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article title for PostgreSQL on wafarin.com

Interested Article - PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL (???????????? «????-????-???-??» ) — ????????? ????????-??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? (????).

?????????? ? ??????????? ??? ????????? UNIX-???????? ????????, ??????? AIX , ????????? BSD-??????? , HP-UX , IRIX , Linux , macOS , Solaris / OpenSolaris , Tru64 , QNX , ? ????? ??? Microsoft Windows .

????????? ??????????, ???????????, ???????????

PostgreSQL ?????????? ?? ????? SQL ? ???????????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????????? SQL:2011 ? ??? ???????????? SQL:2016 ? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ??????? JSON .

? PostgreSQL ?????? 12 ???? ????????? ??????????? :

???????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????
???????????? ?????? ??????? 32 ?????
???????????? ?????? ???? 1 ?????
???????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????
???????? ????? ? ?????? 250—1600, ? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????
???????? ???????? ? ??????? ??? ???????????

???????? ????????? PostgreSQL ?????????:

???????

PostgreSQL ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ???? Postgres, ????????????? ??? open-source ?????? ? ?????????????? ???????????? ? ?????? . ? ?????????? Postgres, ?????????? ? 1986 ????, ???? ???????????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? , ???????????? ????? ??????? ??????? Ingres , ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ????????? Computer Associates . ???????? ???????????????? ??? « Post In gres », ? ??? ???????? Postgres ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????.

???????????? ? ??? ???????? ????????????? ????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ? 1986 ?? 1994 ????. ?? ???? ?????? ? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????, ???????, ???????????????? ???? ? ?????? ??????????. ? 1995 ???? ?????????? ????? ???????????: ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ? ???????? ???????????? ???? , ???????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? (????????????? ???????????? ????????? Informix ), ? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? Postgres — Postgres95, ? ??????? ???? ???????? POSTQUEL — ???????? Ingres — ??? ??????? ?? SQL.

?????????? Postgres95 ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????????. ????? ???? ???????? ???, ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ? ??????????? ? ??????? ?????? — PostgreSQL.

