??? ????? ????????? ( ????. Two Dogmas of Empiricism ) — ???? ?? ???????????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????, ?????????? ????????? ??????? ? 1951 , ??????????? ??????? ???? ???????????????? ????????????????? ????, ??????? ? ??? ??????? ? ????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ????????? , ????????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????????? .

• ?????? ????? ????????? — ??? ????????????? ???? ????? ????? ????????????? , ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???????, ? ????????????? , ?????????????? ?? ??????. ?????? ?????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????????, ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? .
• ?????? ????? ????????? — ??? ???????????? ( ????. reductionism ), ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ????????, ??????????? ?? ???????????????? ??????????? ???? ????????.

???????? ???? «????» ????? ????? ? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????????, ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????. ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ? ???????? ? ???????? ???????, ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ( thing ), ?? ?????? ??????????? ( term ) ? ???????? ( meaning ). ??? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????????, ????????? ??????????????? ??????????.

???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????, ?? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ????? ????????. ???????? ???? ??, ??? ?????????? ???????? , ????? ?? ???????? ? ???????? ? ???????? ?? ??????

???????????? ????? (????.)

Things had essences, for Aristotle, but only linguistic forms have meanings. Meaning is what essence becomes when it is divorced from the object of reference and wedded to the word

?? ??????, ???????? ? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????? (??, ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ), ? ?? ????????? ???????????, ????????. ? ??? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ( man-made fabric ), ????????????? ?????????????????? ? ??????. ?????? ?????????? ( re-evaluation ) ????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????. ???? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?? ? ??????, ?? ??????????? ? ????????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ??????? ????????????? (?????????????) ?????? ?????????? ? ?????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ? ????????????? (??????????????). ????? ?? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ( Homer’s gods ) ? ??????????? ????????? ( physical objects ) ? ????? ?????? ?????????????, ?? ??????????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ??????????.

??????

• ???? ???????????? ( statements ) ? ??????? ???? ( external world ) ???????????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ????? (sense experience) ?? ??????????, ?? ????????????? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ( corporate body ).
• ?? ???? ???????????? ?? ????????????? ?? ?????????????? ( no statement is immune to revision )
• ??? ? ?????????? ???????? ????????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ?????????, ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???????????, ??? ?????? ????, ? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ( flux ) ?????
• ????? — ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ( Science is a continuation of common sense )
• ??????? ????? ???????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ( obsolete )

??????????

??????

• ??????? ???????? ?. ?. ?????????? ?? ???????: Quine W. V. From a Logical Point of View. New York: Harper, 1963, pp. 20—46.
• ?.?. ???????. ??? ????? ????????? // ???????????? ????????????? ? ????????? ?????. ?.: «?????+», ???? «????????????» (???.) . — 2009. ( ???????????? ????????????? ? ????????? ????? )
• (??????????? ?????? ? 13-05-2013 [3902 ???] — )
• ?? 13 ?????? 2017 ?? Wayback Machine