Interested Article - Сапотекские языки

cathleen
  • 2021-10-07
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Сапотекские языки ( Iidxzá, dizá, ditsá, diidxazá, tiits së ) — группа родственных языков ото-мангской семьи , происходящая от прото-сапотекского языка, на котором говорили представители Сапотекской цивилизации в эпоху культуры Монте-Альбан .

В состав группы входят сапотекский язык (фактически — диалектный континуум ) и чатино . В связи с расплывчатостью термина «сапотекский язык» под ним в западной лингвистике может подразумеваться как весь диалектный континуум (англ. Zapotecan ), так и вся языковая группа (англ. Zapotec ).

В древности сапотекский язык, по-видимому, пользовался сапотекским письмом . В настоящее время некоторые сапотекские языки пользуются латиницей на основе испанской орфографии, остальные бесписьменны.

Сапотекский алфавит на основе латинского был разработан в 1956 году : a b c ch d dx e g i l m n ñ o p q r s t u hu x xh z y

Список сапотекских языков

Существует 57 живых сапотекских языков:

Фонология

Гласные

Буква МФА Чтение
a a как русское а
е е как русское е
i i как русское и
o o как русское о
u u как русское у

Согласные

Буква МФА Чтение
b b как русское б
c s, k как к перед а , о , у и как мягкое с перед e , i
ch tʃ как русское ч
cu kw как русское ку (как qu в английском слове queen )
d d как русское д
dx dʒ как русское дж
g g как русское г
hu w как w в английском слове way
j h как английское h
l l как русское л
m m как русское м
n n как русское н
ñ ny как русское нь
p p как русское п
qu k как русское к (может представить к , как в слове кем )
r r как русское р (может читаться как r в слове run )
s s как русское с
t t как русское t
tz ts как русское ц
x ʒ, ʃ как мягкое французское ж , перед согласной как ш
xh ʃ как русское ш
y j как русское й
z z как русское з
' ʔ гортанная смычка

Тоны

Сапотекские языки, как, в общем, и остальные ото-мангские, тоновые. Они различаются по количеству контрастных тонов, которые у них есть. К примеру, тексмекуланский сапотекский, который имеет 4 контрастных тона: 3 контурных и 1 уровневый, как показано на рисунке. Эти тоны часто используются для «игры слов».

Примечания

  1. в Ethnologue. Languages of the World .
  2. . — la sociedad Pro-Planeación Integral del Istmo, el Consejo de Lenguas Indígenas y El Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, 2006. 10 октября 2012 года.

Литература

  • Beam de Azcona, Rosemary G. 2004. A Coatlán-Loxicha Zapotec Grammar . Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Berkeley.
  • Black, Cheryl A. 2000. Quiegolani Zapotec Syntax: A Principles and Parameters Account. SIL International and University of Texas at Arlington.
  • Broadwell, George A. 2001. Optimal order and pied-piping in San Dionicio Zapotec. in Peter Sells, ed. Formal and Empirical Issues in Optimality Theoretic Syntax, pp. 197–123. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
  • Munro, Pamela , and Felipe H. Lopez, with Olivia V. Méndez [Martínez], Rodrigo Garcia, and Michael R. Galant. 1999. Di’csyonaary X:tèe’n Dìi’zh Sah Sann Lu’uc (San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec Dictionary / Diccionario Zapoteco de San Lucas Quiaviní). Los Angeles: (UCLA) Chicano Studies Research Center Publications.
  • Stubblefield, Morris and Carol Stubblefield. 1991. Diccionario Zapoteco de Mitla. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, Mexico.

