? ?? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??????. ????? ????, ? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ? ?????????, ??? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????.

?????? ? ? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????, ????????, ? ???????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????, ??? ?????.

?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????: ????? ??? ???????.

???????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ????? ???????????

? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????, ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????, ??? ?????? ????????????? ??????. ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????????, ???????? ? ?????????????? ? 1970-? ? 1980-? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ? ???????? ???????? , ? ? 1980-? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????.

????????????? ?????? ????????? ( ????? ) ? ??????????? ????? ???????? ? ?????????????? ?????????, ????????, ????? ??????????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? (????????: ?????, ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? 20 ???, ??? ?????????? ?????????) ???????? ? ????????? ??????. ??????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????, ? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? , ????????? ??? ????????? ??????? , ? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????.

?????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ??? ????????, ????? ???????????????? ????????: ????????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????, ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?????????, ?????????? ???? ? ??????????????, ??? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????.

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????? ???? ?? 2014 ???, ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????? , ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ???? (0÷1), ?????? ????? (0÷100 %)
(??? G=1 ??? ?????? ???????????????? ? ????? ?????? ????????)

???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????, ???????????? ???????? ???????? ( James Foster ), ??????? ??????? ( Joel Greer ) ? ?????? ??????? ( Erik Thorbecke ):

,

??? — ????? ?????????? ????????;

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??????????? ???????? (???? ?????? ???????????? ? ????? ?????????? ????????????): .

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?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????.

?????? ??????? ???????? : .

??????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????, ????????????? ????????? ???????? , ???????????? ??? ???????: ?????????????????? ????? ???????, ???????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????. ?? ?????????????? ?? ???????:

, ??? — ?????? ????, — ???? ??????? ?????????, — ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ????????, — ??????? ????? ?????? ????????????, — ????? ????????, ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????????.

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??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????, ???? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ??? ?????. ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ????????.

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???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? 2004 ???, ?????? ?? ????????????? ???????????? ???????, ??????????? ? ??????????? — 71,3 %, ??????-????? — 70,2 %, ????????? — 69,4 %. ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? 1 ?????? ? ???? (????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????????????? ????? ), ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? 2005 ??? ?????????? ? ??????? (70,8 %), ??? (66,6 %) ? ?????? (63,8 %).

???

? ??? ??????????? ?????? ? 2010 ??????????? ? 46,180 ??? ???????, ??? ?????????? 15,1 % ?? ????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ? 2010 ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? $22 314 ? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????, ?? ???? ? 1959 ????; ? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ????????? — ???????????? ? 1984 ????. ?????????? ?????? ? ??? ????????????? ????????? ??? ??????.

?? ?????? 2021 ???? ? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ? 7,7 %

????????

??????? ? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????, 11,5 ??? ???????, ????? ? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???, ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????? .

???????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? « ?????? », ????????? ???????? ???????????? ?? 5 ??? ? 2010 ???? ???????? ?? 1 ????. $. ??? ???? 1 % ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ? 2015 ?. ????? ?? ??????, ??? ? ??? ????????? ???????????? .

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?? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? (2013), ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????. ?? 2013 ??? ?? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? (?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????? ) 8,8 % ?????????, ??? 12,5 ??? ???????. ? ?????? 2014 ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ?? 19,8 ??? (13,8 %), ? I ???????? 2015 ???? ???????? 22,9 ??? (15,9 %). ? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? (2013) ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? 2 ??????: «?? ??????» — ??? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????, ? «?? ????????» — ???????????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??????? (???????, ????????? ? ??.), ? ????????? ????????? ? 2003 ???? ?????????? 39 % ???????, ? 2008 ???? ????? ?????????, ? 2013 ???? — ????????. ???????? ?????? «?? ???????» ? 17 % «?? ????????» ????????? ? ???? ????????? ??-?? ??????????? . ??? ???? ???????????? ????????????, ?????? ??????????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????, ????????, ??? ? ?????? «??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????» .

???????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ? 2014 ?. ??????? ? 1999 ?. ?? 9 ???????, ? ??????? 2014 ?. ?? ?????? 2015 ?., ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?? 9 %. ?????? ????? ??-?? ??????????? ?????, ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????, ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????, ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ? ??????????????? ??????? .

??? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????: ??-?? ?????????? ???? ???????, ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? II ???????? 2015 ?. ?????? 19,3 %. ??? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ?? ??????? 2009 ?., ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???????: ? 2000—2008 ??. ???? ????????? ? ??????? ?????????? 13,5 %. ??? ??????? «?????????», ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????????????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????????????????? ???????????? : ? 15,4 % ? 2000 ?. ????? ?? 7,8 % ?? ?????? 2014 ?. .

