Interested Article - Мегахилы
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- 2020-05-15
- 1
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Мегахилы ( лат. Megachile , от др.-греч. μεγάλη χηλή «большая лапа») — один из крупнейших и распространённый по всему миру род пчёл из семейства Megachilidae , включающий более 1300 видов, в том числе и пчёл-листорезов Megachile rotundata . Иногда в состав Megachile включают пчёл-каменщиц из рода Chalicodoma , рассматриваемых в качестве подрода (к которым относят самую крупную в мире пчелу Megachile pluto , 6 см) .
Биология
Гнездятся в готовых полостях (в древесине, земле), ячейки выстилают кусочками листьев, лепестков, бересты. Некоторые олиголекты. Летние и позднелетние формы.
Многочисленные виды ос и пчел паразитируют в гнездах Мегахил, особенно представители семейств Gasteruptiidae , Leucospidae , Sapygidae , и различные клептопаразитические рода и виды Megachilidae , включая близкородственный род Coelioxys .
Распространение
Повсеместно. В Европе около 100 видов.
Характеристика
Крупные и средней величины пчелы. Переднее крыло с 2 радиомедиальными ячейками. Черные, обильно опушенные. Аролии отсутствуют. Самая крупная пчела в мире это Megachile pluto , с длиной тела 39 мм и размахом крыльев в 63 мм.
Синонимы рода
- Megachile Latreille 1802
- Anthophora Fabricius 1804 Homo.
- Anthemois Robertson 1903 Syn.
- Cyphopyga Robertson 1903 Syn.
- Megalochila Schulz 1906 Syn.
- и многие другие
Классификация
Род включает более 1300 видов пчёл и около 55 подродов. Эти подроды распределяются на две группы по биологии гнездования: виды-листорезы (или подроды 1 группы), которые вырезают части листьев для выстраивания своих расплодных ячеек, и грязевые пчелы (пчёлы-«мазилки»; или подроды 2 группы), которые используют смолу или грязь для строительства своих ячеек (Michener 2007, Trunz et al. 2016) . Подрод Creightonella Cockerell, 1908 , единственный представитель третьей группы, согласно Michener (2007), считается членом группы 1 (Trunz et al. 2016). Пчелы-«мазилки» иногда помещались в отдельный род Chalicodoma Lepeletier, 1841 .
Три сравнительно небольшие тропические группы выделены в отдельные роды: Cockerell, 1907 , Cockerell, 1931 и Baker & Engel, 2006 (Trunz et al. 2016) .
Подродовая классификация
- Acentron Mitchell 1934
- Aethomegachile Engel & Baker 2006
- Amegachile Friese 1909
- Argyropile Mitchell 1934
- Austrochile Michener 1965
- Austromegachile Mitchell 1943
- Callomegachile Michener 1962
- Cestella Pasteels 1965
- Chalicodoma Lepeletier 1841 (или отдельный род)
- Chalicodomoides Michener 1962
- Chelostomoda Michener 1962
- Chelostomoides Robertson 1901
- Chrysosarus Mitchell 1943
- Creightonella Cockerell 1908
- Cressoniella Mitchell 1934
- Cuspidella Pasteels 1965
- Dasymegachile Mitchell 1943
- Eumegachile Friese 1898
- Eutricharaea Thomson 1872
- Gronoceras Cockerell 1907
- Grosapis Mitchell 1980
- Hackeriapis Cockerell 1922
- Heriadopsis Cockerell 1931
- Largella Pasteels 1965
- Leptorachis Mitchell 1934
- Litomegachile Mitchell 1934
- Matangapis Engel & Baker 2006
- Maximegachile Guiglia & Pasteels 1961
- Megachiloides Mitchell 1924
- Megella Pasteels 1965
- Melanosarus Mitchell 1934
- Mitchellapis Michener 1965
- Moureapis Raw 2002
- Neochalicodoma Pasteels 1970
- Neochelynia Schrottky 1920
- Neocressoniella Gupta 1993
- Paracella Michener 1997
- Parachalicodoma Pasteels 1966
- Platysta Pasteels 1965
- Pseudocentron Mitchell 1934
- Pseudomegachile Friese 1898
- Ptilosaroides Mitchell 1980
- Ptilosarus Mitchell 1943
- Rhodomegachile Michener 1965
- Rhyssomegachile Mitchell 1980
- Sayapis Titus 1906
- Schizomegachile Michener 1965
- Schrottkyapis Mitchell 1980
- Stellenigris Meunier 1888
- Stelodides Moure 1953
- Stenomegachile Pasteels 1965
- Thaumatosoma Smith 1865
- Trichurochile Mitchell 1980
- Tylomegachile Moure 1953
- Xanthosarus Robertson 1903
- Zonomegachile Mitchell 1980
Виды
По данным GBIF, ITIS, Biolib .
