Interested Article - Крамп, Эдвард Халл

?????? ???? «????» ?????-??????? ( ????. Edward Hull «Boss» Crump Jr. ; 2 ??????? 1874 , , ????? ??????? , ????????? — 16 ??????? 1954 , ?????? , ???????? ) — ???????????? ??????????????? ? ??????? ; ????????? ????????? ??????? ; ???? ??????????????? ?????? ; ??? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ? 1910 ?? 1915 ??? (???????? — ? 1940). ??????? ???????? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ???????? ? ???????? 1910-? ?? ???????? 1950-? ????? — ? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ? ???????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? « ???????????? ?????? » ??????.

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?? ?????? Holly Springs Reporter , ?????, ???????? ?????-??????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ???????? ? ?????? (???? ????????) 21 ???????? 1893 ???? ? ???????? 19 ??? . ?????? 1893 ???? , ????????, ????? ??????? ???????? ? ??????????? ?????? XIX ???? , ???????? ?????? ????? ??????. ? ????? ??????, ?? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ? Walter Goodman Cotton Company ?? ?????-????? ? ?????? ??????? . ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ? ???????? .

? ?????? 1901 ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? 23-?????? ????? ???? ??????. ????? (??? ?????) ??????, ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ????-?????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? William R. Moore Dry Goods Company , ???? ????????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????? ? ????????? «????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ?????????????? ?????? ??????» . ????? ? ?????? ?????????? 22 ?????? 1902 ???? ? ????????????? ?????? ??????? .

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?????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????. ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ? 1902 ? 1904 ????? (????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????). ? 1905 ???? ?? ??? ???????? ? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ?????, ? ? 1907 ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????????, ??????? ????????? ??????? .

??????? ? 1910-? ????? ????? ????? ??????? «???????????? ??????», ??????? ????????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????. ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ? ????????????? ????, ??? ? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ? ????????: ?????? ? ????????????? . ? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????, ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????????; ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? , ????????? ??????? ????? ? ????? 1880-? ????? ; ???????? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ?????????? ????????. ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?. ??. ????, ??? ????? (? ???? ?????????? ???????, ? ??? ????? ? , ?????? ? ????? ) ????? ????? ??????????? ? ???????, ????? ? ??????. ???????? ?????????????? ?????????, ? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????, ? ?? ??????? ??. ????? ????? ????? ????????????? ???????????????, ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??-?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????????, ?? ???????????? ? ???????? . ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ? ??????, ????? ??????? ????? ????? ? ????????????? ?????.

????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ????????? ????????. ?????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? (1910—1915) ? ????????? ?????? ????? (1917—1923 ???). ? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ? ????????. ? ?????? 1915 ???? ??? ?????? «????? ?? ????????» ( Ouster Law ), ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ?? ???????????????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ? ????????? ??????????? ? ??????? .

????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? 1928 ???? , ????? ????????? ?? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????????, ? ?? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????, ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????. ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????, ???????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ? ??????????????? ?????? ?????. ? 1930 ???? , ????? ?????? ????????? ????????????, ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? , ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?. ?. ?????? ?? ??????????????? ??????? ? ????????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????.

? 1930 ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ? 10-? ??????, ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????. ? ?????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????: ? 4 ????? 1931 ?? 3 ?????? 1935 ????. ? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? . ?????? ???? ??????????? ? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ? ???????. ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????????.

? 1936 ???? ????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ? ???? ?????? ?? 1945 ???? . ? 1939 ???? ?? ??? ? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ?? 9-?? ?????? (?????? 10-?), ? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ?????????, ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ? ???????. ????, ??? ?????????, ??? ???? ? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? . ?? ??? ???????? ? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? 1 ?????? 1940 ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ???????????????? ???????, ????????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ? ?????????? ????? ? ????????. ????? ???? ????-??? ?????? ????, ? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ????????, ??? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? 1 ??????, ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????.

??????? ?????? ? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ? ????? 1940-? ?????. ?????? ??. ?????, ???????? Memphis Press-Scimitar , ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ????-????????? ? ?????? ????????? ??????, ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????. ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???, ????? ????????? ?? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? 1948 ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???????, ???????? ????????? ????? . ? ??? ?? ? 1948 ???? ?????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ????????????? ? ???, ????? ??? ?????? ????????????, ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????????????? ?????? ? ??? ??????. ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ????????. ? 1952 ???? ?????? ???????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?????????, ???????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ????-???????? ?? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????. ?? ? ??? ?? 1952 ???? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????? ?. ???????, ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????.

????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ? ???????.

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? 1910-? ?? 1950-? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????????? «?????» ?????? . ? 1911 ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ? ???????? , ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ????? ??????????????? ?? ???????????????, ????????????, ????????????? ? ?????? ????? ???????, ? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????. ??? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ? ???????? ????????? ? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????????? ??????????. ?????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ?? 1967 ???? , ? ? ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ??????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????: ??????????????? ???????????, ??????????????? «???????» ? ??????????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????. ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ? ????????????? ???????? ?? ???????, ???????????? ? ???????????? ???????.

? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ??????-?????, ? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ??????. ??-??????, ?? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ??????????????: ??????????????? ?? ?????? ?????????????, ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????, ??????, ????? ? ???????????, ? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ????? ???????? ? ????? ?? ???????? ??????, ?? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????.

?????? ????? ??????????, ??? ?? ?????? ??-?? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ? 1910 ?? 1950-? ? ???? 1960-? ????. ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ? ??? « ?????? ????? » ? ????????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????, ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????????, ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ????????????? ??????-?????????? . ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????????. ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????, ? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? , ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ???????, ??? ? ????? ?? ??? .

