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Interested Article - Классификация климатов Кёппена
kassidy
- 2021-02-21
- 2
????????????? ???????? ??????? — ???? ?? ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??????? . ???? ??????????? ???????- ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? (1846—1940) ? 1900 ???? (? ?????????? ???????????, ?????????? ?? ????? ? 1918 ? 1936 ?????). ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? (1894—1981) ???? ????????? ?????????, ??????? ??? ????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? — ??????? . ??????? ???????????? ?? ?????????, ? ???????????? ? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??, ????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ???????? .
????????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ? ???????. ????????? ???? ????? ????????????? ???:
- A — ???? ? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ? ??????? ??????????? ???????;
- B — ???? ? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????????;
- ? — ???? ? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ? ????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????;
- D — ???? ? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ? ????;
- E — ???? ? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????? ????????????? ???? 10°?.
??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????, ? ????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???????.
| ?????? ????? | ?????? | ?????? |
|---|---|---|
| A (???????????) | f (???????) | |
| m (????????) | ||
| s, w (??????) | ||
| B (?????) | W (?????????) | |
| S (???????) | ||
| h (??????) | ||
| k (????????) | ||
| C (?????????) | w (? ????? ?????) | |
| s (? ????? ?????) | ||
| f (??? ?????? ??????) | ||
| a (?????? ????) | ||
| b (?????? ????) | ||
| c (???????? ????) | ||
| D (???????? (???????????????)) | w (? ????? ?????) | |
| s (? ????? ?????) | ||
| f (??? ?????? ??????) | ||
| a (?????? ????) | ||
| b (?????? ????) | ||
| c (???????? ????) | ||
| d (????? ???????? ????) | ||
| E (????????) | T (??????) | |
| F (?????? ????????) |
?????? ??? ?: ??????????? ??????
??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? 18°?.
- Af — ??????? ?????????????? ?????? (??????????? ????????? ?????? ). ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? 60 ??.
- Am — ????????? ?????? . ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? 60 ??, ?? ?????? ??? [ 100 — ??. ???-?? ??????? ?? ??? / 25 ].
- Aw — ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?????. ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? 60 ?? ? ?????? ??? [ 100 — ??. ???-?? ??????? ?? ??? / 25 ].
- As — ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?????. ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? 60 ?? ? ?????? ??? [ 100 — ??. ???-?? ??????? ?? ??? / 25 ].
??????? ??????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ( ????????? ????????? , ????? ????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????? ). ????? ?????? ? ??????????? ??????? , ?? ????????? ? ? ????????? . ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ? ?? ??????????? .
?????????? ??????:
Af:
Am:
Aw:
As:
?????? ??? ?: ????? ??????
??? ???? ? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????. ????? ????????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???.
??? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???????:
1. ??????? ??????? ??????????? (? ???????? ???????) ?????????? ?? 20.
2. ?? ??????????? ???????? ???????????:
a) 280, ???? ????? 70 % ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? (?????? — ???????? ? ???????? ?????????, ??????? — ???? — ? ?????);
b) 140, ???? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? 30 ?? 70 % ???????;
c) 0, ???? ????? 30 %.
3. ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????????, ?? ?????? ???????????????? ??? BW ( ??????? ). ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????????, ?? ?????? ??????? ????????, ?? ?????? ???????????????? ??? BS ( ??????????? )
?????? ????? ????????????? ???????????. ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? 18°?, ?? ???????????? ????? h. ???? ????? 18°?, ?? ???????????? ????? k.
- BWh — ?????? ????????? (???????) ?????? .
- BWk — ???????? ????? ??????.
- BSh — ?????? ??????? (???????????) ?????? .
- BSk — ???????? ??????? ??????.
?????? ????? ????????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????? , ???????? ???? ? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ( ????? ? ???????? ), ? ?????? , ??????? ( ?????? ) ? ??? ( ?????? ).
???????? ????? ????????? ? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ? ??????? ???? , ????? ( ???? ), ????? ??????? ( ??????? ? ??????????? ??????? ) ? ??????????? ?????? ???.
?????????? ??????:
BWh:
BWk:
| ?????? | ?????? | ????? |
| ???????? ??????? | ??????????? ????? | ???-???? |
| ?????? | ??????? | ??????-??? |
| ???? | ???????????? | ??????? |
| ?????????? | ????? | |
| ????????? | ??????? | |
| ????? | ?????? | |
| ????? | ??? | |
| ????? | ?????? |
BSh:
BSk:
?????? ??? ?: ????????? ??????
??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? 0°? ? ???? 18°?. ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? 10°?.
?????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ???????.
w (????? ????) — ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? 1/10 ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????.
s (????? ????) — ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? 1/3 ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????.
f (??? ?????? ??????) — ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????????.
?????? ????? ????????????? ???????????.
a (?????? ????) — ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? 22°?.
b (?????? ????) — ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? 22°?, ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????? 4 ??????? ? ???? ???? 10°?.
c (???????? ????) — ??????? ??????????? ????? 4 ??????? ???? 10°?.
- Cwa, Cfa — ????????? ????????? ?????? .
- Cwb, Cfb — ????????? ??????? ?????? .
- Cwc, Cfc — ?????????????? ??????? ?????? .
