Notice: Only variables should be passed by reference in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 523

Warning: filesize(): stat failed for /home2/cache/similar_articles_cache/27/18/2718850694572cf4af27e5c88488c89c.cache in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.cache.php on line 102

Notice: unserialize(): Error at offset 0 of 18515 bytes in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 542

Notice: Only variables should be passed by reference in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 390

Notice: Only variables should be passed by reference in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 390

Warning: Undefined array key 0 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Undefined array key 0 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Undefined array key 0 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Undefined array key 0 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Undefined array key 0 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Undefined array key 0 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Undefined array key 0 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Undefined array key 0 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Undefined array key 0 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Undefined array key 0 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Undefined array key 0 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Undefined array key 0 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Undefined array key 0 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Undefined array key 0 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Undefined array key 0 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Undefined array key 0 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Undefined array key 0 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Undefined array key 0 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Undefined array key 0 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Undefined array key 0 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/core/class.site.php on line 370

Warning: Undefined array key "page_added_dt" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/data_article.php on line 36

Warning: Undefined variable $uri in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/data_article.php on line 139
article title for Хлороформ on wafarin.com

Interested Article - Хлороформ

?????????? (?? ?? ????????????? , ??????????????? , ??????? 20 ) — ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???????? CHCl 3 . ??? ?????????? ???????? — ?????????? ??????? ???????? c ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????. ??????????? ??????????? ? ???? — ???????? ? ??? ???????? ? ???????? ????? ?? 0,23 %, — ??????????? ? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????. ???????. ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ???????????, ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ????? .

???????

????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? 1831 ???? ?????????? ? ???????? ???????????? ??????? (Samuel Guthrie), ????? ??????? (Justus von Liebig) ? (Eugène Soubeiran).

??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???? (Dumas). ?? ?? ? ???????? ? 1834 ?. ???????? «?????????», ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ( ???. formica ??????????? ??? «???????»).

? ??????????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? (Holmes Coote) ? 1847 ?., ? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? , ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????.

? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ? 1916 ????, ????? ???????? ?? ????? ? ???? ?????????-?????? ? ???????? ????.

?????????? ????????

  • ?????????? ???????????: 1,44858 ??? 15 °C.
  • ??????????? ??????????????: ?63,55 °C
  • ??????????? ???????: 61,152 °C
  • ????????? ??????: 1,15 ?????
  • ??????????????? ?????????????: 4,806 ??? 20 °C
  • ???????? ??????????? ????? ? ????? (?. ???. 56,2 °C, 97,4 % ??????????).

?????????? ????????

???????? ??????????? ????? ? ????? (?. ???. 56,2 °C, 97,4 % ??????????).

? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ???????? (?? ?????) ???????? ?????? :

2 C H C l 3 + O 2 ? 2 C O C l 2 ? + 2 H C l ? {\displaystyle ~{\mathsf {2CHCl_{3}+O_{2}\longrightarrow \ 2COCl_{2}\uparrow +2HCl\uparrow }}}

??????????? ? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? (1—2 %) ? ???????? ?????????????, ??????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? .

?????????

? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? . ??????????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????????? 400—500 °C. ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? . ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????????????.

C H 4 + C l 2 ? C H 3 C l + H C l {\displaystyle ~{\mathsf {CH_{4}+Cl_{2}\longrightarrow \ CH_{3}Cl+HCl}}}
C H 3 C l + C l 2 ? C H 2 C l 2 + H C l {\displaystyle ~{\mathsf {CH_{3}Cl+Cl_{2}\longrightarrow \ CH_{2}Cl_{2}+HCl}}}
C H 2 C l 2 + C l 2 ? C H C l 3 + H C l {\displaystyle ~{\mathsf {CH_{2}Cl_{2}+Cl_{2}\longrightarrow \ CHCl_{3}+HCl}}}
C H C l 3 + C l 2 ? C C l 4 + H C l {\displaystyle ~{\mathsf {CHCl_{3}+Cl_{2}\longrightarrow \ CCl_{4}+HCl}}}

????? ???????:

C H 4 + 3 C l 2 ? C H C l 3 + 3 H C l {\displaystyle ~{\mathsf {CH_{4}+3Cl_{2}\longrightarrow \ CHCl_{3}+3HCl}}}

??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????, ????????? ?? ??????????, ???????????? , ?????????? ? ??????????????? . ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????????? .

