Interested Article - Ханча

?????? ( ???. ?? ? , ?? , [h??n.t????] ) — ????????? ????????? , ???????????? ? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? . ??? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? .

????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? (??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????). ????????????? ????? ????????????? — ????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ???????? (??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????, ? ????????). ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? (?? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????), ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????.

? ????? ????? ????? ???????????? ????? — ? ???????? ? ??????? ?????????? ? ? ???????. ? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????????, ? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???, ??? ????? ?????????? ???????????????.

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? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????????????.

? ????? ????? ?????? «?????» ?????????? ?????????, ??????? ???? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ? ?????????, ? ????????? ?????????????. ?????-???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ? ??????? ?????, ? ?????? ( ???. ?? , ???. ??) — ??? ??????? . ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????????????, ?? ????? ? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ? ???????? ??????????. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????. ??? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ?????????, ??????????? ? ???? ? ?????? ? ? ??????????? ?????, ???? ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ???? , ??? ?????.

??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ? 1440-? ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????????? ?? ????? XIX ???? . ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????????????? ????? (??????) ??? ?????? ?????. ? XXI ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????: ?????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ????? ?????????????????? ?? ????????? ???????, ???? ?? ??? ????, ????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? — ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????, ??????? ?????-?? ???????????? ???????????. ????? ?? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????, ? ???? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? — ?????? (???, ???) — ?????? ???????????? ????????.

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?????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ????? ? ????? ????? ??????????????? ????????. ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????, ?????????? ? ??????? ?????, ??? ?? ???????????: ?? ???? ????????????? ????? ???????????? .

???????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ( ??????? ), ????? ????????? ??????????, ?? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? (????????????? ???????? — ??? ).

???? ?? ???????? ???????????? — ?????? — ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? « ?????????? ?????? » — ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ??????, ? ????????? ????? — ???????????. ? ???????, ????? «????» (??, ??????) ???????????? ??????? ??? ???. ?? : ??-???????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? «??? ??» ( ??????? wéi ní) ? ???????? «??????????? ?????????». ???????? ?????, «???????????» ( ???. ?), ???????? ??? ??, ??? ??????????????? ????? ??????????, ? ???. ? ??????????? ???????????, ?? ???????? «??».

????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ? XV ????. ??? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????. ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? XX ????.

? ???????? ????? ????????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???? 1949 ???? (????? ????????? ??????? ? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????). ????? ????, ?????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ? ???????????? ? ???????? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ? ??????? ????? ? ????? ????????, ?????????????? ? ????, ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? .

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???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????????? ? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????????? , ????? ??????????? ? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? 1800 . ??? ?? ??? ???????? ? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? , ?? ? 1960-? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????: ? 1966 ???? ?? ???????: «???? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????????, ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????» . ? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ????????????? ? 5—9 ???????, ?????????? 1500 ??????, ? ??? 500 ??????? ? ??????? ????? . ? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????, ??? ? ????? ???? 3000 .

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? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ? ????????????? ??????????. ? ?????????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ???????. ????? ????, ? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????, ?? ????????? ??????????????? . ? ??????????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ????? ? ???????, ????? ? ??????? ????????. ? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????????????, ? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? . ????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ? ????????? ?????, ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???????, ? ???????? ? ???????. ? ???????, ????? «?» ( ??? , ??????/??????) ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ????????????? (????.) (.

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? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????????? ????????, ? ????? ?????????? ????? ? ????????? ????????? ??????, ? ???????. ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????????????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????????.

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????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????, ???? ?????????? ??? ??????????. ?? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????, ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ? ??????? ?????, ? ??????????? ??????? — ????????. ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? (????, ?, ?) ? ??????????? ??????? ????? (????, ??). ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? (????????, ???????, ??, ??). ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????, ?????? ? XXI ???? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????, ????????, ?????? , «????» ? ????? , «???????? ????»). ??? ?? ????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????????.

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????????? ???????? ?????????????? ? ?????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????; ????? ????????? ?????????? — ???? (?????, ??, ????????? «???????»). ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????, ????????? ? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????; ??? ????? ???????????? ????? ??? (?, ?, «???????»).

??? ?? (??, ??) ????????? ???? ? ?? ??? ;
???? ?? (??, ??) ????????? ???? ? ?? ????;
?????? ????????? ??????? (??, ??) ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? (??, ??) ? ????? (??, ??) (?? ???????? ?????? ????????? «?» ? «?» ???????? ??? «??»).

??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ???? ?????????: ? ???????? ? ? ?????. ????? ?? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ???????, ? ????? ????? ??????????? .