Словари и грамматики

  • Alleman, Vera Mae, compiler. 1952. Vocabulario zapoteco del Rincón.‭ Mexico City: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
  • Bartholomew, Doris A. 1983. Grammatica Zapoteca, in Neil Nellis and Jane Goodner Nellis Diccionario Zapoteco de Juarez Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. Mexico.
  • Black, Cheryl A. 2000. Quiegolani Zapotec Syntax: A Principles and Parameters Account. SIL International and University of Texas at Arlington.
  • Briggs, Elinor. 1961. Mitla Zapotec grammar.‭ Mexico City: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano and Centro de Investigaciones Antropológicas de México.
  • Butler, Inez M. 1980. Gramática zapoteca: Zapoteco de Yatzachi el Bajo. Gramáticas de Lenguas Indígenas de México, 4. Mexico: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
  • Butler, Inez M., compiler. 1997. Diccionario Zapoteco de Yatzachi: Yatzachi el bajo, Yatzachi el alto, Oaxaca. Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas «Mariano Silva y Aceves», 37. Tucson, AZ: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
  • . 1886 [1578a]. Arte del idioma zapoteco. Morelia: Imprenta del Gobierno.
  • . 1987 [1578b]. Vocabulario en lengua çapoteca. México: Ediciones Toledo (INAH).
  • Junta Colombina de México. 1893. Vocabulario castellano — zapotec. Mexico City : Oficina Tipográfica de la Secretaría de Fomento.
  • Long C., Rebecca & Sofronio Cruz M., compilers. 1999. Diccionario Zapoteco de San Bartolomé Zoogocho Oaxaca.‭ Coyoacán D.F.: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. .
  • López, Filemón & Ronaldo Newberg Y. 2005. La conjugación del verbo zapoteco: zapoteco de Yalálag.‭ 2nd ed. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. * Méndez S., Pedro, compiler, & others. 2004. Diccionario zapoteco; Zapoteco de San Pablo Yaganiza, Oaxaca.‭ Mexico City: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
  • Munro, Pamela , and Felipe H. Lopez, with Olivia V. Méndez [Martínez], Rodrigo Garcia, and Michael R. Galant. 1999. Di’csyonaary X:tèe’n Dìi’zh Sah Sann Lu’uc (San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec Dictionary / Diccionario Zapoteco de San Lucas Quiaviní). Los Angeles: (UCLA) Chicano Studies Research Center Publications.
  • Nellis, Neil and Jane Goodner Nellis. 1983. Diccionario Zapoteco de Juarez. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. Mexico.
  • Pickett, Velma B. and others. 1959. Vocabulario zapoteco del Istmo : Castellano zapoteco, zapoteco-castellano. Serie de vocabularios indígenas «Mariano Silva y Aceves», 3. Mexico: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. [2nd ed., revised and enlarged (1965); republished (1968, 1971)]. Fifth edition (2007) available on-line: .
  • Pickett, Velma B., Cheryl A. Black and Vicente Marcial C. 2001. Gramática Popular del Zapoteco del Istmo. 2nd edition. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano; Tucson, Arizona. [Online: .]
  • Ruegsegger, Manis & Jane Ruegsegger. 1955. Vocabulario zapoteco del dialecto de Miahuatlán del Estado de Oaxaca.‭ Mexico City: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.
  • Sonnenschein, Aaron Huey. 2005. A descriptive grammar of San Bartolomé Zoogocho Zapotec. Munich: Lincom Europa.
  • Stubblefield, Morris and Carol Stubblefield. 1991. Diccionario Zapoteco de Mitla. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, Mexico.

Диссертации

  • Avelino, Heriberto. 2004. Topics in Yalálag Zapotec, with particular reference to its phonetic structures . UCLA Ph.D. dissertation.
  • Esposito, Christina M. 2002. Santa Ana del Valle Zapotec Phonation. M.A. thesis, UCLA.
  • Foreman, John. 2006. The Morphosyntax of Subjects in Macuiltianguis Zapotec. Ph.D. Dissertation, UCLA.
  • Galant, Michael R. 1998. Comparative Constructions in Spanish and San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec. Ph.D. Dissertation, UCLA.
  • Gibbs, William P. 1977. Discourse elements in Sierra de Juarez Zapotec.‭ M.A. thesis. University of Texas at Arlington.
  • Heise, Jennifer Lynn. 2003. Participant reference and tracking in San Francisco Ozolotepec Zapotec.‭ M.A. thesis. Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics.
  • Jensen de López, Kristine M. 2002. Baskets and Body-Parts . Ph.D. dissertation, Aarhus University.
  • Lee, Felicia A. 1999. Antisymmetry and the Syntax of San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec. Ph.D. dissertation, UCLA.
  • Lillehaugen, Brook Danielle. 2003. The Categorial Status of Body Part Prepositions in Valley Zapotec . M.A. thesis, UCLA. (online pdf: )
  • Lillehaugen, Brook Danielle. 2006. Expressing Location in Tlacolula Valley Zapotec . Ph.d. dissertation, UCLA.
  • MacLaury, Robert E. 1970. Ayoquesco Zapotec: Ethnography, phonology, and lexicon. MA thesis, University of the Americas.
  • Méndez [Martínez], Olivia V. 2000. Code-Switching and the Matrix Language Model in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec. M.A. thesis, UCLA.
  • Pickett, Velma B. 1959. The grammatical hierarchy of Isthmus Zapotec.‭ Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan.
  • Reeck, Roger. 1991. A trilingual dictionary in Zapotec, English and Spanish. MA thesis, Universidad de las Américas-Puebla.
  • Riggs, David B. 1991. A comparative grammar of English for Zapotec speakers (Gramática comparativa inglés-zapoteco).‭ M.A. thesis. Universidad de las Américas.
  • Sonnenschein, Aaron Huey. 2004. A Descriptive Grammar of Zoogocho Zapotec on a Typological Basis. University of Southern California Ph.D. dissertation.

