Interested Article - Ториевый топливный цикл

????????????????? ???????? ??????? ? ???-????? (1965—1969 ??.)

???????? ????????? ???? — ??????? ????????? ???? , ??????? ? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? Th-232 . ? ???????? ?????? Th-232 ? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????? ????? U-233 , ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? . ? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????, ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????? (????????, Th-231), ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? . ??? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????. ? ???????? ???????? Th-232 ????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ? U-233. ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????????-???????? , ??? ?????? ????? U-238 ????????? ????????, ??????? ?????????????? ?????? Pu-239. ? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????, ???????????? U-233 ???? ???????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????????, ???? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???????.

???????? ????????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ? ???????? ????????? ?????? , ? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????, ?????? ?????????? ? ??????? ????????, ??????? ??????????? ???????? ? ????????? , ??? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? (???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????).

???????

?????????????? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ??????????????, ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????, ????? ????? ?????????????? ? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ? ???????? ????????????? ?????????. ??????, ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????, ??????? ? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????. ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????????????? ??????-?????????????? ????????? ?????. ? XXI ???? ????????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ????????????????? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ????????????? ???????? ? ????????? ?????????? ?????.

? 1960-? ????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ??-???? ? ????????????? ? ????????? ?? ????????? ????? , ??? ? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? U-233, ???? ?????????????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????. ???????????? ? ???????????? ????????? (??? ??? Molten salt reactor, ?SR), ??????????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????, ???????????? ?????? ????? (IV) ? ???? ????????, ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????. ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ? 1976 ???? ????? ????, ??? ?? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????.

? 2006 ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????? (accelerator driven system, ADS), ??????? ?? ???????????? ??? ????? ? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????. ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????, ????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ? ??????????? ????? .

???? ????????, ?????? ?????? ???? ? ??????? ???????? Flibe Energy ? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? (liquid fluoride thorium reactor, LFTR). ?? ????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ? 2006 ???? ???????? ??????? ???? «energyfromthorium.com» ??? ??????????? ? ??????????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????????.

? 2011 ???? ? ?????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ? ??????, ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????, ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????-?????? ????????????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????. ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????, ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????, ???????? ?? ??? ????????????? ??????.

??????? ??????? ?????

? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? Th-232 (??? ????? ??????????? ? ? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? , ? ? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ), ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? Th-233. ????????? ?????? ??????????. ??? ???????, ?? ????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ( ? ) ? ???????? ? ?
-??????? ? ???????????? ? ?????? ??????????? Pa-233. ???? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ? ???????????? ? U-233, ??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ? ???????? ???????:

{\ce {{\overset {neutron}{n}}+{^{232}_{90}Th}->{^{233}_{90}Th}->[\beta ^{-}]{^{233}_{91}Pa}->[\beta ^{-}]{\overset {fuel}{^{233}_{92}U}}}}

?????? ????????? ???????

? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????, ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? 200 000 ???. ?? ?????? ????????? ????????????, ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????, ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ? ????? ????????? ????? ???, ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ????, ??????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ????????????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????. ?????? ???????????? ??????????, ??? ??????????? ? ???? ????????? ????? ???????????? ? ??????? ????????? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ????????.

?????? ?????????

???????????? ? ???????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? (????? 30 ????), ?????? ??????? — ???????????? (????? 1 ??? ???), ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ????????? ? ???????

? ????????, ????? ???????? ???????? ? ????????? ? ??????????? ????? (????????, ? ????????? ??????? ?????), ??? ???? ????????? ????, ???? ??????????? ??, ??????? ??????? ??????????? (????????????) ?????????. ? ?????? U-233 ???????????? ? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????, ??? ????????????? ??????. ????? U-233 ????????? ???????, ?? ???? ????????????, ???? ?????????? U-234. ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? 92 %, ?? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????????? ????? 1:12, ??? ?????, ??? ??????????????? ?????????? ??? U-235 (1:6), ??? ??? Pu-239 ? Pu-241 (??? ????? ???????? 1:3). ? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????, ??? ? ???????? ? ?????????????? ????-???????????? ?????????? ?????.