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??????, ?????????? ? ????? ?????, ????????, ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????????, ??? ? ????????????? ??????. ????? ????, ??? ? 1980-? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????? ?????, ?? ????????????? ????? ???????????. ???????????? 1956 ???? ????????, ??? ??????, ?????????? ????????? ???????, ???????? ???????; ?????? ? 1977 ???? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ? 1988 ???? 80 % ??????????, ?? ??????? ??????? ???????????, ???????? ????????????? ?????? ?????, ?? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????? .

????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? .

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????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ? ?????. ??????????? ?? ??? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????????? , ????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ? ????????: ? (? ?; ??? ??? ; «???????? ????»), ? ( ???? , ???????????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????), ? ( ?? , ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ), ? ( ?? , ?????? ???????? ?????????? ). ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ? (? ?? ), ? (? ?? ), ?/? (? ??? ), ? (? ?? ), ? (? ??? ), ? (? ????? ), ? (? ???? ), ? ????? ? (? ???? ).

??????????? ????? ?????????? ? ???????? — ??????? — ??? ????? ??????; ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ? ????????.

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????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????, ??????? ?????????? ???? (??, ??). ??? ???????????? ? ?????????.

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?????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ? ????????????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ????? , ?????? ? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ?????????. ? ???????, ????? ?? (????????) ???????????? «??????» ?? ????????, «?????» ?? ?????????, ?? «?????» ? ?????????? ???????? ????? ? . ???????????? ????? ????? ?????????????, ??? ? ??????????? ? ???????? ????????? ??????, ? ???????, ? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ? ???????? ????????? ? ??????, ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????, ? ???????, ? ? (? ??? ) ? ? (? ??? ); ? ??????????????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????????????, ?? ? ??????????? ??????????? ? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ???????????.

??-?? ????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????????????? ??????? , ? ???????, ???? ? («???????») ???????? n? (???) ? ???????? ? ?? (?) ? ?????????, ?????? ? ????????????? ????????? ????????? «?» ????? ????????????? (?, ?, ?, ?, ?) ????????; ???? ? ???????????? ??? ??? ? (?).

????? ????, ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????????: «?????» (??, ??), «????», ?????????? ?? ?????? (??), ? ????? (??, ??), ???? ??????????? — ?? ?????? (??).

??????????

Coulmas, Florian. (????.) . — Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell , 1991. — P. 116. — ISBN 978-0-631-18028-9 .
Fischer, Stephen Roger. (????.) . — London: (????.) (, 2004. — P. 189—194. — (Globalities). — ISBN 1-86189-101-6 .
(?????.) . Korean Central News Agency (28 ??? 2003). ???? ?????????: 3 ??? 2012. ???????????? ?? 12 ??????? 2007 ????.
Hannas 1997: 71. «A balance was struck in August 1976, when the Ministry of Education agreed to keep Chinese characters out of the elementary schools and teach the 1,800 characters in special courses, not as part of Korean language or any other substantitive curricula. This is where things stand at present»
Hannas 1997: 68-69
Hannas 1997: 67. «By the end of 1946 and the beginning of 1947, the major newspaper Nodong sinmun , mass circulation magazine Kulloja , and similar publications began appearing in all- hangul . School textbooks and literary materials converted to all- hangul at the same time or possibly earlier (So 1989:31).»
Hannas 1997: 68. «Although North Korea has removed Chinese characters from its written materials, it has, paradoxically, ended up with an educationa program that teachers more characters than either South Korea or Japan, as Table 2 shows.»
Hannas 1997: 67. «According to Ko Yong-kun, Kim went on record as early as February 1949, when Chinese characters had already been removed from most DPRK publications, as advocating their gradual abandonment (1989:25).»
? Hannas 1997: 67
Hannas 1997: 67. «Between 1968 and 1969, a four-volume textbook appeared for use in grades 5 through 9 designed to teach 1,500 characters, confirming the applicability of the new policy to the general student population. Another five hundred were added for grades 10 through 12 (Yi Yun-p’yo 1989: 372).»
Hannas 2003: 188—189
Yang, Lina . , ??????? (29 ?????? 2010).
Brown 1990: 120
Taylor and Taylor 1983: 90
Brown 1990: 119

????????????

???????? ? ???????????

Hanja: Handbuch der chinesischen Schriftzeichen in der koreanischen Sprache (???.) . — Hetzer Verlag, 2017. — 424 S. — ISBN 9783981128734 .
?????, ???? ????????. ????????? ??????????? (???.) . — ??????, 2016.
??????, ???? ????????????. ??????. ??????? ???? ???? (???.) . — ?????-?????????: ????????, 2013. — 336 ?. — ISBN 978-5-89332-210-1 .
????????, ???????? ??????????. ??????? ?? ??????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? (???.) . — ??????: ??????, 2005. — 206 ?. — ISBN 5-478-00081-7 .
Cho, Choon-Hak; Sohn Yeon-Ja; Yang Heisoon. Korean Reader for Chinese Characters (????.) . — ??????: University of Hawai'i Press, 2002. — 393 p. — ISBN 0-8248-2499-7 .
????????, ???????? ??????????; ????????, ??????? ?????????????. ????????? ????????? ? ????????? ????? (???.) . — ??????: ???????, 2001. — 131 ?. — ISBN 5-8463-0056-1 .
Li, Jin-meiung; Jo, Han-kyoung; Han, Chang-su. Dictionnaire des Caractères Sino-Coréens (??.) . — ?????: Pour l'Analyse du Folklore, 1993. — 393 ?. — ISBN 0-985-8555-9.