Книги на сапотекских языках

  • de Feria, Fray Pedo. 1567. Doctrina Christiana en lengua castellana y zapoteca.
  • Jiménez Girón, Eustaquio. 1980. Guía gráfico-fonémica para la escritura y lectura del zapoteco. Juchitán, Oaxaca: Vitoria Yan.
  • Jiménez Jiménez, Enedino & Vicente Marcial Cerqueda. 1997. Neza diidxa': ni gacané binnihuaniisi gu’nda', gucaa ne güi' diidxazá (Vocabulario zapoteco: auxiliar del modelo pedagógico de diálogo cultural y alfabetización). Juchitán, Oaxaca: Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Binnizá.
  • Liga Bíblica, La [Jones, Ted, et al.]. 1995. Xtiidx Dios Cun Ditsa (El Nuevo Testamento en el zapoteco de San Juan Guelavía y en español).
  • Munro, Pamela , Brook Danielle Lillehaugen and Felipe H. Lopez. In preparation. Cali Chiu? A Course in Valley Zapotec. ms.: UCLA / UNAM.

Тексты

  • Butler, Inez M. 1982. Un relato de la hechicería en los pueblos zapotecos de la sierra en el distrito de Villa Alta.‭ Tlalocan 9: 249-55.
  • Nellis, Donald G. 1979. The old woman and the town authorities: Cajonos Zapotec. In: Linda K. Jones (ed.) Discourse studies in Mesoamerican languages 2: Texts, 181—208. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
  • Olson, Donald. 1970. The earthquake in Ocotlán: Three texts in Zapotec. Tlalocan 6: 229-39.
  • Persons, David. 1979. Rabbit, coyote, and skunk; When people die: Lachixio Zapotec. In: Linda K. Jones (ed.) Discourse studies in Mesoamerican languages 2: Texts, 211-23. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
  • Rendón, Juan José. 1995. El tlacuache y el coyote en zapoteco. In: Juan José Rendón (ed.) Diversificación de las lenguas zapotecas. Mexico City: Instituto Oaxaqueño de las Culturas, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores de Antropología Social.
  • Speck, Charles H., compiler. 1998. Zapotec oral literature; El folklore de San Lorenzo Texmelucan. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  • Stubblefield, Morris & Carol Stubblefield. 1969. The story of Läy and Gisaj: a Zapotec sun and moon myth.‭ Tlalocan 6: 46-62.
  • Stubblefield, Morris & Carol Stubblefield, compilers. 1994. Mitla Zapotec texts. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

Прочие материалы

Фонетика и фонология

  • Bickmore, Lee S. and George A. Broadwell. 1998. High tone docking in Sierra Juárez Zapotec. International Journal of American Linguistics, 64:37-67.
  • Jones, Ted E., and Lyle M. Knudson. 1977. «Guelavía Zapotec Phonemes». Studies in Otomanguean Phonology, ed., William R. Merrifield, pp. 163–80. [Dallas/Arlington]: SIL / University of Texas, Arlington.
  • Merrill, Elizabeth D. 2008. Tilquiapan Zapotec. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38(1): 107—114.
  • Rendón, Juan José. 1970. Notas fonológicas del Zapotec de Tlacochahuaya. Anales de Antropología, vol. 7. Mexico City: UNAM.