??????? ??????
?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????
6.0 1997-01-29 ?/? ?/? ?/? ????????? ?????? ?????? PostgreSQL. ?????????? ???????, ??????? pg_dumpall, ?????????????? ? ?????????????? ident
6.1 1997-06-08 ?????? ??????, ?? ??????????????: 6.1.1 1997-07-22 ?/? ??????????????? ???????, ??????????????????, ??? ?????? money, GEQO (GEnetic Query Optimizer)
6.2 1997-10-02 ?????? ??????, ?? ??????????????: 6.2.1 1997-10-17 ?/? ????????? JDBC , ???????? , ????????? ???????????????? ???????, ???????????
6.3 1998-03-01 ?????? ??????, ?? ??????????????: 6.3.2 1998-04-07 2003-03-01 ????????? subselect ?? SQL-92 , PL/pgTCL
6.4 1998-10-30 ?????? ??????, ?? ??????????????: 6.4.2 1998-12-20 2003-10-30 ????????? VIEW (?????? ? ?????? read-only) ? ??????, PL/pgSQL
6.5 1999-06-09 ?????? ??????, ?? ??????????????: 6.5.3 1999-10-13 2004-06-09 MVCC , ????????? ???????, ????????? ????? ?????????? SQL (CASE, INTERSECT ? EXCEPT)
7.0 2000-05-08 ?????? ??????, ?? ??????????????: 7.0.3 2000-11-11 2004-05-08 ??????? ??????, ????????? SQL-92 ??? ?????????? (JOIN)
7.1 2001-04-13 ?????? ??????, ?? ??????????????: 7.1.3 2001-08-15 2006-04-13 ??????????? ???????????? , OUTER JOIN
7.2 2002-02-04 ?????? ??????, ?? ??????????????: 7.2.8 2005-05-09 2007-02-04 PL/Python, ???? OID ?????????? ?????????????? ? ????????, ??????????????????? ? ??????????? ?????????
7.3 2002-11-27 ?????? ??????, ?? ??????????????: 7.3.21 2008-01-07 2007-11-27 ????? , ????????? ???????, ?????????????? ???????
7.4 2003-11-17 ?????? ??????, ?? ??????????????: 7.4.30 2010-10-04 2010-10-01 ??????????? ? JOIN?? ? ??????? data warehouse
8.0 2005-01-19 ?????? ??????, ?? ??????????????: 8.0.26 2010-10-04 2010-10-01 ?????? ??? Microsoft Windows , ????? ?????????? ? ??????????? , ????????? ????????????s , point-in-time recovery
8.1 2005-11-08 ?????? ??????, ?? ??????????????: 8.1.23 2010-12-16 2010-11-08 ??????????? ??????????????????, ?????????? commit, ??????????????? ?????? , index bitmap scan ? ???????????? SQL-????????, ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????, ????
8.2 2006-12-05 ?????? ??????, ?? ??????????????: 8.2.23 2011-12-05 2011-12-05 ??????????? ??????????????????, ?????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????, ???????????????? ??????????, ????? «??????? ???????» ??? ?????????????? ???? ?? ??????? WAL
8.3 2008-02-04 ?????? ??????, ?? ??????????????: 8.3.23 2013-02-07 2013-02-07 ???????? Heap-only tuples, ?????????????? ????? , SQL/XML , ???? ENUM, ???? UUID
8.4 2009-07-01 ?????? ??????, ?? ??????????????: 8.4.22 2014-07-24 2014-07-24 ??????? ???????, ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? (???????) ???????, ???????????? ?????????????? ????, ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????, ????? ????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ???????
9.0 2010-09-20 ?????? ??????, ?? ??????????????: 9.0.23 2015-10-08 2015-10-08 ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? , ????? ???????? ??????? , ?????????? ??? ????????? ???????, ????????? 64-?????? ?????? Windows
9.1 2011-09-12 ?????? ??????, ?? ??????????????: 9.1.24 2016-10-27 2016-10-27 ?????????? ??????????, ??????? ??????????, ?????????? ??? ????????? ???????, ????????????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ?????????? «????????????? ???????? ???????» , ??????????? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ???????? SQL, ?????????? ? SELinux , ??????????, ??????? ???????
9.2 2012-09-10 ?????? ??????, ?? ??????????????: 9.2.24 2017-11-09 2017-11-09 ????????? ????????? ??????????, ???????????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ????????? JSON , ?????????? ?????????? ????????????, ??????????? ????, ??????? pg_receivexlog, ??????? space-partitioned GiST
9.3 2013-09-09 ?????? ??????, ?? ??????????????: 9.3.25 2018-11-08 2018-11-08 ????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ??????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ??????, ????????? JSON, LATERAL JOIN, ???????? ?????? pg_dump, ????? ??????? pg_isready ??? ??????????? ???????, ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ? ????????????? ???? (view), ???????????? ??????? ???????, ????????????????? ????????????? , ????????? ??????????
9.4 2014-12-18 ?????? ??????, ?? ??????????????: 9.4.26 2020-02-13 2020-02-13 ??? ?????? JSONB , ???????? ALTER SYSTEM ??? ????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ???????, ??????????? ????????? ????????????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????, ???????????? ???????????/??????/????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????, API ??????????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ? ??, ????????? ?????? ???????? GIN , ????????? ??????? ???? huge ??? Linux, ???????????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ?????????????? pg_prewarm, ????? ?????????? ?????? Hstore ??????????????? ??? ???????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????
9.5 2016-01-07 ?????? ??????, ?? ??????????????: 9.5.25 2021-02-11 2021-02-11 UPSERT, ???????? ?????? ?????, TABLESAMPLE, CUBE/ROLLUP, GROUPING SETS, ? ????? ??? ??????? BRIN
9.6 2016-09-29 ?????? ??????, ?? ??????????????: 9.6.24 2021-11-11 2021-11-11 ????????? ???????????? ????????, ?????????????????? ??????????? PostgreSQL ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? (FDW) - ???????? ???????? pushdown ??? sort/join, ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????, ???????? ???????? vacuum ?? ??????? ????????
10 2017-10-05 ?????? ?????????????? ??????: 10.20 2022-02-10 2022-11-10 ?????????? ?????????? , ????????????? ??????????????? ??????, ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ????????
11 2018-10-18 ?????? ?????????????? ??????: 11.15 2022-02-10 2023-11-09 ???????? ???????????? ? ?????????????????? ??? ???????????????, ????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????????, ?????????? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ? ????????, just-in-time (JIT) ?????????? ?????????
12 2019-10-03 ?????? ?????????????? ??????: 12.10 2022-02-10 2024-11-14 ????????? ???????? ? ????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????; ????????? ????????? ????? ????? SQL/JSON; ???????????? ???????; ????????? ? ??????????????????? ? ??????????????; ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????????
13 2020-09-24 ?????? ?????????????? ??????: 13.6 2022-02-10 2025-11-13 ???????????? ????? ? ???????? B-tree ???????? ? ??????? ?????? ?????, ????????? ?????????????????? ????????, ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???????????????? ???????, ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????, ?????????????? ?????????????? ????????, ??????????????? ??????????
14 2021-09-30 ??????? ??????: 14.2 2022-02-10 2026-11-12 ????????? ???????????? ?????????? SQL ????? SEARCH ? CYCLE ? ????? ????????? ???????? , ????????? ????????? DISTINCT ? GROUP BY

???????? ???????????

???????

