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article title for Бакеланд, Лео on wafarin.com

Interested Article - Бакеланд, Лео

???? ???????? ????????? ( ????. Leo Hendrik Baekeland ; 14 ?????? 1863, ???? , ??????? — 23 ??????? 1944, ?????, ???? ???-???? , ??? ) — ???????????? ????? ? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????, ??????? ?????????? [ ???????? ?? ?????? 766 ???? ] (1893) ? ??????? (1909) — ?????? ????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????.

?????????

?????? ????, ???????

??? ??????? ???????? ??????? 14 ?????? 1863 ???? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???? , ??????? . ?? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????, ??????????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????. ???????? ? ????? ? ???????? 5 ???, ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????? ? ? ??????, ??????????????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????, ?? ???????? ? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???? , ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????, ??????, ???????? ? ????????? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????.

??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????, ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ? ???????? ???????????? , ? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ? 1880 ????, ????? ??? ???? 17 ???. ?? ??? ????? ??????? ? ????? ?????????? ????????? ? ????? ??????. ? 1882 ???? ?? ??????? ???????????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ????. ????? ?????? ?????, ? 1884 ???? ? ???????? 21 ????, ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????, ??????? ??????????? ? ????????.

? ?????? ???????? ? ???????????? ???, ???? ? ??????? ????????? ?????????, ??? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????????, ???????? ?????? ?? ????????, ? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????. ???????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????, ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ??? ?????????, ??? ?? ?????? ?????, ??????? ????? ??????? ? ?????????? ????????? , ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ? ???, ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????, ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????? ? ??????.

? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ? ????????????????? ?? ?????. ??? ?????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????????????? ? ???????? ???? ?????. ? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????(I) . ? ???? ?? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ???, ?? ???? ???? ? ?????????? ?????????, ??????? ??? ??????? ????. ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ? ????????? ??? ? ??????? ??????? . ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????, ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????, ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????.

? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? , ??????? ? 1865 ???? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? . ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????????? ? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???, ????? ? ?. ???? , ? ??? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????. ???????? ?????? ? ?????????? ???????.

? 1887 ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????????????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? . ?? ????????? ??? ???????, ?????? ?????????? ???-???? ? ???????? ??????????? , ? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????. ?? ? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????????? ? ?????? ????? ?????, ? 1889 ????, ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????.

????? ?? ??????, ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ? ???? , ???? ??? ???????????? ? ????? ??????, ?????????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????, ??????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ???? (Plateau) ??????. ??????? ???? ?????????? 8 ??????? 1889 ???? ? ?? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????????. ? ??????????? ???? ?? ??????? ? ??? ?????, ???????? ??????:

?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????????????? ????????. ?? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? – ????????, ??????? ? ??????, ????? ??? ??? ?????????. ???? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ???? – ??? ??? ????.

?????? ??????, ?????????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ????, ??? ????????? ? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????.

?? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????, ?????????? ?? ? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???, ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ? 1887 ????. ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????, ??????? ?????? ? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????. ????? ???????, ? 1889 ????, ? ???????? 26 ???, ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? , ??????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ??????????? . ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ?????????? ? ???????? ? ???, ??? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????????????, ? ?????????, ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????????? .

?????? ?????? ? ???

?? ???????? ? ???-???? ???????? ???????????? ? ???????? ?.?????? ?? «?.&?. ?.Anthony and Company», ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????????. ? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????????, ?????????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? , ??????? ??? ????????????? ?? ????? ? ? ???????? «?.&?. ?.Anthony and Company» ? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????-????????, ??? ???????? ? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????. ????????? ???????, ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????, ?????? ??? ???????? ? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????????. ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????, ???????? ?????????????? ? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???????????? . ??????? ??????????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ?????????, ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? .

? 1891 ???? «?. ? ?. ?.Anthony and Company» (????????????? ????? ????????? ? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????????, ? ??????????? ?????????????? ? «Scoville Company» ??? ???????? «Ansco Company») ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????, ?? ?????? ???????????. ??????, ? 1893 ????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????, ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? «?. & ?. ?. Anthony and Company», ?? ????? ? ???????? ? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ? ?????????????? ?? ?????. ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????? ????????????????? ?????????? ?????????, ??????? ?? ??????????, ?, ??? ?? ?????? ?????, ?? ?????? ??????, ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????. ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????. ??? ??????? ? ???????, ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????:

???? ? ???????? ? ????????? «????? ?????? ? ???????», ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????, ? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????. ???? ???????, ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????, ??? ??????? ?????????????????? ?? ????? ????, ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????.