- A
- , 1878
- Smith , 1853
- Friese , 1915
- Cockerell , 1911
- Cockerell , 1937
- Mitchell, 1930
- Strand, 1911
- Cockerell , 1937
- Friese , 1903
- Cockerell , 1931
- Mitchell, 1930
- Mitchell, 1930
- Vachal, 1910
- Friese , 1903
- , 1878
- Pasteels, 1965
- Cockerell , 1931
- Cockerell , 1910
- Schletterer, 1891
- Cockerell , 1924
- Cockerell , 1931
- Cockerell , 1931
- Friese , 1909
- (King, 1994)
- Vachal, 1908
- Mitchell, 1930
- , 1853
- Mitchell, 1930
- Brullé, 1832
- Pasteels, 1965
- Strand, 1912
- , 1879
- Engel, 2017
- Cockerell , 1905
- Hirashima & Maeta, 1974
- Pasteels, 1965
- Mitchell, 1934
- Cockerell , 1929
- Mitchell, 1934
- Pasteels, 1965
- Friese , 1903
- Alfken, 1931
- Rebmann, 1970
- (Alfken, 1932)
- , 1853
- Rebmann, 1970
- Pérez, 1895
- Saussure, 1890
- ( Klug , 1817)
- , 1872
- Cockerell , 1915
- , 1879
- 1874
- , 1853
- Pasteels, 1965
- (Brullé, 1839)
- Cameron, 1897
- , 1879
- Pasteels, 1973
- 1886
- Friese , 1916
- Wu, 2005
- Jörgensen, 1909
- Friese , 1911
- Cockerell , 1937
- Friese , 1903
- Mitchell, 1927
- Rayment, 1935
- Cockerell , 1923
- Alfken, 1924
- Friese , 1925
- Mitchell, 1930
- Vachal, 1903
- Friese , 1922
- (Cameron, 1902)
- (Snelling, 1990)
- Cockerell , 1933
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- Friese , 1909
- , 1872
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- Gonzalez, 2006
- , 1857
- , 1852
- Rebmann, 1968
- Cockerell , 1902
- ( Cockerell , 1935)
- Mitchell, 1930
- , 1853
- Mitchell, 1930
- Alfken, 1924
- Cockerell , 1931
- Cockerell , 1927
- Cockerell , 1908
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- Strand, 1913
- , 1853
- Gribodo, 1879
- Mitchell, 1930
- Cameron, 1903
- Benoist, 1940
- Spinola, 1808
- , 1853
- Schrottky, 1902
- (Engel, 2011)
- Krombein, 1953
- Cockerell , 1937
- Rayment, 1939
- Friese , 1901
- , 1857
- Vachal, 1904
- Cockerell , 1919
- Mitchell, 1930
- , 1879
- Mitchell, 1930
- Friese , 1906
- Friese , 1904
- Cockerell , 1937
- , 1869
- Friese , 1909
- Tkalcu, 1992
- Strand, 1911
- Perkins & Cheesman, 1928
- , 1948
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- Taschenberg, 1872
- Yasumatsu, 1955
- Morawitz, 1875
- Schrottky, 1908
- Mitchell, 1943
- Mitchell, 1938
- Pasteels, 1965
- Strand, 1910
- (Snelling, 1990)
- Schrottky, 1913
- , 1861
- Benoist, 1934
- Cockerell , 1933
- , 1853
- Meade-Waldo, 1914
- Rebmann, 1968
- Cockerell , 1906
- Vachal, 1908
- Friese , 1904
- Pasteels, 1965
- (Alfken, 1932)
- (van der Zanden, 1995)
- Vachal, 1910
- Friese , 1905
- Cockerell , 1912
- Mitchell, 1930
- Mitchell, 1930
- Schrottky, 1902
- Meade-Waldo, 1914
- (Gupta, 1989)
- Pasteels, 1985
- Cockerell , 1935
- , 1853
- Pasteels, 1965
- Rebmann, 1970
- Friese , 1901
- Friese , 1917
- (Pasteels, 1970)
- Cockerell , 1906
- Dalla Torre, 1896
- H. Lucas , 1876
- Meade-Waldo, 1915
- (Snelling, 1990)
- Cockerell , 1945
- , 1878
- B
- Rebmann, 1970
- Bingham, 1890
- Vachal, 1904
- ( , 1869)
- Mitchell, 1927
- Cockerell , 1918
- Cockerell , 1931
- Mitchell, 1930
- , 1853
- , 1879
- , 1944
- Cockerell , 1920
- Cockerell , 1914
- , 1853
- Pasteels, 1973
- Cockerell , 1929
- Meade-Waldo, 1912
- Mitchell, 1930
- Bingham, 1897
- Mitchell, 1930
- Cockerell , 1919
- Strand, 1910
- Schrottky, 1909
- Cockerell , 1907
- Bingham, 1897
- Vachal, 1909
- ( Fabricius , 1781)
- (King, 1994)
- Friese , 1903
- ( Fabricius , 1775)
- Cockerell , 1896
- (Pasteels, 1970)
- Friese , 1908
- Vachal, 1910
- Friese , 1915
- Meade-Waldo, 1912
- , 1853
- Vachal, 1908
- Dalla Torre, 1896
- Pérez, 1902
- , 1879
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- Friese , 1903
- Vachal, 1903
- Vachal, 1908
- Friese , 1921
- Ritsema, 1880
- Mitchell, 1930
- Mitchell, 1942
- Friese , 1917
- , 1857
- 1874
- Durante, 1996
- Cockerell , 1923
- Schrottky, 1913
- Cockerell , 1911
- Cockerell , 1924
- Mitchell, 1934
- Dalla Torre, 1896
- Cockerell , 1935
- Schrottky, 1909
- Vachal, 1908
- Friese , 1898
- Say , 1837
- , 1879
- , 1947
- Mitchell, 1926
- Vachal, 1903
- Pauly, 2001
- Mitchell, 1934
- Schrottky, 1909
- Mitchell, 1934
- Cockerell , 1917
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- ( Fabricius , 1793)
- Mitchell, 1943
- Dalla Torre, 1896
- Schrottky, 1909
- Cockerell , 1935
- Friese , 1911
- Benoist, 1940
- Friese , 1908
- Cockerell , 1931
- Friese , 1909
- Friese , 1918