??????? ? 2010 ????, ??-?? ???????? ???????, ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????, ??????? ???? , ???????? ? ???????, ? ??????? ? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????? . ? 2013 ?. ? ?????? ????????????? ????? 7 ??? ????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ( ?????????????? ) . ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? , ?????? ????????? , ???????????? ? ????????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????????????, ? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????????????, ?????????? ? ??????? ????????? . ??? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? .

???????? ??????? ??? (2013 ?., ??? ???. ?????????? ?. ?. ??????????, ?. ?. ????????, ?. ?. ???????? ), ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ????? 10 % ???????? ???????? ????????? ? 10 % ???????? ??????? ? 2013 ?. ???????? 16:1. (??????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? 8-10:1). ?? 20 ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ? 4 ????. ? 73 % ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? .

? ??????, ?? ????????? ?? 2012 ?., ??????? ????? ? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??? 81 % ????????? .

???????? ??????????????? ???????, ? ?????? ?? 2013 ??? ????????????? 25 % ?????, ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????. ???????? «?? ???????» (?????????? ??????) ??????????? ?? ????????? 10 ??? ??????? ??????, ??? ???????? «?? ????????» (?????????????? ??????): ? 46 ?? 13 % ?????? 39 ? 25 % ??????????????. ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ????????????, ??? ???????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??-?? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????, ????????????? ?????????, ????????????? ? ??????????? ??????. ? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???.

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2003 39 46
2013 25 13

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? ?????????? 1 1
??????????? ???????? 5 1

? ???????????? ??? ???????????, ??? ? ?????????? ???????? ???? «??????? ????»: ????? ?????? «?? ???????» ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????, ????? ??? ? ????? ?????????? ??????. ?? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????, ??? ????? ????? ???? (? ??? ????? ??????????? ) ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ???????????? — ? ???, ??? ????????? ? ??? ? ????? ???????, ???????? ?????? 44 % ?????? ??????? ? 69 % ????????. ? ?????????? ? ????? ????? , ???????? ??????????, ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????????. ?? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ?????????? — ????????, ???????, ????????? ? ??. ?????, ??? ?????????????????? ????? ???? ??? ??????, ??????????? ? 50 % ??????? ??????????? ? ????? ?????? . ?? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? — ??? ? ???????? ???? ??????????????? (62,8 %), ? ????? ???? ?? 15 ??? ?? ?????? ????? (????? 20 %). ? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? 1,6 %. ?????? — ??? ?? 63 % ???? ? ??????, ??????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?? 16 ?? ?????? (60,5 % ?????? ????????? ? ???? ?????????). ?? ???? ????????, ? ????????, ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????. 37,1 % ?????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????????, ??? 28,4 % — ? ??????? ? ?????????? ????? 50 ????? ???????, ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ? ????? ???????, ????? ???????????? ??????????? ? ??????? ???????. ??? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????, ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? — ?????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ???????. ?????????? ?????????? ????? — ???????????????? ??????? ? ????? ????????, ??? ???????? ????????? (24,4 % ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ????????), ??????????? (23,7 %), ???????????? ??????????? ??????, ???????????, ???????? ? ?????? (20,6 %), ?????????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ????? (20 %). ????? ???????, ?????? ? ???????? ?? ???????? — ??? ???????? ??????? ? ??????, ??????????? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????????????? ??????. ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????, ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ? ????? ?? ??????. ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????????: ?????? ?????? ?? ???????, ???????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? 2-4 ????, ? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????????. ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? 20-23 ????. ????? ???????, ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????, ???????????? ? ???? ?????? .

? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? «???????? ? ??????????? ? ??????????? ??????: 10 ??? ??????» (2013) ??????????, ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? , ??? ?? ???????? ?????????, ?? ? ????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ???, ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?????????? «???». 71 % ??????? ???????, ??? ?????? «????? ????? ??, ??? ???, ?????? ?? ?? ?????», ??? ???? ????? 30 % ???????, ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ?????????? ??????? .

???????? ????????????????, 85 % ??????? ???????, ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???, ??? ??? ???? ????? ????????. ?????? ???????? (52-55 %) ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ????????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????, ?????????? ????????? ?????? ? ????? (?????? — ?????? ???????). ?????? ????????, ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????, ??? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ? ?????????????. ?? ???, ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????????, ???? 13 % ????????? ? ????? ??????, ? ? ?????? ???-?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? 50 %. ????????????? ????????, ??? ? ?????????? («???????????») ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? «????? ??????????», ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ??????? — ? ??????? ??? ????, ???????? ? ????? ????????? .