?????? ??????????????????? ????????????

????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? «Nepera Chemical Company» ? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ? ???????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????, ? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ? ????????? ?????????. ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? «Velox» , ????? ?? ???? ????????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???????, ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????. ??-?? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????? «Velox» ???????????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????, ?????????? ???? ? ????? ? ?????????? 1893 ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? «????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ?????????? ????????, ?????? ?? ? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???». ? ?????????? ?? ??????:

? ??? ??????? ???????????? ? ????? ???? ? ??, ??? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????. ? ?????? ??? ????????, ????????? ?????? ??????? ????-???? ?????? ?????, ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????-?? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????. … ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????. ????? ? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????????????, ?? ?????????? ? ????????? ??.

? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????, ???????, ??? ?????? ????????, «????????? ????????? ??? ???????????????, ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????» — ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ? ? 1899 ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????, ??? «Eastman Kodak Company» ???????? ???? ????????? ? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????.

?????????? ???????

????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? «Eastman» , ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ? ????? ? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? , ????????? ??? ????????? «Snug Rock» («???????? ????»). ???, ????????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? , ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????? ? ????????? ??????. ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????:

????, ? ???? 35 ??? ? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ????????, ????????? ?????????, ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????????. ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????. ? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ???? ?????????? ? ???????? ? ????????, ?? ?????? ????????????? ???????????. ? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????????? ??????. ????? ???????, ? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???, ???? ??????? ??????, ????????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????.

????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ????, ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????????, ? ? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ? ???? ????????? ? ?????.

? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ????????????? . ??? ????????? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ???????????? ? ?????????????????? ????????? — ??? ??????? ????? ? ??? ???????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ? ? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????. ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ?????????, ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??? , ???????????? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? , ????????? ??????? ??????? , ???????????? ?????? ? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????, ????? ??? ?????? ?????? . ????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ? ?????? ?????, ? 1900 ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???, ??? ?? ??? ??????, «???????????» ? ????? ????????????. ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????????? , ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????. ? ????? ?? ???????? ? ??????? , ????????? ? ???? ??????????? ????????????????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ????????????. ??? ??????? ??????? ? ???????????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????? (??. ?????? 2.2). ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? «Coconut Grove» («????????? ????») ?? ???????, ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????.

??????????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????????. ???????

????? ??????????? ???????? (??. ?????? 2.3) ???????? ????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???, ??? ? ??? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ??????:

«? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????, ??? ??? ????????? ? ?????????? "Velox". ??????? ? ??????????, ?????? ???????????????? ????????????, ???????????? ????? ?? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ???????????? ????????. ?? ?????? ? ?????????? ? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ? "Velox": ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????, ????? ??????? ??????. ?????????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ???, ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????????, ????????? ????? ???????? ? ????????????? ??? ??????. ? ???????? ? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ?????, ????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ? ?????????????.

????? ???????, ????? ??????? , ???????????? ??? ????????? ???????, ????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????????, ?? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ? ????????????? ???????????, ???????, ? ????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????, ?????????? ? ??????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ?????????. ??-?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ? ????????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? (???????? ???????) ? ??????? ? ?????????????????? ??????? ? ???????????? ??????? ? ??? ????????, ??? ?? ????????????? ?????? ???????????????????? ?????????. ????????, ? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????, ??? ????????????????? ???????. ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? , ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???, ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????????? ???????. ????????????????? ???????, ??????? ?? ????????, ???? ???????? ? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????????? .

???? ?????? ??????? ? ???????????? ? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ? ???????? , ? 1910 ???? ? ????-????? ???? ???????? ???????? ? ????????? «General Bakelite Company» (????? «Bakelite Corporation»), ??????? ???? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ? ??????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ???????? ??? ??????????? ? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????? ? ?? 1939 ????, ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ? «Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation». ??? ?? ?????, ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ? ??????? ???????, ????????? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????????, ? ????? ?????????????? ???????, ?????????????? ? ??????????????? ??????, ??????? ????????? ????? ???.

?? ??????????? ?????? ? ??????? «Velox», ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? — ????? ????? ??? ????????, ??????? ?????????? ? ???????????. ?? ????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????????. ?? ??? ??????, ? ???? ??? ? ????????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ??????, ? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??? . ??? ???? ???? ? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????:

????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????????. ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????????, ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ? ???????, ? ??????? ??? ????. ????? ????, ? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ...