- Perkins & Cheesman, 1928
- C
- Cockerell , 1911
- , 1879
- ( Cockerell , 1914)
- (Robertson, 1903)
- Pérez, 1902
- Melo & Parizotto, 2015
- Raw, 2006
- Cockerell , 1915
- , 1879
- (Brullé, 1832)
- , 1853
- , 1853
- Cockerell , 1914
- , 1853
- Cockerell , 1907
- 1893
- Alfken, 1926
- Mitchell, 1930
- Cockerell , 1929
- Cockerell , 1898
- Friese , 1908
- Schrottky, 1908
- ( Cockerell , 1910)
- ( Linnaeus , )
- , 1853
- Engel, 2017
- Benoist, 1954
- Cockerell , 1912
- Bingham, 1896
- Schrottky, 1913
- ( Cockerell , 1935)
- (Michener, 1965)
- Gribodo, 1894
- Chatthanabun & Warrit, 2020
- , 1878
- Spinola, 1851
- Cockerell , 1900
- 1874
- Cockerell , 1918
- Sheffield, 2013
- Cockerell , 1943
- Cockerell , 1896
- Vachal, 1910
- , 1853
- Cockerell , 1929
- , 1857
- Friese , 1909
- Cockerell , 1921
- ( Fabricius , 1781)
- Friese , 1916
- Cockerell , 1912
- Friese , 1905
- Friese , 1903
- Alfken, 1935
- (Kirby, 1802)
- Mitchell, 1930
- Friese , 1917
- Cockerell , 1900
- Rayment, 1953
- Friese , 1903
- , 1861
- , 1853
- Pasteels, 1985
- Mitchell, 1934
- Rohwer, 1923
- , 1878
- , 1853
- (Pasteels, 1970)
- Friese , 1908
- Mitchell, 1930
- Mitchell, 1936
- Fox, 1896
- , 1872
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- (Pasteels, 1970)
- Morawitz, 1875
- , 1879
- Vachal, 1908
- Cockerell , 1926
- Mitchell, 1930
- M. concinna , 1879
- Friese , 1903
- Mitchell, 1930
- Mitchell, 1943
- Friese , 1903
- Friese , 1922
- Mitchell, 1930
- , 1853
- Yasumatsu, 1938
- Friese , 1911
- , 1879
- Mitchell, 1930
- Mitchell, 1930
- Cockerell , 1915
- Ruiz, 1938
- , 1879
- Mitchell, 1930
- Schrottky, 1909
- Friese , 1904
- Benoist, 1935
- Friese , 1917
- Wu, 2005
- Friese , 1909
- Mitchell, 1957
- Yasumatsu & Hirashima, 1965
- , 1879
- Cockerell , 1931
- Pérez, 1896
- Fox, 1896
- (Tkalcu, 1988)
- Bingham, 1898
- (Tkalcu, 2009)
- Friese , 1917
- (Schwimmer, 1980)
- Mitchell, 1930
- Holmberg, 1886
- Friese , 1906
- Cockerell , 1933
- , 1865
- Vachal, 1909
- , 1857
- Pasteels, 1973
- , 1853
- Friese , 1904
- Guérin-Méneville , 1845
- Cockerell , 1906
- Friese , 1906
- Mavromoustakis, 1938
- D
- Mocsáry , 1879
- Mitchell, 1926
- , 1944
- Cockerell , 1907
- Melo & Parizotto, 2015
- Pasteels, 1965
- Cockerell , 1906
- Cockerell , 1918
- Cockerell , 1902
- Mitchell, 1930
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- Rayment, 1935
- 1881
- Pérez, 1890
- , 1879
- , 1878
- Mitchell, 1930
- Benoist, 1962
- Cockerell , 1937
- Mitchell, 1930
- Sladen, 1919
- , 1869
- Cockerell , 1913
- Cockerell , 1937
- Morawitz, 1875
- Cockerell , 1910
- Cockerell , 1907
- Vachal, 1903
- Friese , 1898
- Melo & Parizotto, 2015
- Raw, 2006
- Morawitz, 1875
- Cockerell , 1937
- Mitchell, 1930
- , 1879
- , 1853
- Cockerell , 1929
- Cockerell , 1911
- Cockerell , 1922
- , 1853
- Cockerell , 1924
- Rebmann, 1968
- ( Fabricius , 1781)
- Cockerell , 1911
- Krombein, 1951
- Ruiz, 1941
- Mitchell, 1930
- Cockerell , 1908
- Cockerell , 1906
- Morawitz, 1880
- Cockerell , 1907
- Cockerell , 1931
- Benoist, 1962
- Cockerell , 1927
- Mitchell, 1930
- (Gonzalez and Engel, 2012)
- Pérez, 1879
- , 1853
- Sheffield & Genaro, 2013
- Strand, 1914
- Friese , 1909
- ( , 1865)
- Mitchell, 1934
- Ritsema, 1880
- Gonzalez, Griswold & Engel, 2018
- E
- (King, 1994)
- Vachal, 1904
- (Snelling, 1990)
- Friese , 1904
- Friese , 1925
- Friese , 1922
- Friese , 1925
- Mitchell, 1930
- Bingham, 1897
- , 1879
- (King, 1994)
- (Pasteels, 1970)
- Cockerell , 1926
- Cockerell , 1931
- , 1841
- Mocsáry , 1899
- , 1853
- (Pasteels, 1970)
- Yasumatsu, 1935
- Cameron, 1903
- (Pasteels, 1979)
- Cockerell , 1924
- Cockerell , 1910
- Cockerell , 1917
- Cockerell , 1937
- , 1854
- Wu, 2005
- Pérez, 1899
- , 1853
- Cockerell , 1937
- , 1872
- Friese , 1903
- Mitchell, 1930
- Pasteels, 1965
- F
- , 1868
- Bingham, 1897
- Cockerell , 1918
- Vachal, 1908
- Moure & Silveira, 1992
- Cockerell , 1916
- Friese , 1905
- Mitchell, 1930
- Vachal, 1910
- Schulten, 1977
- Mitchell, 1930
- , 1857
- , 1879
- Friese , 1903
- (King & Exley, 1985) (Homonym)
- Mitchell, 1930
- Pérez, 1896
- , 1853
- , 1878
- Schrottky, 1908
- Friese , 1908
- , 1853
- Friese , 1911
- Friese , 1911
- Pérez, 1895
- Vachal, 1908
- Vachal, 1908
- Rebmann, 1970
- Mitchell, 1930
- , 1853
- Spinola, 1838
- Wu, 1982
- Cockerell , 1919
- Mitchell, 1943
- , 1869
- , 1861
- Cockerell , 1937