U-234, ??? ? ??????????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ?? ???????, ?? ??????????? ??????? ? ???????????? ? U-235. ???? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????, ?? ???????????? ? U-236, Np-237, Pu-238 ? ? ????? ?????? ? ?????????????? Pu-239 ? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? . Np-237 ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ??????????? ? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ? ????????, ??????? ???????? ????????????, ? ???????? ???????????? ? Pu-242, ? ????? ? ???????? ? ????? , ???????, ? ???? ???????, ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ? ??????? ??? ???????????? ? ???????.

??????, Pa-231 (? ???????? ??????????? 32 700 ???), ??????? ?????????? ?? Th-232 ????? ??????? ( n ,2 n ) (????? ?????? Th-231, ??????? ???????????? ????? ? Pa-231), ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????.

??????????? ??????-232

????-232 ????? ?????????? ? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? (n,2n) ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ? U-233 ?? ??????? ????? Pa-233 ? Th-232 :

{\begin{array}{l}{}\\{\ce {{^{232}_{90}Th}->[+n]{^{233}_{90}Th}->[\beta ^{-}]{^{233}_{91}Pa}->[\beta ^{-}]{^{233}_{92}U}->[+n-2n]{^{232}_{92}U}}}\\{\ce {{^{232}_{90}Th}->[+n]{^{233}_{90}Th}->[\beta ^{-}]{^{233}_{91}Pa}->[+n-2n]{^{232}_{91}Pa}->[\beta ^{-}]{^{232}_{92}U}}}\\{\ce {{^{232}_{90}Th}->[+n-2n]{^{231}_{90}Th}->[\beta ^{-}]{^{231}_{91}Pa}->[+n]{^{232}_{91}Pa}->[\beta ^{-}]{^{232}_{92}U}}}\\{}\end{array}}

????-232 ????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? (68,9 ???), ? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????, ????? ??? Rn-224, Bi-212 ? ???????? Tl-208, ????????? ?????-????????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????:

??????? ??????? 4n, ???????????? ? Th-232, ??????? ?????? ???????? «???????? ??????»

{\begin{aligned}{}\\{\ce {^{232}_{92}U ->[\alpha] ^{228}_{90}Th}}\ &\mathrm {(68.9\ years)} \\{\ce {^{228}_{90}Th ->[\alpha] ^{224}_{88}Ra}}\ &\mathrm {(1.9\ year)} \\{\ce {^{224}_{88}Ra ->[\alpha] ^{220}_{86}Rn}}\ &\mathrm {(3.6\ day,\ 0.24\ MeV)} \\{\ce {^{220}_{86}Rn ->[\alpha] ^{216}_{84}Po}}\ &\mathrm {(55\ s,\ 0.54\ MeV)} \\{\ce {^{216}_{84}Po ->[\alpha] ^{212}_{82}Pb}}\ &\mathrm {(0.15\ s)} \\{\ce {^{212}_{82}Pb ->[\beta^-] ^{212}_{83}Bi}}\ &\mathrm {(10.64\ h)} \\{\ce {^{212}_{83}Bi ->[\alpha] ^{208}_{81}Tl}}\ &\mathrm {(61\ m,\ 0.78\ MeV)} \\{\ce {^{208}_{81}Tl ->[\beta^-] ^{208}_{82}Pb}}\ &\mathrm {(3\ m,\ 2.6\ MeV)} \\{}\end{aligned}}

??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????-????????? , ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????????, ??? ????? ??????????? ?? ????????????? ? ???????? ???????? ??????. U-232 ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?? U-233 ? ???????????? ??????? ??????? , ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? Th-228 ? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????. ??????????? ????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ????????????? ????????-???????????? ? ????????? Pa-233, ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ? U-233. ??????? ?????-????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????????.

??????? ???????

? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? U-238, ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?????. ?????????? ??????? (? _a ) ?????????? ???????? ????????? ? ??????????? ???????? (??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????) ??? Th-232 ???????? ? 3,3 ???? ???? ??????????????? ???????? ??? U-238.