???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????-???????? ????? ??? ; ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ? 1917; ????????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ? 1917; ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???; ? ?????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ? 1925 ????. ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????, ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ? ????????? ??????? (??. ?????? 3). ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????, ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ? ???????? ????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????-???????? ?????. ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ???????, ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????, ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????????. ??????????? ???? ??????, ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????, ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????????. ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???-???? ???? ???????????. ? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ? ????????, ??? ???????? ????? ?????. ????, ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????, ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????. ?????? ? ???????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ????????? ????? ????????, ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????, ??????? ?? ?????? ??????????????. ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????, ? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ??, ??? ?? ??? ??? ???????, ????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ?????????, ??????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ? ???????????? ????? ? ??????????????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ???, ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? «??????? ??????????? ??????, ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ? ????? ???????? ????????». ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ? ????????????????? ????????????, ????? ?????? ????????, ??? ? ??????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????, ??????????? ? ?????????? ????????????, ? ???????????? ? ????????? ????? ???????.

????? ?????

??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ????? 23 ??????? 1944 ????, ? ???????? 81 ????.

??? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? , ???-???? .

??????? ? ???????????????? ????????????

?????????? ???????????? ??????????

?????? ????? ?????????, ????, ??? ??????? ?? ???????????? ????? ???????????????? ????????????? , ???????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????????? ? 1880 ????. ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????, ? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????????????? ? ???????????, ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ????????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????. ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? «Velox». ????? ????????? ??? ??? ????????? ? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????????. ? ????????? ??????? ??, ??? ? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????????? ???????????, ???????? ? ????? . ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ????????, ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????, ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????????????????????? , ? ??? ????? ? ?????????????? ?????????. ????????? ???????? ????????? , ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? , ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? , ????????????? ?? ??? ?????????? «???????» ???????????, ?????????????? ?????? ? ????????????????? ????????? ??????. ????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? , ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ? ????????? ?????????.

? ?? ?????, ??? ? 1890-? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????, ?? ???? ???????? ? ???????? ?? ????????????????? ???????, ??? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????. ?? ???????, ??? ??????????? ???????, ? ????????? ?????, ???????????? ? ???????, ???????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? . ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? (?????????????). ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????, ????? ??????????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ?????????? ? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????????, ????????? ??? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ? ???? ????????? ????????. ??? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????. ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?? ??????, ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????, ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?? ??????????? ?????? ? 1903 ???? ???????? ??????:

?? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??? ?? ?????, ??? ? ?????????? .

????????????????? ????????????

????? ??????? ?. ???????? ??????? ???? ????????????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ? ????? ?? ????, ???? ?.????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??????????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????????? ? ???????????????? ?????????. ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ????????????? ? ??????????? ???????????, ?????????? ? ???????????. ?????? ???????????????????, ????????? ?????????? ??? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????, ????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? . ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????????????? ????????, ? ????? ? ??????????? ? 1903 ?. «????????????????? ???????? ??????» ? ????????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????????? ?????? ? ????. ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ? ???? ????????? ? ???????? ????????????.

? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ????? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????, ???????? ?????? ? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????????????????? ?????? ? ?????????????? ? ??? ????????????????????, ?????????? ??? ???????, ? ???????? ?? ? ???????????? ????????, ???? ? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????. ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ??????. ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????????. ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? 300 000$, ??? ?????? ???????? ?????, ???? ????????????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ????? ?????? ????????. ???? ???? ??????? ? ????????? ???????, ??????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ? ??????????: «?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????? ???????».

??????????? ????????

?????????, ??? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?? ?????? , ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????, ??????? ??????? «?????????» . ??????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????????. ????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? 20 ???, ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? 1872 ????. ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ? ????????. ???? ????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ???????????? ???????? ??????????. ?????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ???????, ????????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????, ????????? ??????? ???????-??????? ????? — ????????????? ???????. ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????: «??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????, ?? ?? ?????». ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??, ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ? ?????????????. ?? ? ?????????? ??????????? ? ?????????????? ????????????, ??????? ???????, ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ? ????????, ???????? ???????, ??? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????. ?? ???????, ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? , ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????, ? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ??????, ????????? ??????????. ?? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? — ????????.

??????? ? ???????? ??????

? 1916 ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? , ? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? . ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????????, ??? ? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????, ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????:

????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ????????? ??????, ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????, ? ????? ???????????? ?????? ? ??????????????, ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ? ????????????? ????????????, ??? ????????????????? ?????????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ? ??????????????? ? ????????????????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????.