Морфология и синтаксис

  • Broadwell, George A. 2001. Optimal order and pied-piping in San Dionicio Zapotec. in Peter Sells, ed. Formal and Empirical Issues in Optimality Theoretic Syntax, pp. 197–123. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
  • Broadwell, George A. 2005. The morphology of Zapotec pronominal clitics.in Rosemary Beam de Azcona and Mary Paster, eds. Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, Report 13: Conference on Otomanguean and Oaxacan Languages, pp. 15–35. University of California at Berkeley.
  • Butler, Inez M. 1976. «Reflexive constructions of Yatzachi Zapotec.» International Journal of American Linguistics 42: 331-37.
  • Butler, Inez M. 1976. «Verb classification of Yatzachi Zapotec.‭» SIL Mexico Workpapers 2: 74-84.
  • Earl, Robert. 1968. «Rincon Zapotec clauses.‭» International Journal of American Linguistics 34: 269-74.
  • Jones, Ted E., and Ann D. Church. 1985. «Personal pronouns in Guelavía Zapotec». S.I.L.-Mexico Workpapers 7: 1-15.
  • Lee, Felicia A. In press. «On the Absence of Quantificational Determiners in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec.» To appear in L. Matthewson, (ed.) Quantification: Universals and Variation. Elsevier.
  • Lee, Felicia A. n.d. «Modality and the Structure of Tense in Zapotec.» In B. Bruening, (ed.), Proceedings of SCIL 8. Cambridge: MITWPL.
  • Lee, Felicia A. n.d. «Pseudo-quantification in Possessives.» In C. Pye, (ed.), Proceedings of the Mid-America Linguistics Conference. Lawrence: The University of Kansas.
  • Lee, Felicia A. n.d. «Focus and Judgment Type in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec.» In M. Juge and J. Moxley, (eds.), Proceedings of BLS 23. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistic Society.
  • Lee, Felicia A. n.d. «The Predicational Nature of Clefts: Evidence from Zapotec.» In K. Singer, R. Eggert, and G. Anderson, (eds.), Proceedings of CLS 33. Chicago: The Chicago Linguistic Society.
  • Lee, Felicia A. n.d. «Three Question Markers in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec.» To appear in Anthropological Linguistics.
  • Lee, Felicia A. 1995. «Aspect, Negation, and Temporal Polarity in Zapotec.» In B. Agbayani and S.-W. Tang, (eds.), Proceedings of WCCFL 15. Stanford: CSLI.
  • Lee, Felicia A. 1996. «Focus in the Future and the Thetic/Categorical Distinction.» In V. Samiian, (ed.), Proceedings of WECOL 96. Fresno: California State University, Fresno.
  • Lee, Felicia A. 1997. «Evidence for Tense in a 'Tenseless' Language.» In P. Tamagi, M. Hirotani, and N. Hall, (eds.), Proceedings of NELS 29. Amherst: GLSA.
  • Lee, Felicia A. 2000. «VP Remnant Movement and VSO in Quiaviní Zapotec.» In A. Carnie and E. Guilfoyle (editors), The Syntax of Verb Initial Languages, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Lee, Felicia A. 2000. «Relative Clauses Without Wh-Movement.» In M. Kim and U. Strauss, (eds.), Proceedings of NELS 31. Amherst: GLSA.
  • Lee, Felicia A. 2001. «WH and Focus Are Not the Same Projection.» In K. Megerdoomian and L. Bar-El, (eds.), Proceedings of WCCFL 20. Somerville: Cascadilla Press.
  • Lee, Felicia A. 2001. «Anaphoric R-Expressions: Bound Names as Bound Variables.» In M. Hirotani, (ed.), Proceedings of NELS 32. Amherst: GLSA.
  • Lee, Felicia A. 2002 «Anaphoric R-Expressions as Bound Variables.» Proceedings of BLS 28.
  • Lee, Felicia A. 2003. «Anaphoric R-Expressions as Bound Variables.» Syntax. 6, 1: 84-114. Blackwell Publishing.
  • Lee, Felicia A. 2005. «Clause-Fronting and Clause-Typing in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec.» In Andrew Carnie, Heidi Harley, Sheila Dooley Collberg (eds) Verb First, John Benjamins Publishers, Philadelphia/Amsterdam.
  • Lee, Felicia A. 2006. Remnant Raising and VSO Clausal Architecture: A Case Study from San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec. Springer.
  • Lillehaugen, Brook Danielle. 2003. «The Acquisition of Body Part Prepositions in Valley Zapotec Languages.» Proceedings from the First Conference on Indigenous Languages of Latin America, (online proceedings ), University of Texas, Austin.
  • Lillehaugen, Brook Danielle. 2004. "The Syntactic and Semantic Development of Body Part Prepositions in Valley Zapotec Languages, " pp. 69 – 92, Proceedings from the sixth Workshop on American Indigenous Languages, Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics, vol. 14, Jeanie Castillo (ed.). (pdf online )
  • Munro, Pamela . 2002. «Hierarchical Pronouns in Discourse: Third Person Pronouns in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec Narratives». Southwest Journal of Linguistics 21: 37-66.
  • Lyman, Larry. 1964. The verb syntagmemes of Choapan Zapotec. Linguistics 7: 16-41.
  • Marlett, Stephen A. 1993. Zapotec pronoun classification. International Journal of American Linguistics 59: 82-101.
  • Marlett, Stephen A. & Velma B. Pickett. 1996. El pronombre inaudible en el zapoteco del Istmo.‭ In Zarina Estrada Fernández, Max Figueroa Esteva & Gerardo López Cruz (eds.) III Encuentro de Lingüística en el Noroeste, 119—150. Hermosillo, Sonora: Editorial Unison.
  • Operstein, Natalie. 2002. "Positional Verbs and Relational Nouns in Zaniza Zapotec, " pp. 60–70. Proceedings from the fourth Workshop on American Indigenous Languages, Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics, vol 11.
  • Rojas, Rosa Maria. to appear. «La predicación secundaria en el zapoteco de Santa Ana del Valle, Oax.» por aparecer en Memorias del Primer Coloquio «Leonardo Manrique», México: INAH.
  • Rojas, Rosa Maria. 2001. «La formación de palabras desde el punto de vista del contenido en lenguas zapotecas: la modificación y el desarrollo» en Dimensión Antropológica, vol. 21, 2001.
  • Speck, Charles H. 1994. Texmelucan Zapotec verbs.‭ Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session 38: 125-29
  • Speck, Charles H. 1994. The existential use of positional verbs in Texmelucan Zapotec.‭ Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session 38: 75-86.
  • Speck, Charles H. & Velma B. Pickett. 1976. Some properties of the Texmelucan Zapotec verbs go, come, and arrive.‭ International Journal of American Linguistics 42: 58-64.