???????? ????????????? ??????? ? ???????? ????????, %
??????? ???????? 2003 2013 2015 ????????
?????????? , ?????????? 35 39 39
???????, ???????????? 37 40 35
?????????? ??????????? 41 41 31
????, ??????????????????? ? ????? 22 23 31
???????? ?????????, ????????? 25 31 29
??????????????? ??????????????? ???????

?? ??????????? ???????????

38 32 25
????????? ???????, ???????? ?????? 47 19 24
?????? ??????????? , ?????? ???????????? 23 21 19
????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? 19 18 18
?????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????????,

??????, ????????

20 20 15
?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? 20 19 13
?????????? ? ?????? ??????? 17 17 12
??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? 17 17 10
????????? 14 13 10
???????? ???????? ??? ??????? 5 4 5

???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????, ?? ? ?? ??? ???????? , ?? ??? ?????????? (?????????????, ???????? ? ?. ?.), ?? ? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ????? ???????????, ??-?? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????, ???????????? ?? ?????? ????????.

?????????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????

?? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????, ???????? ????? ???????????????? ?? ??? ????: ????????????, ???????????. ????? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ??? — ?????????. ?? ????????????? ????????????? ???????? ? ??????. ?? ???? ? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????, ? ? ?????? ??? ??? ???.

??? ???????? ???????????? ??? , ????? 90 % ???, ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???, ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????, ?? ? ???????????? ????????? ? ???? ?????????? ????????: ?????????????? ? ??????????. ??? ???? 40 % ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????. ????? ???????, ????? ??????? ?????, ??? ??????????? ???????? — «????» ???????? ? ??????????? ??????. ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????, ???????? ?????????? ????????????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????????????.

? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????? — ??????????? ?/??? ?????????, ? ?? ????? ??? ? ???????? ??????? — ????????????. ??? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ??, ??? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? (???????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????). ? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. ??????? ??? ? ???, ??? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????????, ?????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ? ????????? ????? ????????? ? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????, ??????? ?? ???????????, ??? ????? ????????? ? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????. ???? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ???????? , ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ??????????? .

?????????? ???????? ? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? (? % ? ????? ??????????? ?????????), 2016 ?.
?????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? (?? 2014 ???) ????????
???????? «?? ???????» 15,7 15,4 13,5 16,7
???????? «?? ????????» 25 (?? 2013 ?.) 15,4 17,3 16,7
??????????? ???????? 10 6 9,3 9,5

?????????? ????? ? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ????????. ? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????, ????? ? ????????????? — ????????? ?????????? ????????. ?????? ?????, ? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ????????. ??? ????????, ??? ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ???????, ???????????? ?????????, ?? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????: ???????, ????????? ?????? , ?????? ??????, ???????, ?????? ? ??? ?????.… ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? — ??????????? . ??????? ? ???????? ???????, ? ??????? ?? ??????, ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????? ???????? ? ??????

????????????? ??????????? ? ??????

?? 2016 ???, ? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? 0,399. ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????, ??? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????, ?? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? (Oxfam, Credit Suisse, New World Wealth) ??????????, ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ? ???? ?? ????????????? ????????????? ???????. ?? ?? ????????, 1 % ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? 70 % ?????????????? ??????.

?? ?????? Credit Suisse 2017 ????, ? 82 % ???????? ??????? ?????? (92 ???????? ???????) ?????? ????????? (???. ???????????? ? ??????) ??????????? ? ?? ????? ??? 10 ???. ????. ???.

??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ? ???????????

??????? ???????? ?? ?????

? ????? ??????? ???????? 2016 ???? ? ?????? ????????????? 22,7 ??? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ???????????? ????????. ? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? 14,4 ???. ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????: ? ?????? ???????? 2016 ???? ?? ?????????? 9776 ???., ????? ??? ? ????????? ???????? 2015 ???? ???????? 9452 ???.

? 2018 ????, ?? ?????? ????????, ??????????? ???????, ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ???????, ????? ?? 18,9 ??? ??????? (12,9 %). ? 2017 ???? ?? ???? 19,3 ??? ??????? (13,2 %). ??????????, ??? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????????? ? 2012 ???? (10,7 %), ????? ???? ?? 2016 ???? ????????? ????????????. ? 2017 ???? ?????????? ????????? .