???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ? ?? ????????, ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???? . ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ? ??? ???????. ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ? ???????????, ??????????? ?????, ? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????. ?? ??? ??????????? ? 1909 ????, ? 1912 ? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ? 1924, ? ????? ??????????? ????? ? ???-????? (????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???) ? 1904 ????. ? 1906 ????, ?????? ????? 17 ??? ????? ???????? ? ???, ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ?????????????? ??????????? ?? ??????????????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? . ????? ? 1909 ???? ?? ??? ?????????????? ??? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??????????, ????? ? 1912 ???? ???????? ?????????? ? ???. ????????? ??? ??????? ? ??? ??????????-???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ???????? ? ???????????????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????:

?????? ???, ?????? ???????, ????????? ???, ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????, ????????? ???, ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????.

???????? ???? ??? ?????, ????? ? ??????? ????, ? ??? ????? ??? ??????, ?? ?????? ? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????, ??? ?????? ? ?????????, ??? ???? ?????-?? ?????, ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ? ?? ????????. ????? ? ??? ???????, ?????? ? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????, ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ??? ???-???? ???. ?????? ?? ????, ??? ? ??????????? ? ????? ??????, ? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????.

?? – ???? ??????????, ????????????, ??????????? ????????????, ??? ?????? - ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ??????.

???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??, ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ? ???????????? ????????????, ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ? ??? ??????? ????????????, ????????? ??????? ???, ? ????????, ? ??????.

?????

? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????. ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ? ??????????? ????????????, ????????? ?????????? ? ?????????????? ????????, ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????????. ????? ????????? ? ??????????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????, ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?. ?????, ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????. ? ????????? ???? ???? ?????: ???, ?????? ?, ? ????, ?????? ???? ???????? ??????.

?????? ????????. ????? ? ?????????

? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????. ?? ???? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ???????. ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????, ??? ????????? ??? ???????. ?? ??? ????????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ? ???????? ?? ???? ??????. ????????, ?????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????????????? ????????????, ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????, ????? ??????? ????? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ? ???-?????.

????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????????. ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ? 1890-?, ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????, ??? ?????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ??????????, ???????????? ? 1906 ???? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ? ????????????? ??? ?? ??????. ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????????, ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ???????????????? ??????????? ?? ??????????, ? ????? ????????? ? ? ?????? ???????? ??? ??, ??? ????????? ? ??? ?????? ? ??? ??? ???????. ??? ???????, ???????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ?????? ???, ???? ???????????? ?? ?????? ? 1907 ???? ? ??????? ???????????, «Horseless Age». ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ?????????????? ? ???????? «Horseless Age» ????? «???????? ??????????? ?? ??????» ??????? ?. ?. ?????????.

???????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ??????, ????????????? ? 1899 ????, ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????, ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ??????????? ???????? ? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????, ? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ????! ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????????, ? ???????? ???????????? ????, ?????????? ? ??????????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????, ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ? ???????. ?, ???????? ??, ???????? ??, ??????? ???????? ??????????, ??? ????????? ????? ???????????. ? 1915 ???? ???????? ????? 70-??????? ????, ??????? ?????? «???». ? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????, ??????????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????, ? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????. ?? «????» ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ????? ????????, ??????? ? ?????????? ?????????. ????? ?? ???????? ???????? «Coconut Grove» («????????? ????») ?? ???????, ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????.

????? ? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????, ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ? ??????, ??????? ????? ? ????? ???????. ? ???? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? «Coconut Grove», ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????? . ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.

????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????, ???????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????????? ????, ??????? ??? ????????????, ????? ???????, ????? ?????????? ???????? ????, ??? ??? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ?????. ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????, ???????? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ? 1916 ????:

? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???????????, ??????? ? ??????? ? ????????? ?????. ??????, ? ?????? ???????, ??? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????????, ??? ?????? ? ?????????? ????? ? ???? ? ???????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ???????????? ?????. ??? ??????????? ? ??????? ? ???, ??? ?? ?????????? 27 ??? ? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????. ?? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????, ? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????, ?? ??? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? «???????» ???????? ???????.

???????????? ??? ???????? ?????????