? ??????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ? ??????? ???????? .

??????????

? ????? XIX ? ?????? XX ??. ????????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ????????. ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? (1848 ???). ? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?. ?. ??????? . ?????? ? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????????.

????????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????? (???????-22) ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ??????(V) (?? ??????? ??????? ) :

C H C l 3 + 2 H F ? S b C l 5 C F 2 H C l + 2 H C l {\displaystyle {\mathsf {CHCl_{3}+2HF{\xrightarrow {SbCl_{5}}}CF_{2}HCl+2HCl}}}

????????? ????? ???????????? ? ???????? ???????????? ? ????????????????? ??????????????, ? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? . ?????????, ?????????? ???????? (CDCl 3 ) — ???????? ????? ????????????, ???????????? ? ??????? ????????? ????????? (???).

????????? ????????? ? ????? ??????????? , ? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ? ??????????-??????? ???? ?????? ????.

5 C u O + 2 C H C l 3 ? 3 C u C l 2 + 2 C O 2 ? + H 2 O + 2 C u {\displaystyle ~{\mathsf {5CuO+2CHCl_{3}\longrightarrow \ 3CuCl_{2}+2CO_{2}\uparrow +H_{2}O+2Cu}}}

??????????? ??????????

? ???????? ?????? 1-2 ?? ???????????? ???????? ? 1 ?? 10%-?? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????. ???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? 3-5 ???. ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? 10%-????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ?????????? 0,5 ?? 1%-?? ???????? ??????? ???????. ????????? ?????? ???????????? ? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ????????. ??? ??????? ?? ??????????. ?? ???? ? ?????? ???????????????? ?????????? (?????????????, ???????????????? ???????, ?????????? ? ??.)

C H C l 3 + 4 N a O H ? 3 N a C l + H C O O N a + 2 H 2 O {\displaystyle {\mathsf {CHCl_{3}+4NaOH\rightarrow 3NaCl+HCOONa+2H_{2}O}}}
N a C l + A g N O 3 ? A g C l ? + N a N O 3 {\displaystyle {\mathsf {NaCl+AgNO_{3}\rightarrow AgCl\downarrow +NaNO_{3}}}}

???????

??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????. ?????? ????????? ??????????? ? ????????????????? ?????? ???????? , ????????? ?????, ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ? ??????????. ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ? ?????????????? ??????: ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ???????, ??????, ???????????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????, ????????????? ??? ???????.

??????????? ?? ????????

???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? . ???????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? 0,09 % (900 ppm) ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????????, ????????? ? ???????? ????. ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ? ????? . ?????????????? 10 % ????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ?????????, ?????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ???? (?? 40 °C). ????? ???????? ????? (??????? ????????????????? ????? ????????? 75—80 %).

???????????? ?? ???????? ????????, ??? ? ?????????? ???? ? ?????, ??????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????????? ?????????? 0,003 % (30 ppm), ??????????? ???????? . ????? ????? ??????????? ? ????, ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????. ????????? ????????? ???? ? ?????, ??????? ??????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ? ????????????????? ???????????.

??????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ???? ? ????????? ???????? ???????? (2—10 ?????) ???????? ????????? ?????. ???????????????? ????????? ? ???????????? . ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ???????.

??? ????????? ? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????????? ????????: ????? 15—20 ???. — 30—50 % ??????????, ? ??????? ???? — ?? 90 %. ??????? ?????????? ? ????????? ? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ? ??????? ???????? ? ???????????? .

2 C H C l 3 + 2 H 2 O + O 2 ? 2 C O 2 ? + 6 H C l ? {\displaystyle ~{\mathsf {2CHCl_{3}+2H_{2}O+O_{2}\longrightarrow \ 2CO_{2}\uparrow +6HCl\uparrow }}}

?????? ??? ?? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ?????????. ????????, ??? ? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????????? ? ??????, ? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ????????? p450, ????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? ? ?????????????????????. ???????? ?????, ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?450 ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????, ????????? ? ???????????? ???????? (??? ??? ???????????????? ?? ?????? ????, ????? ?????? ????????).

?? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????, ????????????? ??? 5 ??/? 3 , ???????????-??????? — 10 ??/? 3 . ? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????????, ????????, 650 ??/? 3 ; ? ???? 1350 ??/? 3 .

??????????

  1. ? (???????????????) . ? 2098. ???????????? (?????????) // (???.) / ?????????? ?.?. ??????? . — ??????, 2018. — ?. 143. — 170 ?. — (?????????? ???????).
  2. ?
  3. ???????? P. ?.; ??????? A. 3. (?????.), ????? ?. E. (????.). ????????? // ??????? ??????????? ???????????? : ? 30 ?. / ??. ???. ?. ?. ?????????? . — 3-? ???. — ?. : ????????? ???????????? , 1986. — ?. 27 : ???????? — ????????? ???????????????. — ?. 16—17. — 576 ?. : ??.
  4. Chakrabartty, in Trahanovsky, Oxidation in Organic Chemistry , pp 343—370, Academic Press, New York, 1978
  5. ???????????? ???????????????? ????????: ?????????? ??????? / ?.?. ????????, ?.?. ?????????, ?.?. ???????? ? ??.. — 2-?, ???????. ? ???.. — ???. : «?????», 1996. — 544 ?. — ISBN 5-7245-1043-X .
  6. ?. ?. ??????????. ????????????????? ?????. — ?. : ???? ??., 1989. — 447 ?. — 6000 ???. — ISBN 5-11-000148-0 .
  7. Pohl L. R. et al. Phosgene: a metabolite of chloroform //Biochemical and biophysical research communications. — 1977. — ?. 79. — ?. 3. — ?. 684—691.
  8. Weber L. W. D., Boll M., Stampfl A. Hepatotoxicity and mechanism of action of haloalkanes: carbon tetrachloride as a toxicological model //Critical reviews in toxicology. — 2003. — ?. 33. — ?. 2. — ?. 105—136.
  9. Pieter H. Punter. (????.) // Chemical Senses. — Oxford University Press, 1983. — July (vol. 7 (iss. 3—4). — P. 215–235. — ISSN . — doi : .
  10. Andrew Dravnieks. (????.) // The New York Academy of Sciences Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. — New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1974. — September (vol. 237 (iss. 0). — P. 144—163. — ISSN . — doi : . — .


Warning: Undefined array key "page_added_dt" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 267

Warning: Undefined array key "preview" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 287

Warning: Undefined array key "page_added_dt" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 267

Warning: Undefined array key "preview" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 287

Warning: Undefined array key "page_added_dt" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 267

Warning: Undefined array key "preview" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 287

Warning: Undefined array key "page_added_dt" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 267

Warning: Undefined array key "preview" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 287

Warning: Undefined array key "page_added_dt" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 267

Warning: Undefined array key "preview" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 287

Warning: Undefined array key "page_added_dt" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 267

Warning: Undefined array key "preview" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 287

Warning: Undefined array key "page_added_dt" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 267

Warning: Undefined array key "preview" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 287

Warning: Undefined array key "page_added_dt" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 267

Warning: Undefined array key "preview" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 287

Warning: Undefined array key "page_added_dt" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 267

Warning: Undefined array key "preview" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 287

Warning: Undefined array key "page_added_dt" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 267

Warning: Undefined array key "preview" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 287

Warning: Undefined array key "page_added_dt" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 267

Warning: Undefined array key "preview" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 287

Warning: Undefined array key "page_added_dt" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 267

Warning: Undefined array key "preview" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 287

Warning: Undefined array key "page_added_dt" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 267

Warning: Undefined array key "preview" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 287

Warning: Undefined array key "page_added_dt" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 267

Warning: Undefined array key "preview" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 287

Warning: Undefined array key "page_added_dt" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 267

Warning: Undefined array key "preview" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 287

Warning: Undefined array key "page_added_dt" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 267

Warning: Undefined array key "preview" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 287

Warning: Undefined array key "page_added_dt" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 267

Warning: Undefined array key "preview" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 287

Warning: Undefined array key "page_added_dt" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 267

Warning: Undefined array key "preview" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 287

Warning: Undefined array key "page_added_dt" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 267

Warning: Undefined array key "preview" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 287

Warning: Undefined array key "page_added_dt" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 267

Warning: Undefined array key "preview" in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 287

Same as Хлороформ