- (Pasteels, 1970)
- , 1872
- Schrottky, 1913
- ( Friese , 1920)
- Raw, 2006
- , 1853
- Schrottky, 1902
- , 1853
- ( Fabricius , 1804)
- , 1872
- Mitchell, 1930
- Mitchell, 1934
- (Tkalcu, 1993)
- Friese , 1925
- Cockerell , 1914
- Cockerell , 1913
- , 1853
- , 1853
- , 1858
- Eversmann, 1852
- , 1879
- Friese , 1909
- 1882
- Friese , 1904
- Cockerell , 1906
- Mitchell, 1930
- , 1868
- 1874
- , 1863
- Cockerell , 1907
- Vachal, 1909
- Friese , 1903
- Cockerell , 1933
- Cockerell , 1912
- Mitchell, 1930
- G
- Cockerell , 1906
- Gribodo, 1894
- Cockerell , 1937
- Pasteels, 1965
- Friese , 1904
- Cockerell , 1931
- Cameron, 1908
- , 1878
- Morawitz, 1880
- (Gribodo, 1894)
- , 1872
- Cockerell , 1920
- , 1878
- Eardley, 2012
- Eardley, 2012
- Spinola, 1843
- Vachal, 1910
- Pasteels, 1979
- (Gonzalez and Engel, 2012)
- Friese , 1911
- Schrottky, 1908
- Wu, 2005 (Homonym)
- Cockerell , 1910
- Cockerell , 1906
- , 1869
- (Pasteels, 1970)
- Eardley, 2013
- Friese , 1911
- Eardley, 2013
- Holmberg, 1886
- Vachal, 1908
- Cockerell , 1937
- Pérez, 1902
- Cockerell , 1931
- Schrottky, 1902
- Pérez, 1899
- Mitchell, 1934
- ( Fabricius , 1794)
- Cockerell , 1931
- 1882
- Morawitz, 1875
- Schrottky, 1908
- Schrottky, 1913
- Strand, 1912
- H
- Mitchell, 1930
- Meade-Waldo, 1912
- Cockerell , 1913
- Cockerell , 1921
- Mitchell, 1930
- Mitchell, 1930
- Cockerell , 1923
- Cockerell , 1906
- Cockerell , 1929
- Friese , 1915
- Rahman & Chopra, 1994
- Sharma, Simlote & Gupta, 1993
- Vachal, 1903
- Wu, 2005
- Kohl, 1906
- (Tkalcu, 1979)
- Cockerell , 1913
- Cockerell , 1937
- Cockerell , 1907
- Bingham, 1897
- , 1853
- Friese , 1911
- Sichel, 1867
- Cameron, 1909
- Friese , 1906
- Mitchell, 1934
- Cockerell , 1929
- Morawitz, 1893
- Pasteels, 1973
- Cockerell , 1937
- Rahman & Chopra, 1994
- Engel, 2017
- Jörgensen, 1912
- Tkalcu, 1993
- Jörgensen, 1912
- Cockerell , 1917
- ( Cockerell , 1933)
- ( Fabricius , 1793)
- Cockerell , 1937
- Cockerell , 1915
- Cockerell , 1913
- Schulten, 1977
- Cockerell , 1912
- Wu, 2005
- , 1879
- Mocsáry , 1877
- Cockerell , 1927
- Cockerell , 1937
- I
- , 1853
- Rebmann, 1968
- Mitchell, 1930
- Cockerell , 1929
- Cockerell , 1911
- , 1853
- Schrottky, 1913
- Friese , 1903
- Mitchell, 1930
- , 1853
- Mitchell, 1930
- Mitchell, 1934
- Friese , 1903
- Friese , 1903
- Mitchell, 1930
- Friese , 1898
- 1876
- , 1858
- (Gupta, 1988)
- (Gupta, 1990) (Homonym)
- Mitchell, 1930
- (Engel and Schwarz, 2011)
- Provancher, 1888
- Pasteels, 1973
- Rebmann, 1968
- Vachal, 1908
- Mitchell, 1930
- Cockerell , 1939
- Friese , 1903
- , 1878
- , 1872
- Cockerell , 1915
- Schrottky, 1913
- Mitchell, 1930
- van der Zanden, 1996
- Mitchell, 1930
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- Mitchell, 1934
- , 1859
- , 1878
- Mitchell, 1926
- , 1869
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- Mitchell, 1942
- Rebmann, 1970
- , 1879
- Schrottky, 1908
- Cockerell , 1935
- Pasteels, 1965
- Cockerell , 1927
- , 1878
- J-K
- Tkalcu, 1988
- (Raw, 1984)
- Strand, 1911
- Strand, 1910
- Alfken, 1903
- Benoist, 1934
- Friese , 1906
- Genaro, 2003
- Friese , 1908
- Friese , 1922
- Friese , 1917
- Tkalcu, 1999
- Friese , 1904
- (King, 1994)
- Gonzalez, Griswold & Engel, 2018
- Friese , 1922
- Friese , 1918
- (Tkalcu, 1988)
- (Brauns, 1912)
- Mitchell, 1930
- (Tkalcu, 1988)
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- Strand, 1911
- Pasteels, 1978
- Cockerell , 1938
- Friese , 1903
- Cockerell , 1931
- Rayment, 1935
- Cockerell , 1906
- Cockerell , 1918
- Cockerell , 1927
- Nagase, 2017
- Friese , 1903
- Friese , 1923
- Friese , 1903
- (King, 1994)
- Cockerell , 1910
- Cockerell , 1939
- Alfken, 1931
- L
- Cockerell , 1925
- , 1862
- Cockerell , 1911
- (Tkalcu, 1988)
- , 1853
- Vachal, 1904
- ( Linnaeus , 1761)
- Mitchell, 1937
- Friese , 1903
- Wu, 2005
- Vachal, 1908
- ( Fabricius , 1775)
- Alfken, 1933
- Thomson, 1872
- Tkalcu, 1994
- Cockerell , 1921
- , 1858
- , 1853
- Cockerell , 1936
- Say , 1823
- Mitchell, 1934
- Friese , 1903
- Vachal, 1908
- Mitchell, 1927
- , 1828
- Meade-Waldo, 1915
- ( , 1841)
- Cameron, 1907
- , 1879
- Vachal, 1908
- Vachal, 1909
- Cockerell , 1930
- Cameron, 1908
- Friese , 1908
- , 1869
- Cockerell , 1929
- (Dours, 1873)
- , 1944
- Schletterer, 1891
- , 1853
- Cockerell , 1933
- Cockerell , 1927
- Vachal, 1908