  • 1885
  • 1886
    • ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????. ??????????? ???????? ????, ?????????? ? ??????? ???????? ???????, ????????, 3-? ??????, 11, 194.
  • 1891
    • ??????????? ??????? ??????. ??????????? ???????? ????, ?????????? ? ??????? ???????? ???????, ????????. Memoires couronnes et autres memoires. Collection in ?8o. 44, p. 1-35.
  • 1892
    • ????????????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ??????. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 14, 212.
  • 1896
    • ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? Wilson’s Photographic Magazine, 33, 55.
    • ????? ??????? ???????. Wilson’s Photographic Magazine, 33, 107.
    • ???????????????? ???????. Wilson’s Photographic Magazine, 33, 182.
    • ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. Wilson’s Photographic Magazine, 33, 187.
    • ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????. Wilson’s Photographic Magazine, 33, 388.
  • 1897
    • ????????? ??????????? ?????? Velox. Wilson’s Photographic Magazine, 34, 51.
    • ????????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???????. Wilson’s Photographic Magazine, 34, 88.
    • ????????????? ??????? ?? ??????????????? ??????. Wilson’s Photographic Magazine, 34, 153.
    • ???????? ??????? ?????? Velox. Wilson’s Photographic Magazine, 34, 228.
    • ??????????? ??????? ? ???????? Velox. Wilson’s Photographic Magazine, 34, 394.
    • ????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ??????????. Wilson’s Photographic Magazine, 34, 445.
  • 1898
    • ??????? ????? ?? ???????????? ???????????. Wilson’s Photographic Magazine, 35, 518.
    • ????????? ?????????????? ????? ? ??????. J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 17,1120.
  • 1904
    • ?????????????? ?????????????? ???. ?????? 5-?? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????, ??????, 4, 371.
    • ????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????. ?????? 5-?? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????, ??????, 4, 377.
    • ???????????? ????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????????. ?????? 5-?? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????, ??????, 4, 378.
    • ??????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ? ????????. ?????? 5-?? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????, ??????, 4, 380.
    • ??????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ??????????. ?????? 5-?? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????, ??????, 4, 393.
    • ????????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ??????????????????? ??????. ?????? 5-?? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????, ??????, 4, 400.
    • ?????????????, ??? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????????. ?????? 5-?? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????, ??????, 4, 403.
    • ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????. ?????? 5-?? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????, ??????, 4, 411.
    • ??????????? ??????? ??????. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 26, 391
  • 1907
    • ????????? ??????? ????? ?????????????. Science, 25, 845.
    • ????????????????? ?????? ?????????. J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 26, 746.
    • ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????. Serially in Horseless age, 19 and 20, March 13, 1907, to November 6, 1907. ???????????? ????? ????? ? ???? ?? ?????????, Horseless Age, 1907.
  • 1908
    • ????????????? ???? ???????????? ???-???????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????, 28, 817.
  • 1909
    • ??????, ?????? ? ????????????? ????????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 1, 149.
    • ??????? ???????? ???, ?? ????????????? ? ?? ?????????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 1, 204.
    • ???????????, ???????????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ? ??????????????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 1, 545.
    • ??????? ? ???????. Zeit. Angew. Chem., 22, 2006.
    • ????????????? ???????? ? ????? ????????????? ? ????????????????? ????????. Trans. Am. Electrochem. Soc., 15, 593.
    • ??? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????. Electrochem. Met. Ind., 7, 313.
  • 1910
    • ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ? ??? ?????????????. J. Franklin Inst., 169, 55.
    • ??????? ? ???????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 2, 478.
    • ????? ? ??????????????. ????????????? ???? ????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????. Trans. Am. Electrochem. Soc., 17, 37.
  • 1911
    • ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? «??????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ? ?????????????? ? ??????? ? ????????? ?????», ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 3, 185.
    • ???????? ??????????? ??????? ? ??????????????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 3, 518.
    • ????????? ?????????????????? ????????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 3, 932.
  • 1912
    • ????????? ????? ????????? ???????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 4, 333.
    • ???????? ??????????? ?????-??????????????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 4, 737.
    • ?????? ????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 4, 784.
    • ?????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 4, 785.
  • 1913
    • ?????? ???????????????? ????????????? ? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 5, 51.
    • ??????????? ? ?????? ? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ???. Ind. Eng. Chem., 5, 417.
    • ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????. ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 5, 506.
    • ??????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 5, 534.
    • ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????. Orig. Com. 8th Intern. Congr. Appl, Chem. (Appendix), 26, 421.
  • 1914
    • ??????????? ??????????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 6, 90.
    • ????????????? ?????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 6, 167.
    • ???? ????????????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ???? ???????, ???-????, Ind. Eng. Chem., 6, 343.
    • ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ????????, 1914. Ind. Eng. Chem., 6, 769.
  • 1915
    • ??????????? ??????? ???????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 7, 244.
    • ?????????? ?????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 7, 978.
  • 1916
    • ???????????????? ??????? ??????-???????? ????? ???. Ind. Eng. Chem., 8, 67.
    • ???????? ????? ??? ?????????? ? ???????????????? ???????????. ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 8, 184.
    • ????????????? ????????? ?????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 8, 568.
    • ?????????????? ??? ????????????? ? ??????? ??????????????. ??????????. Trans. Am. Electrochem. Soc., 29, 35.
  • 1917
    • ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ? ???. Ind. Eng. Chem., 9, 1020.
  • 1919
    • ???????????????? ??????? ??????-???????? ????? ???. (? ?. ?. ?????) Ind. Eng. Chem., 11, 248.
    • ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?? ??????-????????????????? ??????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 11, 250.
  • 1921
    • ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????????????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 13, 135.
    • ???????: ??????? ? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????????. Science, 54, 417.
  • 1924
    • ???? ???? ????????????. ???????????? ??????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 16, 332.
    • ??????????? ? ?????????????. ???? ???????????? ? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 16, 1077.
    • ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????. J. Franklin Inst., 198, 378.
  • 1925
    • ????????? ????? ? ????????????? ????????. (? ?. ????????) Ind. Eng. Chem., 17, 225.
  • 1932
    • ????? ? ??????????. J. Chem. Education, 9, 1000.
  • 1934
    • ??????? ????????? ???????????? ? ???. IX Congr. intern. quim. pura aplicada, 4, 538.
  • 1935
    • ????? ????? ? ??????????????. ???????, ??? ??????. Ind. Eng. Chem., 27, 538.
  • 1938
    • ????? ? ??????????????. ?????? ???????. J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 57, 679.
  • 1940
    • ??????? ?????? — ?????????????. ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????. J. Franklin Inst., 230, 159.*3