????????????

?? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ???????? ? ???-?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???????? ???????? ? ??????? ????? ??????????. ? ????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??????.

???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? (? _f ) ??????????? ??????? U-233 ???????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ??? U-235 ? Pu-239, ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (? _? ), ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????, ?? ?????????????? ????????. ???????, ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??????? (?) ????????? 2 ? ??????? ????????? ???????, ? ??? ????? ? ???????? ??????? ?, ??? ?????????, ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????-??????? . ?????? ????-???????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ? ??????? ????????, ????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? 2.

???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????? ? ????????? ???????. ?? ????????? ? ????????????? ?????????? ????????, ????????? ????? (UO ₂ ), ???????? ??????? (ThO ₂ ) ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? , ????? ??????? ???????????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? . ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ?, ? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????????? .

??-?? ????, ??? U-233, ?????????? ? ???????? ?????, ??????????? ????????? ???????? U-232, ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????, ??? ???????????? ?????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????. U-233 ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ? U-232. ????? ????, ?? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ???????????????????? ?????-????????? . ??? ???????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? , ?????????????? ????????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ??????.

???????????? (?? ????? ??????? 10 ³ - 10 ⁶ ???) ???????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? U-238 ?????????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ????????? , ? ?? ????? ??? ??? Th-232 ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????????. 98-99 % ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ? U-233 ??? U-235, ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ? ?????????????? ???????????. ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ????? ? MOX-??????? ??? ???????? ? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ? ????????????? ??????????? ????????.

??????????

???? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ? ???????? ???????? ???????, ? ????????? ??? ??????????????? ?????????:

? ??????? ?? ?????, ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ?? ????? ?????????????? ????????, ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????, ????????, U-233 ??? U-235. ???, ?????? ? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ????????? ???????????? ???????. ? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ? 1964—1969 ??????????? ???????????? ? ????????????? ????? ? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? , ? ???????, ??? ?????????, ????? ????? ???????? ???????, ??????????? ??? ??????????????? ?????? ???????.

? ???????? ????????? ????? (?? ???? ? ?????????????? U-233 ?? ?????), ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? 170 000 ???-?????/? ? 150 000 ???-?????/? ?? ??????????????? ????-????-????? ? ??? ??????????????, ?????????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? (???), ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????.

? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? U-233.

?????? ????????, ????????? ? ???????? ????????? ?????? — ??? ???????????? ?????????? ????????, ? ??????? ???????? Th-232 ???????????? ? U-233. ?????? ??????????? Pa-233 — ????? 27 ????, ??? ?? ??????? ??????, ??? ? Np-239. ??? ?????????, ???????????? Pa-233 ???????????? ? ???????? ???????. Pa-233 ??????? ??????????? ????????? ? ???? ?? ? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? U-235, ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????????, ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? .

????? ????, ???? ??????? ????? ???????????? ? ????????? ????????? ????? , ? ??????? ???????????? ? ???? U-233, ??? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??-?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? U-233. ??? ????? ????? ? ??? ?????????? ????? ??-?? ??????? Th-228, ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? U-232. ?????, ? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? (????????, ?????? ), ?????????? ??????????? ????? (????????, THOREX) ????????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????.

???? ??????????? U-232 ????????? ????, ???? ?????????????? ?????????, ????????????????? ? ???, ??? U-233 ????????????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? . ??????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? U-233-??????????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? «Teapot» ? 1955 ????, ???? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????, ??? ?????????.

???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????? , ??? ????????, ????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????, ???????? Pa-231.

????????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ????????? , ????? ??? LFTR, ??????????, ??? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????, ?????????????? ? ??????????????? ?????????. ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? (ORNL ARE ? MSRE) ? ?? ? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????????????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ????????????? ???? ?????????.

????????

???????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????, ??????? ??????????? ???????? , ???????????? ???????? , ??????????????????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ? ????????? ?????????????? ? ???????????? ???????? .

?????? ???????? ?????????

???????? ??????????: IAEA TECDOC-1450 «Thorium Fuel Cycle — Potential Benefits and Challenges», Table 1: Thorium utilization in different experimental and power reactors. ? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? 1 (???), ??? ?????????????? «????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????».