- (Kirby, 1802)
- Vachal, 1908
- Cockerell , 1910
- Cockerell , 1937
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- Vachal, 1908
- Cockerell , 1900
- Cockerell , 1924
- Cockerell , 1931
- , 1879
- Meade-Waldo, 1915
- Gonzalez & Griswold, 2007
- Friese , 1911
- Mitchell, 1930
- Brauns, 1926
- Meade-Waldo, 1913
- Ferton, 1905
- , 1853
- Spinola, 1841
- Schrottky, 1913
- Friese , 1911
- Pasteels, 1973
- Friese , 1908
- Pasteels, 1973
- Pasteels, 1965
- Pasteels, 1973
- Cockerell , 1931
- M
- 1874
- Cockerell , 1937
- Cockerell , 1910
- Cockerell , 1907
- Mitchell, 1957
- Cockerell , 1907
- Dalla Torre, 1896
- , 1853
- Pasteels, 1965
- Cockerell , 1937
- Friese , 1904
- Cameron, 1901
- Strand, 1911
- Schrottky, 1913
- Yasumatsu, 1939
- Morawitz, 1875
- Strand, 1911
- Giraud, 1861
- , 1878
- Mitchell, 1934
- Eardley & R. P. Urban, 2006
- , 1853
- Friese , 1911
- (Kirby, 1802)
- Friese , 1904
- Strand, 1911
- Hirashima & Maeta, 1974
- Mitchell, 1936
- (Tkalcu, 1992)
- van der Zanden, 1992
- M. maxillosa Guérin-Méneville , 1845
- Cockerell , 1929
- Brauns, 1912
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- Cockerell , 1930
- Gribodo, 1894
- (Alfken, 1942)
- Jörgensen, 1912
- Mitchell, 1944
- Eversmann, 1852
- , 1853
- Cockerell , 1937
- Costa, 1863
- Pérez, 1895
- Spinola, 1851
- , 1878
- (Engel, 2011)
- Cockerell , 1911
- , 1878
- Durante, Abramovich & Lucia, 2006
- Cockerell , 1907
- Friese , 1915
- Cockerell , 1918
- Friese , 1903
- Friese , 1909
- Cockerell , 1918
- Cockerell , 1931
- Mitchell, 1936
- Cockerell , 1910
- Cockerell , 1927
- Cockerell , 1912
- Cockerell , 1933
- Eardley & R. P. Urban, 2006
- Ashmead, 1900
- Vachal, 1908
- M. minutissima 1876
- Friese , 1911
- Alfken, 1936
- Vachal, 1904
- Raw, 2004
- Eardley & R. P. Urban, 2005
- Meade-Waldo, 1913
- Schulten, 1977
- Mitchell, 1930
- , 1879
- , 1862
- Bingham, 1897
- Cameron, 1902
- Mitchell, 1934
- (Tkalcu, 1988)
- Morawitz, 1890
- Rayment, 1935
- Morawitz, 1878
- , 1868
- Dours, 1873
- , 1878
- Strand, 1911
- , 1853
- , 1878
- Gribodo, 1894
- 1886
- , 1853
- Saussure, 1890
- Dalla Torre, 1896
- Gribodo, 1895
- Silveira et al., 2002
- Friese , 1911
- , 1878
- Friese , 1898
- Cockerell , 1908
- Fox, 1891
- Morawitz, 1875
- Cockerell , 1921
- Friese , 1913
- Friese , 1913
- Strand, 1912
- ( Fabricius , 1775)
- (Michener, 1962)
- N
- Kohl, 1906
- Eardley, 2012
- Bingham, 1897
- , 1879
- Morawitz, 1880
- Friese , 1903
- Friese , 1898
- Cockerell , 1944
- Cockerell , 1918
- Vachal, 1910
- Mitchell, 1936
- Cockerell , 1929
- Cockerell , 1933
- Vachal, 1908
- , 1879
- Cockerell , 1900
- , 1864
- Vachal, 1908
- Cockerell , 1937
- Schulten, 1977
- Vachal, 1909
- Cameron, 1898
- Friese , 1903
- Schulten, 1977
- Spinola, 1841
- Spinola, 1838
- Vachal, 1910
- 1876
- Schenck, 1870
- Friese , 1920
- Wu, 2005
- Pasteels, 1965
- Friese , 1903
- Hedicke, 1940
- Friese , 1903
- Cockerell , 1919
- Wu, 2005
- Schrottky, 1902
- Pasteels, 1973
- Wu, 1982
- Cockerell , 1906
- Cockerell , 1914
- Friese , 1920
- Friese , 1903
- Cockerell , 1931
- Friese , 1904
- W. F. Kirby, 1900
- , 1853
- Mitchell, 1930
- O
- Mitchell, 1930
- Mitchell, 1930
- Vachal, 1908
- , 1879
- Cockerell , 1925
- Jörgensen, 1912
- , 1853
- Fox, 1894
- Cockerell , 1918
- , 1852
- Rayment, 1956
- (Engel, 2011)
- Cockerell , 1924
- (Mitchell, 1924)
- Yasumatsu & Hirashima, 1964
- Pérez, 1897
- Cockerell , 1937
- , 1879
- , 1853
- Schrottky, 1913
- Mitchell, 1930
- Vachal, 1908
- , 1853
- Morawitz, 1895
- , 1853
- Cockerell , 1935
- Cockerell , 1937
- Cockerell , 1925
- Cameron, 1902
- Mitchell, 1934
- Cameron, 1901
- , 1878
- P
- Friese , 1922
- Mitchell, 1934
- Gonzalez, Griswold & Engel, 2018
- (Tkalcu, 1988)
- Cockerell , 1939
- , 1881
- , 1879
- Vachal, 1903
- Mitchell, 1934
- , 1878
- Cockerell , 1911
- Vachal, 1908
- Vachal, 1908
- Cockerell , 1931
- Bzdyk, 2012
- (Michener, 1965)
- Cockerell , 1929
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- Rayment, 1935
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- Mocsáry , 1887
- , 1853
- Cockerell , 1937
- Cockerell , 1910
- Mitchell, 1930
- Rayment, 1955
- Cockerell , 1914
- M. parietina ( Geoffroy , 1785)
- Mitchell, 1936
- Chatthanabun, Warrit & Ascher, 2020
- Schrottky, 1913
- Mitchell, 1934
- (van der Zanden, 1998)
- Vachal, 1904
- M. patellimana Spinola, 1838