??????? ??????

?????????, ????? ??????????; ??????????, ?????? ??????????. ????????????? ????? ? ??????????? ????? (???.) // ???????????? ? ??????: ??????????? ? ???????? : ??????? ??????. — 2021. — ?. 2 . — ?. 13—17 .
???????, ??????? ??????????. (???.) // ??????????????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ????? : ??????? ??????. — ?????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? (???????????) ??? ??????, 2020. — ?. 2 . — ?. 116-124 .
????????, ???? ????????. ??????????? ? ????????? ????? (???.) // ????????? ??????????????? ?????? : ??????? ??????. — ??????, 2019. — ?. 2 . — ?. 49—52 .
???????? ?. ????????? ????????? ? ????????? ????? (???.) // ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? : ??????? ??????. — 2018. — ?. 2 .
Brown, R.A. Korean Sociolinguistic Attitudes in Japanese Comparative Perspective (????.) // Journal of Asia Pacific Communication : ??????? ??????. — 1990. — Vol. 1 . — P. 117—134 .

????? ??????????

DeFrancis, John. The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy (????.) . — Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990. — ISBN 0-8248-1068-6 .
Hannas, William. C. (????.) . — Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997. — ISBN 0-8248-1892-X (paperback); ISBN 0-8248-1842-3 (hardcover).
Hannas, William. C. The Writing on the Wall: How Asian Orthography Curbs Creativity (????.) . — Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. — ISBN 0-8122-3711-0 .
Taylor, Insup; Taylor, M. Martin. The psychology of reading (????.) . — New York: Academic Press , 1983. — ISBN 0-12-684080-6 .

??????

???????

?? ????????? ??????? Naver (???.)
?? ????????? ??????? Daum (???.)
?? ??????? (???.)

?????? ? ????????

?? ?????? ????? ????? (???.)
?? ????????? ??????? Naver (???.)
(???.)

??. ?????

??????? ????????? ???? ? ??????????

[1] Coulmas, Florian. (????.) . — Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell , 1991. — P. 116. — ISBN 978-0-631-18028-9 .

[fischer-2] Fischer, Stephen Roger. (????.) . — London: (????.) (, 2004. — P. 189—194. — (Globalities). — ISBN 1-86189-101-6 .

[3] (?????.) . Korean Central News Agency (28 ??? 2003). ???? ?????????: 3 ??? 2012. ???????????? ?? 12 ??????? 2007 ????.

[4] Hannas 1997: 71. «A balance was struck in August 1976, when the Ministry of Education agreed to keep Chinese characters out of the elementary schools and teach the 1,800 characters in special courses, not as part of Korean language or any other substantitive curricula. This is where things stand at present»

[5] Hannas 1997: 68-69

[6] Hannas 1997: 67. «By the end of 1946 and the beginning of 1947, the major newspaper Nodong sinmun , mass circulation magazine Kulloja , and similar publications began appearing in all- hangul . School textbooks and literary materials converted to all- hangul at the same time or possibly earlier (So 1989:31).»

[7] Hannas 1997: 68. «Although North Korea has removed Chinese characters from its written materials, it has, paradoxically, ended up with an educationa program that teachers more characters than either South Korea or Japan, as Table 2 shows.»

[8] Hannas 1997: 67. «According to Ko Yong-kun, Kim went on record as early as February 1949, when Chinese characters had already been removed from most DPRK publications, as advocating their gradual abandonment (1989:25).»

[Hannas_1997:_67-9] ? Hannas 1997: 67

[10] Hannas 1997: 67. «Between 1968 and 1969, a four-volume textbook appeared for use in grades 5 through 9 designed to teach 1,500 characters, confirming the applicability of the new policy to the general student population. Another five hundred were added for grades 10 through 12 (Yi Yun-p’yo 1989: 372).»

[11] Hannas 2003: 188—189

[Korea_bids_farewell-12] Yang, Lina . , ??????? (29 ?????? 2010).

[13] Brown 1990: 120

[14] Taylor and Taylor 1983: 90

[15] Brown 1990: 119

Interested Article - Ханча

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