Interested Article - Подземная архитектура

????????? ??????????? — ??? ??? ????????, ?????? ????? , ???????????? ????? ??? ????? ? ???????? ????????? ????? : ?? ???????? ?????, ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????. ????? ???? ????? ????????? ? ???????? 1970-?, ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????.

?????????? ??????

???????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ?????????? ??????????. ??? y — ???????????; ??? x — ?????. ????? ?????: ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ????????? (???? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????). ?????? ????? — ??????????? ??????. 1: ????? ???? (???????? ????? ??????????/????????? ??????????? ??????/???????). 2: ??????????? ????????? (???????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????).

????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? , ???????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????? ( ??????????????????? ??? , ????????? ??? ).

???????

?????? ???????

????????? ????????????? — ???? ?? ?????????? ???? ????????????? . ?????????, ??? ???????? ? 15 000 ?. ?? ?.?. ??????????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????????? ???? ? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ???? ????????? ? ????? . ????????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? .

???? ?? ????????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? 5000 ???, ????? ????? ? ?????-???? ?? ?????????? ???????? ? ???????? ????????? . ?????? ?????? — ????????? ? ????-????? ?? ???-?????? ??? .

? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????????? . ??? ???????? ???? ??????? «??????? ????????». ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????. ????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????, ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? .

70-80 ??. ?? ?.

? ?????????? ????????? ??????? 1973 ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????, ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????????, ????????????? ? ???????????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? . ? ????????? ? ???????? ????????? ? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????? ????? .

??? ? 1960-? ????? ? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????. ????? ????????? ??????? ? ?? ?????? 1980-? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ? ????????????? ????????? ????? . ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????, ?????? , ? 1975 ????. ????????? « ????????? », ??? ???????? ? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? «?????? ????????? ???» ? ?????????????? .

???? ?????

? ????????? 30 ??? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????????. ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ? ?????? , ????? ? ?????? . ????????, ??? ? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??? ? ????? ?????? ???????. ?? ???????, ????? 10 ????????? ??????? ????? ? ????????? ????? ? ???? ??????? .

????????? ??????????, ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ? ??????? . ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? «???????? ????» ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????. ? ????????? ????????????? ????? 50 ????? ????????, ? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? (????????????? ? ???????? ). ????????, ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ???? ???????? Earthships , ????? ????????? ????????? ????? . Earthships ???????????????? ? ???-??????? , ???, ???? ??????????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? .

???????

?????????

?????-???? — ????????? ??????? ????????

???

????????? ???? ??????????

?????????

?????????????

?????????

Lättenstrasse estate (????????? ???????) ? ????????

? ?????????? ????????

???? ???????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ? ????????? ???????, ??-?? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? «??? ???????».
????? ??????????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ? ????????? ???? ??? ????????? «Tubbytronic Superdome».

??. ?????

????????

??????????

? ?? 23 ?????? 2019 ?? Wayback Machine . J Harral, 2012
Allen Noble, Vernacular Buildings: A Global Survey (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013), 112–17. ISBN 0857723391 ; Gideon S. Golany, Chinese Earth-Sheltered Dwellings (Honolulu: Univ. of Hawaii Press, 1992); Golany, Earth-Sheltered Dwellings in Tunisia . (Newark: Univ. of Delaware Press, 1988); and David Douglas DeBord and Thomas R. Dunbar, Earth-Sheltered Landscapes: Site Considerations for Earth-Sheltered Environments (NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985), 11. ISBN 0442218915
? L Kahn. : [ ????. ] / L Kahn, B Easton. — Shelter Publications, Inc., 1990. — ISBN 9780936070117 .
? LL Boyer, WT Grondzik. : [ ????. ] . — Texas A & M University Press, 1987. — ISBN 9780890962732 .
? R McConkey. . — Atlantic Publishing Company, 2011. — ISBN 9781601383730 . . ???? ?????????: 5 ???? 2021. ???????????? 9 ???? 2021 ????.
L Kahn. : [ ????. ] / L Kahn, B Easton. — Shelter Publications, Inc., 2010. — ISBN 9780936070490 .
. Mother Earth News . ???? ?????????: 5 ???? 2021. 25 ?????? 2021 ????.
? . www.sustainablebuild.co.uk . SustainableBuild (2019). ???? ?????????: 5 ???? 2021. 10 ??? 2021 ????.