- Csa, Csb, Csc — ????????????????? ?????? .
????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ???-??????? ???, ????? ? ????? ???????.
??????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????? , ????? ???????? , ?? ??? ?????? ? ???-????????? ????????? ?????????.
????????????????? ?????? ????????????? ? ????? ?????? ? ?? ???????? ????????? ???.
?????????? ??????:
Cwa:
Cwb:
Cwc:
| ?????? | ?????? | ????? |
| ????? ??????? | ???? | ???? |
| ??????? | ???-????? |
Cfa:
Cfb:
Cfc:
Csa:
Csb:
Csc:
| ?????? | ?????? | ????? |
| ???????? ??????? | ??????????? ????? | ??????-???? |
| ????? ??????? | ???? | ?????????? |
| ?????? | ||
| ???????? | ??????? |
?????? ??? D: ???????? (???????????????) ??????
??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? 0°?. ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? 10°?.
?????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? D ????????? ?????? C.
? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????? d. ??? ??????????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?38°?.
- Dwa, Dwb, Dfa, Dfb, Dsa, Dsb — ????????? (???????) ??????????????? ?????? .
- Dwc, Dwd, Dfc, Dfd, Dsc, Dsd — ?????????????? ??????????????? ?????? .
???????????????? ??????? ? ????? ????????? ??? ??-?? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?? 50-? ? 60-? ?????????? ????? ??????.
????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????????? ? ??????????? ? ????????? ?????? ? ?? ??????-??????? ???.
?????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????, ?????? ? ???????? ?????? .
?????????? ??????:
Dwa:
| ?????? | ?????? | ????? |
| ???????? ??????? | ??????????? ????? | ????-????? |
| ???? | ????? | ????? |
| ?????????? ????? | ???? | |
| ???? | ??????? |
Dwb:
| ?????? | ?????? | ????? |
| ???????? ??????? | ?????? | ??????? |
| ???? | ???????? | ???????????? |
| ?????? | ??????????? | |
| ??????? |
Dwc:
| ?????? | ?????? | ????? |
| ???????? ??????? | ??????????? ????? | ?????-???????? |
| ???? | ?????? | |
| ??????-????????? | ||
| ???? | ???????? | |
| ????? | ???? | |
| ???? | ||
| ???????? | ??????? |
Dwd:
| ?????? | ?????? | ????? |
| ???? | ?????? | ????-???? |
| ?????-??? |
Dfa:
Dfb:
Dfc:
| ?????? | ?????? | ????? |
| ???????? ??????? | ?????? | ?????????? |
| ??????? | ||
| ??????????? ????? | ???????? | |
| ?????? | ????????? | ???? |
| ??????? | ||
| ?????? | ????? | |
| ???????? | ?????? | |
| ?????? | ??????????? | |
| ???? | ?????? | ???????? |
Dfd:
| ?????? | ?????? | ????? |
| ???? | ?????? | ?????? |
| ??????? | ||
| ????????? |
Dsa:
| ?????? | ?????? | ????? |
| ???????? ??????? | ??????????? ????? | ????? |
| ???? | ???????? | ?????? |
| ?????? | ??? | |
| ??????? | ||
| ???? | ???? | |
| ?????? |
Dsb:
| ?????? | ?????? | ????? |
| ???????? ??????? | ??????????? ????? | ????????? |
| ???? | ?????? | ????? |
| ??????????? | ????? |
?????? ??? E: ???????? ??????
??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? 10°?.
??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????:
ET — ?????? ?????? , ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? 0°? ? ???? 10°?.
EF — ?????? ??????????? ?????? , ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? 0°?.
?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? , ???????? , ????????? ????????? ?????????? , ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? .
?????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ? ?????????? ? ?????????? .
?????????? ?????????? ??????:
ET:
| ?????? | ?????? | ????? |
| ???????? ??????? | ?????? | ????????? |
| ?????????? ( ????? ) | ???? (??????) | |
| ????? ??????? | ???????????? ?-?? ( ?? ) | ????-?????? |
| ???? | ?????? | ????? |
EF: ???????????. ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????????????????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ? ??????????. ????? ??? — ??????? «??????» . ????? ???? ???????????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????: ?89,2°?. ????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?14,0°?.
??. ?????
??????????
- Geiger, Rudolf (1961). Überarbeitete Neuausgabe von Geiger, R.: Köppen-Geiger / Klima der Erde . (Wandkarte 1:16 Mill.) — Klett-Perthes, Gotha.
- McKnight, Tom L., Hess, Darrel. Climate Zones and Types: The Köppen System // (????.) . — Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall , 2000. — P. —201.
- . ggf.tsu.ru . ???? ?????????: 15 ??????? 2020. 28 ???? 2019 ????.
- ?????? ?. ?. . — ???????????? ? ????????????. — ?????????: ??????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ???????????, 2009. — ?. 65. — 114 ?. — ISBN 978-5-9795-0533-6 . 9 ???????? 2021 ????.
??????
- ?? 6 ???????? 2010 ?? Wayback Machine
|
|
|
|---|
| ????? A | |
|---|---|
| ????? B | |
| ????? C | |
| ????? D | |
| ????? E | |
kassidy
- 2021-02-21
- 2
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