??????? ???????? ??????? ????, ???????????? ?? ???????, ? ?? ?? ??????? ??. ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? SQL, ?????????? ?????????????? ??????, ????????, ???????? ????????? ? ?????? , ??????? ?? ????? SQL ? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????. ??????? ????? ???????? ? ?????????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????:

PostgreSQL ????????? ????????????? ???????, ???????????? ????? ???????, ??????? ????? ????? ???????????? ??? ??, ??? ? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????.

??????? ????? ??????????? ??? ? ??????? ?? ?????????, ??? ? ? ??????? ???????? ????????????.

?????? ??????? ??????????????? ? ????????? ??????????? , ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????. ? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????, ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????, ??????????????? ? ???????.

????????

???????? ???????????? ??? ???????, ???????????? DML -??????????. ????????, ???????? INSERT ????? ????????? ???????, ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ???????????? ????????. ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ???????????????? (??. ????).

???????? ????????????? ? ?????????. ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ???????.

??????? ? ?????????????

???????? ?????? ( ????. rules) ???????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? DML -????????, ?? ? ???????? ???????. ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ? ???, ??? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????, ?? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? SQL-???????? ? ???????. ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ( ????. views): ??? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???????, ??????? ??????????, ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????/???????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????, ??????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????. ??? ???????? ?????????????, ?????????????? ???????? ??????????, ??????? ??? ???????? ???????, ????????? ? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????.

???????

? PostgreSQL ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????: B-?????? , ??? , GiST , GIN , BRIN , Bloom . ??? ????????????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????. ??????? ? PostgreSQL ???????? ?????????? ??????????:

  • ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ??????, ?? ? ? ???????? ??????? — ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ORDER BY ... DESC ?? ?????;
  • ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????, ? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????;
  • ??????? ????? ???? ???????????????, ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????/????????, ? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????;
  • ??????? ????? ???? ??????????, ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? (?? ????????? ?? ????????); ? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ?? ???? ????????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? (????????, ? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????) ?????? ???????;
  • ??????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????.

????????????????? ( MVCC )

PostgreSQL ???????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????????? ? ??????? ????????? Multiversion Concurrency Control ( MVCC ). ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ACID ? ??????????? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ??????.

???? ??????

PostgreSQL ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????:

  • ????????? ????
    • ?????
    • ? ????????????? ??????
    • ? ????????? ??????
    • ???????? ??? (?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????, ? ? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????????????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ???????)
  • ?????????? ???? ???????????? ?????
  • ???????? ???? (??????? BLOB )
  • ???? «????/?????» (????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????, ????????, ??????? ??????, ??????? ????????? ????????? ? ??????? ??????)
  • ????? ???
  • ????????????
  • ?????????????? ?????????
  • ????????? (RANGE)
  • ??????? ????
  • UUID -?????????????
  • XML -??????
  • ???????
  • JSON
  • ?????????????? ???????? ??
  • ??????????

????? ????, ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ? ??????????????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ? ??????? GiST .

???????????????? ???????

PostgreSQL ????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ? ????? ???????. ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????????:

  • ?????????????? ?????
  • ???? ??????
  • ?????? (???????????????? ???? ? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????)
  • ??????? (??????? ??????????)
  • ???????
  • ????????? (??????? ??????????????? ??? ????????????)
  • ??????????? ?????

???????????? ? ???????????????

??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? (????????????). ??? ???? ??????, ??????????? ? ??????????? ???????, ????????????? ????? ??????????? (???? ??? ?? ??????? ????????) ? ???????? ? ???????????? ???????.

? PostgreSQL 10 ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????. ??????????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????, ??? ?????????? ?????? (partitions). ??????????????? ????? ? ?????????????, ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ????????? ? ????? ??????? ???????????, ??? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ????????.

?????? ???????????

???????? ????????? ????

???????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????, ??????????? ? 2005 ????, ? ???????? ???? PostgreSQL ???? ??????? 20 ?????????? ???? ?? 775 000 ????? ????????? ???? (? ???????, ???? ?????? ?? 39 000 ????? ????) . ??? ?????????: MySQL — 97 ???????, ???? ?????? ?? 8 000 ????? ????; FreeBSD (???????) — 306 ???????, ???? ?????? ?? 2 500 ????? ????; Linux (?????? ????) — 950 ???????, ???? ?????? ?? 800 ????? ????.

??????????? ????????

???????? PostgreSQL ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????, ? ??? ????? ????????????, ????? . ?? ???????? ????????? ???????? .

?? ???? PostgreSQL ????????? EnterpriseDB ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????, ?????????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ????????????? — Postgres Plus (??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ? ????????? ????????? ??????; ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????) ? Postgres Plus Advanced Server (?????????? PostgreSQL ???????????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ? Oracle Database ) . ? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ????????????? ? ??????????????? ??? ??????:

  • Postgres Studio — ?????? phpPgAdmin ;
  • Postgres Plus Debugger — ???????? ??? ???? ?? PL/pgSQL, ??????????????? ? ?????????? ???????;
  • Migration Studio — ?????????? ??? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ?? MySQL/Oracle ? PostgreSQL.

