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Interested Article - Лейбцоль
doriana
- 2020-05-28
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???????? ( ???. Leibzoll ??? Judengeleit ) — ?????????? ??????? ; ????????? ????, ??????????? ? ?????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????, ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? XIX ???? .
???????????
????? ? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????????????????. ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ; ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ? ?????????.
?????? ??????????????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????; ????????? ???? ???????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????????. ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? (814—840); ??????? ?????????? ? «Liber formularum» ???? ???????. ???????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????.
???????? ???????? (902—906) ?????, ??? ????????????????? ?????, ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (« justum theloneum »). To ?? ??????? ? ?????????? ????????? ?????? 1090 ?. ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????? (??????, ????????…), ???? ??????? ??????????. ???, ????????, ??????????? ?????? ??????? II ?????????? ? ?????????? 1244 ????, ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????, ??? ?????? ?????????. ????? ???????, ? ?? ????? ??????????? ? ?????? ???? ?? ???????????.
?????????????
?? ???? ????, ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????????????? ??????, ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????????. ?????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????, ??????????? ????? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ??? ???, ???? ? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? — ??? ????? ???????? ? XV ???? — ?????????, ????????? ?????? , ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ? ??????? ????? ?????. ????????????? ???????? ?? ?????????, ??????, ????, ????? ???????, ???????? ?????-???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????, ?? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????, ??? ???, ????? ????? ???????? ??????????, ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ????, ???, ?? ????, ?? ??????????, ? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? .
????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????, ????????? ?? ????? ?????????, ????? ????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ?, ???? ???????, ????????? ??? ???????? ? ?????????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???, ?????, ????????? ? 1499 ?. ?? ????????? , ?????????? ? ????? , ? ????????? ?? ??????????? (1507) ?????????? ? ???????? ???????????????; ?? ???? ??????????? ???????? ? ?????? , ????? ???? ? ???????? ??????? ????????. ?????????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????.
????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? «????????», ??????????????? ?????? ? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??????, ????? ? ?????. ? ????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????? ? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????????? (1797—1806) ?????? 2448 ????????? (????? 2500 ?????? ??????? ??????).
???????????? ????????
?????? ?????????, ????? ???????? ??????, ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????, ??? ?????????????? ? ???????????? ??????. ???????? ?????? V ???????? ??????? 4 ?? ? ?????? ????? ? ? ????? ? ????? ? ??????????? . ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????; ? ?????? ??????, ??? ?? ????????? (????????), ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????????, ?????????????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ? ??????.
???? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????? (1782) ??????????? ??????? II ?????, ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ????????????????? ??? ?? ?????, ?????????? ?????? ????, ???????, ? ????????, ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????. ?? ?? ????????? ? ?????????, ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ? 1800 ????, ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? 1806 ?. ??? ????????????? « Passier- und Eintrittsgeld ».
???????????? ?? ??????
??? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????????; ???????? ? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ????????. ???, ?????, ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? , ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????, ????? ??? ???????????? ?? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????. ?????????? ????? ? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ????????. ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ? ????, «Judenamt» (?????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??????) ???????? ?????????? « ?????????? ? ???? ?? ??? ? ?????, ? ??? ? ???????? ».
???????? ????? ????? ?? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ???, ????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????????????? 1773 ?. ?????????? ????? ?????????? ? ?????????? (1700) ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ???? ??? ?????, ?????????? «Schutzbrief’o?» (???????? ???????; ??????????????????? ????), ?????????? ??????? «Judengeleit», ???? ???????? ?? ????????. ??? ? ?????????? « vergleitete Juden » ? ????????????????? ??????, ???????????? ???????? — « unvergleitete Juden ».
???????????
????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ? 1787 ?. ? ??????? , ? ??? ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ???????. ? 1791 ?. ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????. ?? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????????. ?????? ? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????. ??? ?????????? ????????????? ???? (???? 1801) ?????? ???? ????? ?????????????.
? ?????? XIX ???? ? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? . ? 1803 ?. ?? ????????? ? ?????????? ? ???????? ? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ? ?????? ????? , ??????????? ?? ??? ??????????? ????????. ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ( ????????? , ???????? , ?????? ? ??.). ? ??????? — ???????? , ??????? ? ?????? — ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ? ??? ??????????? ?????, ? ? ??????????-????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ? 1823 ?. ???????? ??????????? ????? . ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ? ???????????? ?????? II (1792—1835), ? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? .
??. ?????
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- ? // ????????? ???????????? ????????? ? ?????? . — ???. , 1908—1913.
- ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? (1290); ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? (1420); ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? (1492)
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doriana
- 2020-05-28
- 1
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