??????????

  1. Kettering Ch.F. Leo Hendrik Baekeland (1863—1944) // National Academy ?f Sciences of the United States ?f America. Biographical Memoirs, 1946, V. XXIV, p. 281—302.
  2. Some peculiarities of Velox paper. Wilson’s Photographic Magazine,34, 51.
  3. Developing formulae for Velox papers. Wilson’s Photographic Magazine, 34, 228.
  4. Impure sulphite and Velox developing. Wilson’s Photographic Magazine, 34, 394
  5. The use of bakelite for electrical and electrochemical purposes. Trans. Am. Electrochem. Soc, 75, 593.
  6. The United States Patent System, its use and abuse. Ind. Eng. Chem., 1, 204.
  7. The abuses of our patent system. Ind. Eng. Chem., 4, 333.
  8. The incongruities of American patent litigation. Ind. Eng. Chem., 4, 785.
  9. Protection of intellectual property in relation to chemical industry. Ind. Eng. Chem., 5, 51.
  10. Comments on the report of the investigation of the United States Patent Office. Ind. Eng. Chem., 5, 417.
  11. The Naval Consulting Board of the United States. Ind. Eng. Chem., 8, 67.
  12. On the Influence of hygrometric conditions of the atmosphere in the manufacture of photographic paper. Report of the 5th International Congress of Applied Chemistry, Berlin, 4, 393
  13. The Townsend electrolytic cell. J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 26, 746
  14. Three years practice of the Townsend cell. Electrochem. Met. Ind., 7, 313
  15. On soluble, fusible, resinous condensation products of phenols and formaldehyde. Ind. Eng. Chem., 1, 545
  16. Condensation products of phenols and formaldehyde. Ind. Eng. Chem., 3, 518.
  17. Phenol-formaldehyde condensation products. Ind. Eng. Chem., 4, 737
  18. The synthesis, constitution, and uses of bakelite. Ind. Eng. Chem., 1, 149.
  19. Bakelite, a condensation product of phenols and aldehydes, and its uses. J. Franklin Inst., 169, 55
  20. The career of a research chemist. Franklin Medal address. J. Franklin Inst., 1940, 230, 159
  21. A family motor tour through Europe. Serially in Horseless Age, 70 and 20, March 13, 1907, to November 6, 1907. Published also as a book with the same title, Horseless Age, 1907.

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  • Craig, John A. (????.) // (????.) : magazine. — 1916. — April ( vol. XXXI ). — P. 651—655 .
  • Farber, Eduard (1970). "Baekeland, Leo Hendrik". Dictionary of Scientific Biography . Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 385. ISBN 0-684-10114-9 .

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Same as Бакеланд, Лео