Синтаксис

  • Benton, Joseph P. 1987. Clause and sentence-level word order and discourse strategy in Chichicapan Zapotec oral narrative discourse. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 72-84.
  • Benton, Joseph P. 1997. Aspect shift in Chichicapan Zapotec narrative discourse. SIL Mexico Workpapers 12: 34-46.
  • Hopkins, Mary L. 1995. «Narrative peak in Xanaguía Zapotec.» SIL Mexico Workpapers 11: 17-36.
  • Kreikebaum, Wolfram. 1987. Fronting and related features in Santo Domingo Albarradas Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 33-71.
  • Long, Rebecca. 1985. Topicalization in Zoogocho Zapotec expository discourse.‭ SIL Mexico Workpapers 7: 61-100.
  • Lyman, Rosemary. 1977. Participant identification in Choapan Zapotec. ‭Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota 21: 115-31.
  • (de) Martinez, Valerie. 1995. Who’s who in Quiatoni Zapotec narratives. SIL Mexico Workpapers 11: 37-46.
  • Newberg, Ronald. 1987. Participant accessibility in Yalálag Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 12-25.
  • Olive, Julie Nan. 1995. Speech verbs in Xanaguía Zapotec narrative. SIL Mexico Workpapers 11: 47-52.
  • Piper, Michael J. 1995. The functions of ‘lëë’ in Xanica Zapotec narrative discourse with some implications for comparative Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 11: 67-78.
  • Riggs, David B. 1987. Paragraph analysis for Amatlán Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 1-11.
  • Thiessen, Grace. 1987. The functions of the clitic -ha in Western Ixtlán Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 85-100.
  • Ward, Michael. 1987. A focus particle in Quioquitani Zapotec. SIL Mexico Workpapers 9: 26-32.

Разное

  • Broadwell, George A. 2005. Zapotecan languages. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd edition. Elsevier.
  • Butler, Inez M. 1985. «Event prominence in Zoogocho Zapotec narrative discourse.‭» SIL Mexico Workpapers 7: 16-60.
  • Lopez, Felipe H., and Pamela Munro . 1998. The United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights translated into San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec.
  • Lopez, Felipe H., and Pamela Munro . 1999. «Zapotec Immigration: The San Lucas Quiaviní Experience». Aztlan. 24, 1: 129—149.
  • Munro, Pamela . 1996. «Making a Zapotec Dictionary». Dictionaries 17: 131-55.
  • Munro, Pamela . 2003. «Preserving the Language of the Valley Zapotecs: The Orthography Question.» Presented at Language and Immigration in France and the United States: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. University of Texas. Available online at .
  • Nellis, Jane G. 1947. Sierra Zapotec forms of address, International Journal of American Linguistics 13: 231-32.
  • Persons, Jan A. 1997. High pitch as a mark of respect in Lachixío Zapotec. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota 41: 59-60. [Online: ]
  • Robinson, Dow F. 1963. Field notes on Coatlán Zapotec.‭ Hartford, CN: Hartford Seminary Foundation.

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