????? ????????? ( ????. Isaac Todhunter , ? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ????????? ), 1820—1884) — ?????????? ????????? , ??????? ?????????? ? ???????. ???? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? (1862) .

???????? ????? — ?? ??????? ?????????? ? ????????, ?? ??????????????? ??????? . ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????, ??? ???????????? ?????????? (1861), ?????? ???????????? (1865), ??????????? ????????????? (1873), ?????? ????????? (1873), ?????? ????????? (????????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????????, 1886) .

????????? ? ??????? ????????????

??????? ? 1820 ???? ? ????? ??????, ? ????? ???????, ? 6 ??? ??????? ??? ????. ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????? . ? 1842 ????, ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????, ?? ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ? ?????????? ??????????? , ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? .

? 1844 ???? ????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ??????????? (??????? ??. ??????). ? 1848 ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? « Senior Wrangler » (????? ????????? ???????). ? 1849 ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ???????????? ? ????????? . ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ????????: ??? ????????????? ???????, ??? ??????? ?????????? , ??? ????????-???????? (??????, ????? ?????????????????? ??????, ????? ???????, ???????, ??????????), ??? ????????????? ???????????????? ? ?????????? ????????.

?????????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? XIX ????. ????????? ??? ???????? «???????» ????? ? ????? ?????? « ?????????????? ???????? » (???????????? ? 1838 ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ) . ? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? (1875) ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ${\displaystyle J_{\nu }(x)}$ ??? ??????? ??????? 1-?? ???? . ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ??????????; ?? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ???????????? (1871) .

? 1864 ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ?????? ???????? (???????????? — ????????), ? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ? ????. ???????? ?????? ????????????, ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ? ????????. ??? ?? ?? ????????? ???????????? ???, ? 1874 ???? ????????? — ???????? ???? ????????. ? 1880-? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????, ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ????????? ? 1884 ????, ???????? ? ?????????.

???????? ?????

• (1852, 6th ed., 1873)
• (1853, 4th ed., 1874)
• (1857, 4th ed., 1874)
• Treatise on Algebra (1858, 6th ed., 1871)
• (1858, 3rd ed., 1861)
• (1859, 4th ed., 1869)
• (1859)
• (1861)
• (1861, 2nd ed. 1875)
• (1858, 3rd ed., 1873)
• (1867)
• A History of the Mathematical Theory of Probability from the Time of Pascal to that of Laplace (1865)
• Researches in the Calculus of Variations (1871)
• History of the Mathematical Theories of Attraction and Figure of the Earth from Newton to Laplace (1873)
• (1875)
• A history of the theory of elasticity and of the strength of materials from Galilei to the present time
• Natural Philosophy for Beginners (1877).

???????????? ?????????

• The History of the Theory of Elasticity — ?? ?????????, ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? , ???????????? ? 1886 ????.
• Cairns, W. D. (????.) // The American Mathematical Monthly : journal. — Vol. 41 , no. 6 . — P. 383 . — doi : .

??????? ????????

• ??????? ???????? ? ????? ???????????? ??????. ???. ? ????. /[???.] ?. ??????????, ????. ?????????? ? ?????????. — ????. ???. ?. ?. ???????? ? ?°, 1887. — VIII, 117 ?. ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? « Natural philosophy for beginners ».
• ????????? ?. / ???-? ?. ??????????. ???????: ?. ?. ?????????????. — ?????-?????????: ???. ???????, 1891. — 530 ?.
• ????????? ?. ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????. 2 ???? ? ????? ?????. ?.: ????????? ????, 2002, 672 ?, ?????: ???????? ?????. ISBN 5-8360-0325-4 .

??????? ? ???????

• 1862: ?????? ? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? .
• 1865: ?????? ? ????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????? .

??????????

• ????????? ?. ?. ????????? ????? // . — ????: ??????? ?????, 1983. — ?. 469. — 639 ?.
• ?????????? ?. ?., ??????? ?. ?. (???.). ?????????? XIX ????. ??? I: ?????????????? ??????, ???????, ?????? ?????, ?????? ????????????. — ?. : ?????, 1978.
• ?????????? ?. ?., ??????? ?. ?. (???.). ?????????? XIX ????. ??? III: ??????????? ??????????? ? ?????? ???????. ???????????? ???????????????? ?????????. ???????????? ??????????. ?????? ???????? ?????????. — ?. : ?????, 1987. — ?. III.

??????

• ???? ??. ?’?????? ? ?????? ?. ????????? . (????.) — ????????? ? ?????? MacTutor .
• ?? ????? ????????? ????????????.
• ? ???????????? ?????????? (????.) .
• ? ??????? «?????????»

??????????