??????? ???? , ???????, ????????? ( ????. ????? ?, ???. almocárabe , ???. mukarnas ?? ????. ????? ?), ?????????? — ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ???????????; ????????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????- ?????????? , ????????????? ??????????, ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? .

???????????

?????? ??????-??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? . ??? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????. ??????? ????? ?????????????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? (????????? ????) ??? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? .

«????»-??????? ????? ????? ????????? ???, ????????????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????, ???????, ?????????? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ???????????? ??? ???????, ????????, ???????, ???? ? ?????? — ?? ??? ????????????, ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????. ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? — ??????? , ?????????????? ??????????? , ???? , ???????? ????? (?????????????? ??????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ????? ? ???????? ?????????), ?????????????? ? ?. ?.

??????????? ?????? XV ???? ????? ???-??? ????? ??-???? (??. 1380—1429) ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? :

??????? — ??? ??????, ??????? ?? ???????? ? (???????) ? ??????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????, ???? ?? ??? ????????, ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????, ???????????? ?????????. ??? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? (?? ???????????? ?????????), ???? ??? ???????????, ????? ??????? ???? ????????????, ??????? ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????. ??????? ??????, ??????? ????? ? ????? ????????? ???? ? ?? ?? ???????????, ???????????? ?????????, ???????? ?????»

???????????? ????? (????.)

The muqarnas is a ceiling like a staircase with facets and a flat roof. Every facet intersects the adjacent one at either a right angle, or half a right angle, or their sum, or another combination of these two. The two facets can be thought of as standing on a plane parallel to the horizon. Above them is built either a flat surface, not parallel to the horizon, or two surfaces, either flat or curved, that constitute their roof. Both facets together with their roof are called one cell. Adjacent cells, which have their bases on one and the same surface parallel to the horizon, are called one tier. (Ghiyath al-Din Mas’ud al-Kashi. «Key of Arithmetic», Book IV, «On Measurements», chapter «Measuring Structures and Buildings»)

????? ????, ?????????? ????????????? ????????, ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????. ????????? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????, ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????.

??-???? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????:

1. ??????? ???????,
2. ??????? ?? ?????????? — ??? ???? ? ???????? ??????? ? ????????,
3. ???????????? ??????? (????),
4. ?????? — ??? ??? ???????? ??????????.

?????????, ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ? ???????? X ???? ? ???????? ? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?, ??-????????, ?????????? — ? ?????? ???????? ?????? .

???????

????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? , ? ???????? ( ). ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? — ????????? ( ??????? ), ( ?????? ), ( ?????? ). ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? — ??????? ??????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ? ??????? (??. 1140).

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• 
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• 
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• 
  ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? I ????? (?????) . ?????????? ???
• 
  ??????? ????? ??????? ? ?????????. ????-???? ? ?????? ( ?????????? )

??. ?????

• ????????? ???????????

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• ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????