????????	??????	??? ????????	????????	???????	???? ??????
AVR	???	HTGR, experimental (pebble bed reactor)	015000 15 ??? (?)	Th+U-235 Driver fuel, coated fuel particles, oxide & dicarbides	1967-1988
THTR-300	???	HTGR, power (pebble type)	300000 300 ??? (?)	Th+U-235, Driver fuel, coated fuel particles, oxide & dicarbides	1985-1989
Lingen	???	BWR irradiation-testing	060000 60 ??? (?)	Test fuel (Th,Pu)O ₂ pellets	1968-1973
Dragon ( OECD - Euratom )	??????????????, ??????, ????????, ?????????	HTGR, Experimental (pin-in-block design)	020000 20 ???	Th+U-235 Driver fuel, coated fuel particles, oxide & dicarbides	1966-1973
Peach Bottom	???	HTGR, Experimental (prismatic block)	040000 40 ??? (?)	Th+U-235 Driver fuel, coated fuel particles, oxide & dicarbides	1966-1972
Fort St Vrain	???	HTGR, Power (prismatic block)	330000 330 ??? (?)	Th+U-235 Driver fuel, coated fuel particles, Dicarbide	1976-1989
MSRE ORNL	???	MSR	007500 7,5 ???	U-233 molten fluorides	1964-1969
BORAX-IV & Elk River Station	???	BWR (pin assemblies)	002400 2,4 ??? (?) 24 ??? (?)	Th+U-235 Driver fuel oxide pellets	1963-1968
Shippingport	???	LWBR , PWR , (pin assemblies)	100000 100 ??? (?)	Th+U-233 Driver fuel, oxide pellets	1977-1982
Indian Point 1	???	LWBR , PWR , (pin assemblies)	285000 285 ??? (?)	Th+U-233 Driver fuel, oxide pellets	1962-1980
SUSPOP/KSTR KEMA	??????????	Aqueous homogenous suspension (pin assemblies)	001000 1 ???	Th+HEU, oxide pellets	1974-1977
NRX & NRU	??????	MTR (pin assemblies)	020000 20 ???; 200 ???	Th+U-235, Test Fuel	1947 (NRX) + 1957 (NRU); Irradiation-testing of few fuel elements
CIRUS; DHRUVA; & KAMINI	?????	MTR thermal	040000 40 ???; 100 ???; 30 ??? (low power, research)	Al+U-233 Driver fuel, ‘J’ rod of Th & ThO2, ‘J’ rod of ThO ₂	1960-2010 (CIRUS); others in operation
KAPS 1 &2 ; KGS 1 & 2; RAPS 2, 3 & 4	?????	PHWR , (pin assemblies)	220000 220 ??? (?)	ThO ₂ pellets (for neutron flux flattening of initial core after start-up)	1980 (RAPS 2) +; continuing in all new PHWRs
FBTR	?????	LMFBR, (pin assemblies)	040000 40 ??? (?)	ThO ₂ blanket	1985; ? ?????

??????????

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? (PDF). International Atomic Energy Agency (??? 2005). ???? ?????????: 23 ????? 2009. 4 ??????? 2016 ????.
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(PDF). American Nuclear Society (?????? 2006). ???? ?????????: 24 ????? 2009. 8 ???????? 2008 ????.
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(????.) . — Energy Information Administration , 1995. — P. 111. — ISBN 978-0-7881-2070-1 . 1 ?????? 2019 ????. They were manufactured by General Electric (assembly code XDR07G) and later sent to the for reprocessing.

??????????

????????? ?, ????????? ?., ???????? ?., ???????? ?. . — ???, 2014, ? 11, ?. 14—17.
?????? ?. ?., ?????????? ?. ?. . — ?????????, 2012, ? 1, ?. 48—51.
?????? ?. ?., ?????????? ?. ?. . — ?????????, 2012, ? 2, ?. 42—45.
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at the World Nuclear Association .
from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues