Завиша, Артур
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Interested Article - Завиша, Ян Тадеушевич
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?? ??????? ?????? , ?? ?????????? ?????? ( ?????. ?? ??????????? ?????? , ??????. Jan Kazimierz Zawisza-Kier?gaj?o ; 1822 , ?????????? , ????????? ????? — 1887 ) — ?????????? ? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? , ????????-???????? ? ????????-????????.
?????????????? ???? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????? ( ?????????? ??????? ), ? ????? ????-????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ( ??????? ). ???????? ???????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ? ?????????? .
????????????? ? ?????
???? « ?????? » ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? , ????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? «??????-???????? ???? ?? ???????» ? ?????????? ? XVII—XVIII ??. ? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? , ??????? ??????? (? ??? ????? ??????????? ) ????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ????????, ? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ??????????. ? XIX ?. ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??????? , ?? ???? ? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? , ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ???? ????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ? ????? ?????????.
?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ? 1822 ???? ? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? , ? ??? ????, ??????? ??????? ???????????-????????????? ?????? . ??? ?????? ? ?????????? ? ??????? ??? «??-???????-???????-???????». ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? (???????, ????, ???????, ????????, ????, ?????????? ? ??.) — ? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? . ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? (?????, ?????????, ?????????, ????????, ????????? ? ??.) — ? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????.
? 1852 ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????????? — ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? (??. 1910), ????????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ????????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? (1791—1860) ?? ???? ?????????? ??????????? (1798—1878).
?? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????, ??????? ???????? ? ???? ? ?????????????-??????????:
- ????? ??? ?????? (1860—1930) ????? ????? ? 1879 ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? (1853—1903) ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????????? .
- ????? ????????? ?????? (1861—1945) ?????? ???? ???????. ?? ?????? ????? ? 1882 ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? (1833—1895). ? 1906 ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? (1880—1914).
???? ?????? ???????, ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????-????????? .
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?? ?????? ??? ?????????, ??? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? , ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ? 33 ??????????? ???????? (????????? ????, ?????????, ?????????, ????????, ???????, ??????? , ???????, ??????????, ???????, ????????, ??????????, ???????????, ???????, ???, ????????, ????????, ?????????? , ????????, ?????????, ?????????, ?????????, ?????, ????????, ?????, ????????, ???????? (????????), ??????? ? ??. ?????? ? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ????.
???????? ?????????????? ?? 30 ???????? 1844 ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ?????????? ????? ??????????? 0 ??????? ????? (?? ??? ????? 0 ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? — ????, ???????? ? ????????) ? 726 ?????? ?????????? ???????? (3224 ?????????? ???????? ???? ? 3264 ?????????? ???????? ????) . ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? 7 % ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????? . ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? . ????????? ???? ?????????? — ?? 20-60 ?????? . ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? , ??? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????.
????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ????????? ???? — ????? , ??????-???????????? , ????????? ??????????-?????????. ???, ? ???????? ???? (???????? ?????????????? 1844 ????) ????? 14 ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???? (?? ??? 3 ?????????? ? 2 ??????) ??????? 102 ????? ????????? ????? ? 18 ????????? ?????? . ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????????????, ? ?????? — ?????????????? (???? ???????????). ??? ??? ???????? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? («????????») .
????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? , ??? , ???? , ??? , ????, ?????? , ?????, ????? , ?????, ?????, ???? ? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???????? — ? ????????? ? ??????? ; ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ? ?? ??????? . ? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? . ????? ????, ???????? ?????????????? ?? 1844 ???? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ?????????, ? ????? ???????? ??????? (30 ???????), ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ????? — ?????????? ????? ??????? ? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? «???? ????????????? ???????? ???????????» ????????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?????????, ?????? ?? ??????? .
????? ????????? ??? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ? 1861 ????, ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????, ? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ? ?????????????: ?? ?????? ???????????? ???????, ???? ???????????? ???? ??????? ? ????????????? ?????????????? ?? 3 ???????? ???????? ????? ? 1,5 ???????? ????????? .
????? ????, ???? ?? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ? ????????, ? ????? ??????????? ?????? ? ??????? ( ?????????? ??????? ) . ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ? ????? ??????? ??????? . ? ?????????? ????? ? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ?????? .
????? ??? ?????? ? 1887 ???? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? — ?????? ?????????? ? . ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ? ??????? (? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ), ??????? ?????????? 41 000 ??????? , ? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ?????? (?????????? ???????-??????????????) ? ?????????? ????????? ? ??????? .
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??????? ???????? .
???????? ? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? (1863—1864 ??.)
? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ????????????????? ????? ??? ? ???????? , ??? ? ? ??????? . ?????? ? ????????? 1863—1864 ??. ?? ??????????, ???? ? ??? ??????? ????????????? ????? ???????? , ?????? ?? ??????????? ? ????????????? ????????? ? ??????-???????? ???? : ???????? ????? ???????? (????? ??????) ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ?????? . ? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????, ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? . ? ?????? 1860-? ??. ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ?? ?????? ????????? — ?????????? ??????????? ????????????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????????????, ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? .
? 1862 ???? ? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ???? ????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? . ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ??????????? ? ???? ? ????????????? ????????? ????????? . ? ?? ?? ?????, ???? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????? ???????, ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????. ????? ????, ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? «???????? ??????????» (????? ????, ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???), ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ????????????? ??? «??????????? ?????????» ?? ????? ???? .
? ?????? 1863 ???? ? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????, ?????????????? ????? ??? ??????, ??????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????????? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? .
? 1865 ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? 300 ?????? «?? ??????» ????? ???????? , ?????????? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? .
???????????? ? ??????? ????????????
???? ?? ?????? ???????? «??????? ?????????». ????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ( ?????????? , ??????????? , ??????? , ????????? , ??????? ? ??.) ? ???????? XIX ?. ????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ? ????????????????? ???????????? ?????????? , ??? ? ??? ?????? ??????????? ? ???????????????? ???????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? .
? 1868—1877 ??. ????????????? ?? ???????? ? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????, ????????? ?? ?? ?????????????? ????? , ? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????? ? ??????????? ??????? . ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? «?????? ?????????????? ?????» ? ???????? ??????????? ? ??????? ???????? — ??? «??????» ??????? ? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? . ? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????? — ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????, ? ????? ? ??????: ???????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? (??????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ???????? ????????, ????? ???????? ? ??????) ? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ( ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ); ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ( ?????????? ????? , ??????????? ??????? ); ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? , ??????? ????????? ???? ? ???? ??????? ( ???????????? ???? ??????? ??? .); ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? . ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ?. ?????? ? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ? ????????? ???? .
??? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? , ?????? ? ?????? ; ???????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ? ??????????? ???? , ????? ?????????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? . ??? ??????? ????? ????: «??? ???? ?????????? ?? ??, ????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ?????, ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ? ??? ??????????? ? ???????????, ??????? ???? ??? ????????» .
???? ?? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????, ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ? ?????????? . ??? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ???????, ????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????? .
????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ? ????? ????????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ? ???? ????. ?? ????? ???? ? ????? ????? ????????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????, ??? ????????????? ?? ??? ?????? (?????? ??????? ? ????????). ? ???????? ???? ???????? (???, ???????, ??????? ? ????) ???? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????? , ? ?????? ????? ???? ????????, ? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? , ??????? ????? ? ??????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ????????-???????? . ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? .
?????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ???????. ??? ????????, ??? ?????? 1871 ?. ???? ?? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ? ????? ????????? ???? ? ???? , ??? ????????????? ? ????????? — ??????? ???????? ???????????? , ???????????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ? ????? ??????? ?????????? .
? 1873—1882 ??. ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? «Wiadomo?ci archeologiczne», ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? — ?????????, ???????????, ????????? ? ???????? . ??? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????? , ? ????? ??????-??????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ( ??????? ) . ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? — ? ??????? (1871) ? ????????? (1876): ? ??????? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ???????? ? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????, ? ? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ? ????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ???????? . ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ? ???????? .
? 1877 ???? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ? 20 ??? 1878 ???? ? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ? ????????? ?? ???????? ? ??????????? ?????? . ????? ??????????? ???? ? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ??????????, ??????? ?? 1772 ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? . ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????, ? ????? ?????? ??????? — ???? ?????? ?????? , ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ????? — «??????????? ???????» (1879), ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? — ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? .
? 1877—1879 ??. ????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???? (? «?????? ???????») ?? ?????????? ??????????? ???????-?????????????? ?????????? ??????? .
??????????
- Zawisza, J. / J. Zawisza. — ??????? : ????. S. Orgelbranda synów, 1878. — 30 ?.
??????????
- ? Jan Zawisza // — 2002.
- ? Jan Zawisza // (??????.)
- ??????????, ?. ?? ??????? ?????? // ?????????? ????????????. — ????? : ?????, 1998. — ?. 6. — ?. 493.
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- ?
- ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ??????
- ??????: ????.-?????. ??????? ??????????? ?????. — ????? : ?????, 2003. — ?. 50.
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- ? ??????: ????.-?????. ??????? ??????????? ?????. — ????? : ?????, 2003. — ?. 54.
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- ??????? ?????????? ? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????, ???? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ( ).
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- ? ??????????, ?. ????????? ??????… ?. 59.
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- ??????????, ?. ????????? ??????… ?. 58.
- ? ??????????, ?. ?? ??????? ?????? // ???????????? ???????? ????????. — ?????, 1996. — ?. 3. — ?. 393.
- ??????, ?. ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ??????????? ???? ? ????????… ?. 6.
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- . ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?.?????? ??? ????????. ???? ?????????: 10 ?????? 2012.
- ??????i????, ?. . {{{2}}}.
- // ??????. ?????????? ????. — ?????, 2002. — ?.79—102.
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