?????????? ? ?????? ???????????? ????????, ????????? ?? ???? PostgreSQL ? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????:

  • 2ndQPostgres — ??????? ???????? 2nd Quadrant ;
  • Fujitsu Enterprise Postgres — ??????? ???????? Fujitsu .

Postgres Pro

Postgres Pro ???????? Postgres Professional — ??????????????? ? ?????? ???????????, ?????????? ??????????????????, ????????????, ??? ???????, ??????????? ? ??????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ?????? PostgreSQL ??????????????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????. ? ?????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ??? ?????? Oracle .

??????????

  1. — 2023.
  2. — 2006.
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  13. Krill, Paul (January 19, 2005). . InfoWorld . ???????????? ?? 2018-11-06 . ???? ????????? November 2, 2016 .
  14. Weiss, Todd R. (December 5, 2006). . Computerworld . ???? ????????? October 17, 2016 .
  15. Gilbertson, Scott (February 5, 2008). . Wired . ???????????? ?? 2017-03-16 . ???? ????????? October 17, 2016 .
  16. Huber, Mathias (July 2, 2009). . Linux Magazine . ???????????? ?? 2020-06-09 . ???? ????????? October 17, 2016 .
  17. Brockmeier, Joe (?????.) . Linux.com . Linux Foundation (30 ???????? 2010). ???? ?????????: 6 ??????? 2017. 18 ??????? 2021 ????.
  18. Timothy Prickett Morgan (September 12, 2011). . The Register . ???????????? ?? 2018-11-06 . ???? ????????? February 6, 2017 .
  19. (?????.) . www.postgresql.org (10 ???????? 2012). ???? ?????????: 5 ?????? 2022. 21 ???????? 2020 ????.
  20. (?????.) . InfoQ . ???? ?????????: 5 ?????? 2022. 16 ???? 2021 ????.
  21. Richard, Chirgwin (January 7, 2016). . The Register . ?? ????????? 2020-05-24 . ???? ????????? October 17, 2016 . ???????????? ?????????? ???????? |deadlink= ( ??????? )
  22. (?????.) . www.postgresql.org (12 ??????? 2021). ???? ?????????: 5 ?????? 2022. 5 ?????? 2022 ????.
  23. (?????.) (18 ??????? 2018). ???? ?????????: 18 ??????? 2018. 14 ???????? 2020 ????.
  24. (?????.) . ???? ?????????: 18 ??????? 2018. 26 ??????? 2018 ????.
  25. (3 ??????? 2019). 24 ???????? 2020 ????. ???? ?????????: 5 ?????? 2022.
  26. (?????.) . www.postgresql.org (12 ??????? 2021). ???? ?????????: 5 ?????? 2022. 5 ?????? 2022 ????.
  27. (?????.) www.postgresql.org (24 ???????? 2020). ???? ?????????: 5 ?????? 2022. 31 ????? 2022 ????.
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  30. (????.) . PostgreSQL Global Development Group (24 ???? 2005). — ??????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? . ???? ?????????: 8 ???????? 2009. ???????????? ?? 24 ??????? 2011 ????.
  31. (?????.) . PostgreSQL Wiki. ???? ?????????: 30 ???? 2018. 30 ???? 2018 ????.
  32. (???.) . ???? ?????????? (13 ??????? 2010). — ?????? ? ???????? ??? ?????? ? Oracle ?? EnterpriseDB . ???? ?????????: 13 ??????? 2010. ???????????? ?? 24 ??????? 2011 ????. (??????????? ?????? ? 07-03-2017 [2430 ????])
  33. (?????.) . ???? ?????????: 8 ?????? 2019. 8 ?????? 2019 ????.
  34. (?????.) . ???? ?????????: 8 ?????? 2019. 8 ?????? 2019 ????.
  35. (?????.) . ???? ?????????: 8 ?????? 2019. 6 ???????? 2019 ????.
  36. ????????? ???????????. (???.) . CRN (27 ???? 2021). 30 ?????? 2022 ????.
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??????

  • ?????? ??????? . — ????? ?? ????? ??????, ?????????????? ? ??????? Linux Format (2006—2007).
  • ???????? ????. (???.) . ???????? ???????. ????, ? 03, 2015 (20 ???? 2015). ???? ?????????: 27 ??????? 2023. 31 ????? 2022 ????.
  • ???????? ????????? . — ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??????????, ??????????????? ? ????????????????? ??????, ??????????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????, ????????? ??????????.


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Same as PostgreSQL