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?????? ?. ?. ?????? ? ???????-????? ? ???????.

???????? ???????? 1949 ???? ?? ????? « ??????-???-???????? », ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????????.

????? ?????? ????????????? ???????-???????????? ???????? Memphis Light, Gas and Water (MLGW), ??????? ?????????? ?????????????, ????????? ??? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????. MLGW ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ?????? .
????? ??????, ??? ? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ? ????, ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? .
????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? .
? ??? ????? ??????? , ? ??????? ????? . ?? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????-????????, ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? « ??????-???-???????? », ????????????? (1949 ???) ? ????? ???????? ??????, ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? I-55 .
«???? ?????» ?. ?. ????? 1912 ???? ??????? ?? ???????????? ?????, ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? 1909 ???? .
? ??????? ????? Motel in Memphis ?????? Old Crow Medicine Show ??????????? «?????? ?????» ? ??? ???????????? ??????, ?????????????? ????? .
? 1928–1955 ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ??????? ????????? ???????????? ? ??????????????? ???????, ??? ????? ???????, ?????????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????. ??????? ???? ??????? ? ??????????????? ???????, ? ?????????? ???? ? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????, ??? ? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???, ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ???????????? ??????? (?????? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????), ??????, ? ??????? «?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????», ?????? ? ???????? ???????, ??????? ?? ?? ???????, ????????, ????? ??????? ? ???????????, ? ??? ?????. ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????, ??????? ?????? «?????????????» . ?????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????????, ??? ????? «???????? ? ???????» .
????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????, ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????. ???????? ?????? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ? ????? ?? ??, ??? ? ??????????? ?????? ??????? — ?????????????, ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????????, ?????????? ????????? ? ??????, — ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ?????, ??????? ? ??????????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????, ???????????? ????????? ????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? .

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? E. H. Crump // (????.) — 2010.
? Edward Hull Crump // (????.) — 1996.
William D. Miller, Mr. Crump of Memphis (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964) p. 25.
William D. Miller, Mr. Crump of Memphis , p. 34.
? William D. Miller, Mr. Crump of Memphis , p. 38.
David Tucker, " ?? 6 ???? 2017 ?? Wayback Machine ," Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture .
Owens, Anne-Leslie. (????.) . Tennessee Encyclopedia (24 ??????? 2011). ???? ?????????: 13 ????? 2023. ???????????? ?? 9 ?????? 2014 ????.
Lee, David D. (1979). Tennessee in Turmoil: Politics in the Volunteer State, 1920-1932. Memphis, TN: Memphis State University Press. 204 p.
Currotto, William F. 2000. Mr. Ed of Memphis: The Red Snapper or the Red Headed Man, 1874-1954.
. Tennessee Encyclopedia . January 1, 2010 . ???? ?????????: 24 ??? 2015 .
? Roger Biles. : [ ????. ] . — , 1986. — P. 88–107. — ISBN 978-1572331570 .
(??.) . Radio France (11 ??????? 2020). ???? ?????????: 13 ???? 2022. 13 ???? 2022 ????.
(????.) . American Public Power Association (6 ???? 2021). ???? ?????????: 13 ????? 2023. 13 ????? 2023 ????.
? (????.) . The Historic-Memphis website . ???? ?????????: 13 ????? 2023. 13 ????? 2023 ????.
(????.) . Tennessee.HometownLocator.com . ???? ?????????: 25 ???? 2019. 19 ???????? 2018 ????.
(????.) . Tennessee Department of Transportation . ???? ?????????: 13 ????? 2023. 13 ????? 2023 ????.
Komara, Encyclopedia of the Blues , p. 684: "It supposedly originated in a 1909 campaign song for Edward Crump, successful mayoral candidate in that year, later the long-time political boss of Memphis."
Slotkin, J.S. "Jazz and its Forerunners as an example of acculturation." American Sociological Review, Vol. 8, No. 5 (Oct., 1943), 571-572
(????.) . Genius.com . ???? ?????????: 13 ????? 2023. 13 ????? 2023 ????.
Beifuss, John. (????.) . The Commercial Appeal (5 ?????? 2017). ???? ?????????: 13 ????? 2023. 6 ??????? 2023 ????.
? Finger, Michael. (????.) . MemphisFlyer (8 ??? 2008). ???? ?????????: 13 ????? 2023. 13 ????? 2023 ????.
Barbara B. Raymond. : [ ????. ] . — Carroll and Graf, 2007. — P. 320. — ISBN 978-1402758638 .
Koeppel, Fredric. (????.) . Commercial Appeal . ???? ?????????: 22 ??? 2019. 29 ???????? 2018 ????.

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Biles, Roger. (1986) Memphis In The Great Depression Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
- Biles, Roger. «Ed Crump versus the unions: The labor movement in Memphis during the 1930s» // Labor History 25.4 (1984): 533—552.
Dowdy, G. Wayne. (2006) Mayor Crump Don’t Like It: Machine Politics in Memphis Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi.
Kitchens, Allen H. Ouster of Mayor Edward H. Crump, 1915—1916 West Tennessee Historical Society Papers (1965) 19:105-120.
Kennedy, David M. Freedom from Fear : the American People in Depression and War, 1929—1945 : [ ????. ] . — New York ; Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2001. — 988 p. — ( Oxford history of the United States , vol. 9). — ISBN 9780195144031 . — ISBN 9780195038347 . — ISBN 0195144031 .