- (King, 1994)
- W. F. Kirby, 1900
- Benoist, 1950
- (Schrottky, 1920)
- Schrottky, 1902
- Pasteels, 1965
- Cockerell , 1919
- Fox, 1891
- , 1879
- Mocsáry , 1887
- Dalla Torre, 1896
- Cockerell , 1931
- Cockerell , 1898
- Cockerell , 1912
- Friese , 1903
- Cockerell , 1913
- , 1853
- Cockerell , 1896
- Cockerell , 1937
- Mitchell, 1930
- , 1879
- , 1878
- Rebmann, 1968
- Cameron, 1907
- , 1977
- Cockerell , 1910
- Cockerell , 1912
- Friese , 1916
- Rayment, 1935
- Raw, 2007
- Morawitz, 1853
- , 1879
- Saussure, 1890
- Morawitz, 1877
- Alfken, 1924
- Morawitz, 1886
- Pasteels, 1978
- , 1879
- Friese , 1922
- Pasteels, 1965
- Pasteels, 1965
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- Cockerell , 1911
- , 1862
- Vachal, 1908
- Pasteels, 1965
- ( Cockerell , 1935)
- Vachal, 1908
- Wu, 2005
- M. pluto , 1860
- Guérin-Méneville , 1845
- Say , 1831
- Spinola, 1851
- Cockerell , 1937
- (Alfken, 1933)
- Cockerell , 1913
- Rayment, 1953
- Cockerell , 1937
- (Tkalcu, 1969)
- Mitchell, 1930
- Gribodo, 1894
- Vachal, 1910
- Cockerell , 1910
- Friese , 1909
- Rebmann, 1968
- Cockerell , 1913
- Cockerell , 1900
- Mitchell, 1930
- , 1853
- Pérez, 1897
- , 1948
- , 1943
- Mitchell, 1936[1]
- (Pasteels, 1970)
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- Mitchell, 1957
- Hedicke, 1925
- Mitchell, 1927
- Schrottky, 1913
- Eardley, 2012
- Costa, 1863
- Say , 1837
- , 1879
- Cockerell , 1933
- Cockerell , 1923
- , 1879
- Vachal, 1910
- , 1853
- Spinola, 1806
- Friese , 1903
- Cockerell , 1934
- Schulten, 1977
- Pérez, 1884
- Pérez, 1890
- , 1841
- Cockerell , 1913
- Schletterer, 1891
- Cockerell , 1913
- Q
- Vachal, 1909
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- Mitchell, 1930
- Strand, 1910
- Gribodo, 1884
- Cockerell , 1906
- R
- Cockerell , 1919
- Cheesman, 1936
- Cockerell , 1918
- Cockerell , 1913
- Friese , 1905
- Cheesman, 1936
- Vachal, 1908
- Engel, 1999
- Cockerell , 1913
- Mitchell, 1930
- Vachal, 1909
- Mitchell, 1930
- Friese , 1918
- (Snelling, 1990)
- Friese , 1903
- Brauns, 1929
- , 1879
- , 1878
- Cockerell , 1913
- Cockerell , 1913
- Vachal, 1908
- , 1879
- Cockerell , 1926
- Cockerell , 1910
- Meade-Waldo, 1915
- Cockerell , 1913
- Mocsáry , 1892
- Cockerell , 1927
- Cockerell , 1910
- Cockerell , 1896
- Rebmann, 1972
- Cockerell , 1906
- Wu, 2005
- Eardley, 2012
- Strand, 1911
- Schrottky, 1920
- Mitchell, 1930
- (Pasteels, 1970)
- Cockerell , 1911
- (Alqarni, Hannan, Gonzalez, and Engel, 2012)
- Friese , 1914
- (Alfken, 1927)
- Cockerell , 1931
- Mitchell, 1943
- Rayment, 1934
- M. rotundata ( Fabricius , 1793)
- , 1857
- W. F. Kirby, 1900
- , 1852
- Cockerell , 1930
- Mitchell, 1924
- , 1879
- , 1853
- , 1948
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- Morawitz, 1893
- Morawitz, 1875
- , 1879
- Cockerell , 1928
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- Friese , 1903
- Pérez, 1879
- Friese , 1903
- Strand, 1911
- , 1853
- Cockerell , 1945
- ( Fabricius , 1793)
- ( Fabricius , 1781)
- Vachal, 1904
- Saussure, 1890
- ( , 1841)
- Guérin-Méneville , 1834
- Cockerell , 1936
- Friese , 1903
- Cockerell , 1918
- Cockerell , 1937
- Cockerell , 1913
- Rayment, 1935
- Friese , 1911
- Friese , 1903
- Cockerell , 1911
- Friese , 1903
- ( , 1854)
- , 1879
- Cockerell , 1911
- S
- Strand, 1914
- Mitchell, 1934
- Gribodo, 1894
- Cockerell , 1920
- Friese , 1922
- Cockerell , 1919
- Durante, Abramovich & Lucia, 2006
- Strand, 1910
- Mitchell, 1930
- Durante, 1996
- Eardley, 2012
- Guérin-Méneville , 1845
- 1874
- Hedicke, 1940
- Cockerell , 1928
- Friese , 1917
- Costa, 1884
- Friese , 1903
- Engel, 2017
- Buysson, 1903
- M. sculpturalis , 1853
- , 1879
- Mitchell, 1934
- , 1879
- Strand, 1911
- Benoist, 1943
- Cockerell , 1927
- Cockerell , 1931
- Cockerell , 1937
- Cockerell , 1910
- van der Zanden, 1996
- Cockerell , 1929
- Cockerell , 1937
- Vachal, 1903
- Mitchell, 1927
- , 1853
- Cockerell , 1921
- Sichel, 1867
- ( , 1853)
- Cockerell , 1927
- , 1853
- Pasteels, 1965
- Cockerell , 1910
- 1893
- Fonscolombe, 1852
- Cockerell , 1910
- Cockerell , 1938
- Cockerell , 1910
- Cockerell , 1937
- Vachal, 1909
- , 1868
- Cameron, 1907
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- Cockerell , 1911
- Cockerell , 1927
- Friese , 1903
- ( , 1792)
- Cockerell , 1897
- 1882
- Friese , 1900
- Wu, 2005