????????? ?????? ? ???????? ???? ???????????? ????????
??? ???. ???. % ?? ????????? ????????
2000 42,3 29,0
2001 40,0 27,5
2002 35,6 24,6
2003 29,3 20,3
2004 25,2 17,6
2005 25,4 17,8
2006 21,6 15,2
2007 18,8 13,3
2008 19,0 13,4
2009 18,4 13,0
2010 17,7 12,5
2011 17,9 12,7
2012 15,4 10,7
2013 15,5 10,8
2014 16,1 11,2
2015 19,5 13,3
2016 19,8 13,5
2017 21,1 14,4

??????????? ? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????

????? ??????????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????:

? ?????????

?. ????????-??. «???? ??? ??????????». ????? 1616—1638

???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????????, ????????:

??. ?????

??????????

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  3. ????????? ??????? ??????????. // ??????????? ?????????????? ???????. — 2011. — ?. 1 , ???. 3 . — ?. 117–121 . — ISSN . 18 ???? 2023 ????.
  4. (??????????? ??????)
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  6. ? . ???. ???? ?????????: 18 ?????? 2016. 20 ?????? 2016 ????.
  7. ?? 29 ??????? 2013 ?? Wayback Machine . Retrieved 31 July 2013.
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  21. . ???? ?????????: 14 ???? 2015. 14 ???? 2015 ????.
  22. ? . ???? ?????????: 17 ?????? 2014. ???????????? ?? 28 ???? 2014 ????.
  23. ? . ???????.???????. ???? ?????????: 7 ??????? 2015. ???????????? ?? 12 ???????? 2015 ????.
  24. . demoscope.ru. ???? ?????????: 29 ?????? 2015. 15 ?????? 2017 ????.
  25. . KM.RU ??????? - ??????? ???, ??????? ??????, ????????? ??????? ? ???????????. ???? ?????????: 25 ?????? 2016. 5 ?????? 2016 ????.
  26. . www.1tv.ru. ???? ?????????: 7 ??????? 2015. 11 ??????? 2017 ????.
  27. ? . delyagin.ru. ???? ?????????: 25 ?????? 2016. ???????????? ?? 24 ?????? 2015 ????.
  28. ???. 23. www.ras.ru. ???? ?????????: 1 ??????? 2015. 8 ??????? 2015 ????.
  29. . dom.lenta.ru. ???? ?????????: 14 ??????? 2015. 4 ??????? 2015 ????.
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  31. ????????? ?.?. . ???? ?????????: 9 ???? 2016. 10 ???? 2016 ????.
  32. ? ??????? ?????? ?????????????. ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ? ????????????? ? ?????????? ????????, ??? ???????????? ? ????? ??????????? // ???. — 2017. — ??????. — ?. 40 .
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  34. . ???. ???? ?????????: 18 ???? 2016. 18 ???? 2016 ????.
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  36. . « ??????????? » (21 ????? 2019). ???? ?????????: 22 ????? 2019. 21 ????? 2019 ????.
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??????????

?? ??????? ?????
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  • ???????? // ??????????????? ???????????? / ??????.: ???????? ?. ?., ??????? ?. ?., ????????? ?. ?. ? ??. — ?.: ???????????? «????????????», 2013. — 994 ?.
  • ???????? ?. ?. ???????? ? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ???????? / ???. ????. ???. ?????? ??? ?????????? ???. ?????????, ???. ????. ???. ??????. — ???????????: ?????? , 2000. — 510 ?.
  • ???????? ?. ?. / ??????????? ???. ... ??????? ??????????????? ???? : 22.00.04. — ?. : ???. ????. ??????????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? , 2000. — 45 ?.
  • ???­???­?? ?. ?. ??­??? ??­??­???­??? ???­??­??­??? ?? ??­??­???­??? ???­??­???­??: ? ??­??­??­??­??? ???­??­??? // ??­???­?? ???­??­???­??. 2000. ? 3
  • ??????? ?. ?. ???? ?????? ? ??????????????? .
  • ???­??? — ??­??? ??­??­???­??? ??­???­?????: ??­??­???. ???­???. ????­??? ????? / ??? ???. ?. ?. ????­??­??, ?. ?. ??­??­??­???. ?., 2004;
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?? ?????? ??????
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??????

  • ?????????????? ?????? ? ????????, ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ? ??????-??????? 2012 ?. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ? ?????????.
  • // ?????????? ?????? , 21.06.2013
???????? —


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