- Meade-Waldo, 1913
- Rayment, 1951
- , 1879
- , 1853
- Cameron, 1909
- Friese , 1903
- , 1853
- Cockerell , 1918
- Friese , 1921
- Cockerell , 1937
- (Wu, 1985)
- , 1865
- Friese , 1903
- Cockerell , 1924
- Cockerell , 1900
- Cockerell , 1924
- (Pasteels, 1970)
- Eardley, 2012
- Meade-Waldo, 1915
- Wu, 2005
- Pasteels, 1965
- Mitchell, 1934
- Cockerell , 1911
- Haliday , 1836
- Rebmann, 1970
- Friese , 1905
- Friese , 1903
- Friese , 1906
- Schrottky, 1913
- Mitchell, 1930
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- , 1945
- Cameron, 1913
- Mitchell, 1957
- 1893
- Cockerell , 1917
- (Popov, 1936)
- (Gonzalez & Engel, 2012)
- , 1879
- Rebmann, 1968
- ( Cockerell , 1931)
- Vachal, 1904
- Cockerell , 1918
- Cockerell , 1922
- Bingham, 1897
- Yasumatsu, 1936
- Mitchell, 1934
- Rayment, 1939
- , 1945
- Cockerell , 1908
- Meade-Waldo, 1915
- Mitchell, 1927
- Benoist, 1955
- Alfken, 1926
- , 1879
- Vachal, 1908
- Mitchell, 1944
- Rayment, 1934
- Cockerell , 1915
- Rayment, 1939
- Rayment, 1935
- Yasumatsu, 1938
- Magretti, 1898
- Cockerell , 1906
- Friese , 1918
- , 1878
- Hirashima & Maeta, 1974
- Vachal, 1909
- Haliday , 1836
- Rayment, 1946
- 1874
- (Michener, 1965)
- T
- Schrottky, 1920
- Engel, 2017
- Yasumatsu & Hirashima, 1965
- Cockerell , 1911
- (Gupta, 1991)
- Cockerell , 1937
- Cockerell , 1937
- Mitchell, 1929
- Eardley, 2012
- Cameron, 1902
- Cockerell , 1915
- Cockerell , 1916
- Cockerell , 1916
- Strand, 1911
- 1888
- Cameron, 1905
- (Tkalcu, 1969)
- Cockerell , 1929
- Schrottky, 1920
- , 1878
- , 1858
- Morawitz, 1875
- Schrottky, 1902
- Dalla Torre, 1896
- Pasteels, 1965
- Cockerell , 1937
- Friese , 1908
- Pasteels, 1965
- , 1878
- Mitchell, 1956
- , 1853
- Schrottky, 1913
- Cockerell , 1924
- Cockerell , 1920
- Mitchell, 1930
- Friese , 1918
- van der Zanden, 1996
- , 1878
- Friese , 1903
- , 1853
- Mitchell, 1934
- Cockerell , 1912
- Cockerell , 1898
- Alfken, 1926
- Cockerell , 1911
- Rebmann, 1970
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- Pasteels, 1965
- Mitchell, 1930
- Vachal, 1909
- Engel, 2006
- Friese , 1922
- , 1953
- (Pasteels, 1970)
- Ashmead, 1900
- Schrottky, 1913
- (Pasteels, 1976)
- (Pasteels, 1970)
- Wu, 2005
- Vachal, 1909
- Mavromoustakis, 1953
- Mitchell, 1930
- Friese , 1903
- Cockerell , 1933
- Friese , 1909
- (Engel, 2011)
- (Pauly, 2001)
- Strand, 1915
- Cockerell , 1924
- , 1857
- Schrottky, 1913
- Dalla Torre, 1896
- Vachal, 1908
- Mitchell, 1937
- Schrottky, 1913
- Mitchell, 1930
- (Meade-Waldo, 1913)
- Mitchell, 1930
- Perkins & Cheesman, 1928
- U-Z
- Pasteels, 1965
- Nurse, 1901
- (Mitchell, 1927)
- , 1853
- Vachal, 1909
- Gonzalez, Griswold & Engel 2018
- , 1853
- 1881
- , 1879
- , 1862
- Vachal, 1903
- (Pasteels, 1965)
- Vachal, 1908
- Cockerell , 1916
- , 1879
- (Meunier, 1888)
- Cockerell , 1924
- (King, 1994)
- Vachal, 1908
- Vachal, 1909
- Pérez, 1895
- Cockerell , 1931
- , 1853
- , 1860
- , 1853
- Cockerell , 1896
- Brèthes, 1910
- , 1844
- Mitchell, 1930
- , 1853
- Cockerell , 1910
- Vachal, 1908
- Vachal, 1904
- Mitchell, 1930
- Mitchell, 1934
- , 1878
- Morawitz, 1875
- ( Fabricius , 1775)
- Cockerell , 1912
- Morawitz, 1875
- Cockerell , 1930
- Pérez, 1884
- Cockerell , 1937
- Friese , 1913
- Pasteels, 1973
- Ruiz, 1936
- Friese , 1901
- Dalla Torre, 1896
- Cockerell , 1906
- Kohl, 1906
- Mitchell, 1927
- Cameron, 1905
- Brauns, 1926
- (Kirby, 1802)
- Cockerell , 1924
- Cockerell , 1911
- Rayment, 1935
- Mitchell, 1934
- Yasumatsu & Hirashima, 1964
- Spinola, 1853
- Cockerell , 1933
- , 1853
- Yasumatsu & Hirashima, 1964
- Hirashima, 1974
- Schrottky, 1913
- Mitchell, 1944
- Pasteels, 1965 (Homonym)
- , 1878
- , 1878
- Pasteels, 1973
- Alfken, 1933
- Cockerell , 1912
- Cheesman, 1936
- Schulten, 1977
- Cameron, 1902
Некоторые представители
- M. (Eumegachile) bombycina Radoszkowski, 1874 — Палеарктика
- M. (Eutricharaea) argentata (Fabricius, 1793) — Голарктика
- M. (Eutricharaea) rotundata (Fabricius, 1787). — Европа , Сибирь , Дальний Восток , Монголия , Северная Африка , Северная и Южная Америка , Новая Зеландия , Австралия .
- M. (Xanthosarus) maritima (Kirby, 1802) — Палеарктика
- Megachile concinna , Megachile minutissima , Megachile patellimana , Megachile maxillosa
Домики для привлечения пчёл
Пчела-листорез Megachile rotundata — вид, искусственно разводимый для опыления люцерны.
Галерея
-
Megachile rotundata
См. также
Примечания
- Стриганова Б. Р. , Захаров А. А. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных: Насекомые. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / под ред. д-ра биол. наук, проф. Б. Р. Стригановой . — М. : РУССО, 2000. — С. 303. — 1060 экз. — ISBN 5-88721-162-8 .
- Messer, A. C. (1984). — Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 57 (1): 165—168. JSTOR 25084498.
- от 23 октября 2012 на Wayback Machine wildbienen.de
- Определитель насекомых европейской части СССР. Т. III. Перепончатокрылые. Первая часть // Подотряд Apocrita — Стебельчатобрюхие ( Арнольди К. В. и др.) / под общ. ред. Г. С. Медведева . — Л. : Наука, 1978. — С. 418. — 584 с. — (Определители по фауне СССР, издаваемые Зоологическим институтом АН СССР ; вып. 119). — 3500 экз.
- Michener C.D. (2007) The Bees of the World, second edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 953 pp.
- ↑ Trunz V, Packer L, Vieu J, Arrigo N, Praz CJ (2016) Comprehensive phylogeny, biogeography and new classification of the diverse bee tribe Megachilini: Can we use DNA barcodes in phylogenies of large genera? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 103: 245—259.
- Praz, C.J. 2017. Subgeneric classification and biology of the leafcutter and dauber bees (genus Megachile Latreille) of the western Palearctic (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 55: 1—54. DOI:
- Pasteels JJ (1965) Révision des Megachilidae (Hymenoptera Apoidea) de l’Afrique Noire, 1. Les genres Creightoniella [sic], Chalicodoma et Megachile (s. str.). Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Annales Série 8, Sciences Zoologiques 137, Tervuren, Belgium, 579 pp.
- Baker, D.B. & Engel, M.S. 2006. A new subgenus of Megachile from Borneo with arolia (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). American Museum Novitates 3505: 1—12. DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2006)505[0001:ANSOMF]2.0.CO;2
- Chatthanabun, N., Ascher, J.S., Pinaew, N., Thanoosing, C., Taiyasut, P. & Warrit, N. 2020. Resin bees of genus Megachile , subgenera Callomegachile and Carinula (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) from Thailand with description of a new species. ZooKeys , 997: 95—144. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.997.34935
- Dorchin, A. & Praz, C.J. 2018. Taxonomic revision of the Western Palaearctic bees of the subgenus Pseudomegachile (Hymenoptera, Apiformes, Megachilidae, Megachile ). Zootaxa 4524(3): 251—307. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4524.3.1
- Durante, S.; Abrahamovich, A.H.; Lucia, M. 2006: The subgenus Megachile ( Dasymegachile ) Mitchell with special reference to the Argentine species (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Neotropical entomology, 35(6): 791—802. DOI: 10.1590/S1519-566X2006000600012
- Durante, S.; Cabrera, N. 2009: Cladistic analysis of Megachile ( Chrysosarus ) Mitchell and revalidation of Megachile ( Dactylomegachile ) Mitchell (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Zootaxa 2284: 48-62.
- Durante, S.; Torretta, J.P.; Colombo, M.G. 2014: Descriptions of unknown sexes, new geographical records, and host associations for two South American species of Megachile (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Zootaxa 3814(1): 133—138. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3814.1.8
- Eardley, C. 2012: A taxonomic revision of the southern African species of dauber bees in the genus Megachile Latreille (Apoidea: Megachilidae). Zootaxa 3460: 1—139.
- Eardley, C. 2013: A taxonomic revision of the southern African leaf-cutter bees, Megachile Latreille sensu stricto and Heriadopsis Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae). Zootaxa 3601(1): 1—134. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3601.1.1
- . GBIF . Дата обращения: 19 июня 2023. 10 декабря 2021 года.
- . Дата обращения: 19 июня 2023. 19 июня 2023 года.
- . Дата обращения: 19 июня 2023. 26 марта 2023 года.
- ↑ Smith, Frederick. . — London : British Museum (Natural History), 1853. — P. 1–197. от 19 июня 2023 на Wayback Machine
- ↑ Vachal, Josef (1903). "Étude sur les Halictus d'Amérique". Miscellanea Entomologica . 11 : 89—104.
Литература
- Добрынин Н. Д. Разведение и использование пчел-листорезов Megachile rotundata для опыления люцерны (Методические рекомендации). — М.: Госагропром РСФСР, 1987. — 56 с.
- Лубенец П. А., Иванов А. И., Песенко Ю. А., Осычнюк А. З. Методические указания по разведения пчелы-листореза (Megachile rotundata) и использованию её для опыления семенников люцерны. — Л.: ВНИИ растениеводства, 1974. — 33 с.
- Песенко Ю. А. Люцерновая пчела-листорез и её разведение для опыления люцерны . — Ленинград, «Наука», 1982. — 136 с.
- Романькова Т. Г. Пчелиные рода Megachile Latr. (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae) фауны Сибири и Дальнего Востока СССР . // Систематика и эколого-фаунистический обзор отдельных отрядов насекомых Дальнего Востока. Владивосток: Биол.-почв. ин-т ДВНЦ АН СССР, 1983. С. 141—147.
- Статьи о технологии разведения мегахил: «Пчеловодство», 1984, № 12; 1986, № 6; «Сибирский вестник сельскохозяйственной науки», 1984, № 3, 1986, № 4.
- Amiet F, Herrmann M, Müller A, Neumeyer R (2004) Apidae 4: Anthidium, Chelostoma, Coelioxys, Dioxys, Heriades, Lithurgus, Megachile, Osmia, Stelis. Fauna Helvetica 9: 1-274.
- Banaszak J, Romasenko L (2001) Megachilid bees of Europe (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae). Bydgoszcz University, Bydgoszcz, 239 pp.
- Raw Anthony. 2007. // Zootaxa . — 1601: 1—127 (28 Sep. 2007).
- Scheuchl E (2006) Illustrierte Bestimmungstabellen der Wildbienen Deutschlands und Österreichs. Band II: Megachilidae — Melittidae. Second, revised edition. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 192 pp.
Ссылки
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- (англ.)
- (англ.)
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