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article title for Великая депрессия on wafarin.com

Interested Article - Великая депрессия

???????? ?????????? ( ????. Great Depression) — ??????? ????????????? ?????? , ?????????? 24 ??????? 1929 ???? ? ????????? ????? ? ??? ? ?????????????? ?? 1939 ???? (???????? ????? ? 1929 ?? 1933 ??? ) . 1930-? ???? ? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????.

??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? , ?????? , ?????????????? , ???????? ? ??????? , ?? ????????? ? ? ?????? ????????????. ? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????, ? ???? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????????. ??-?? ?????????? ??????, ???? ?? ???????????????????? ????????? ????? ?? 40—60 %.

? ??????? ????????????? ?????? «??????? ?????????» ????? ????????????? ???? ? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ? ???. ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? . ?? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ? ????????????? .

???????????: 1920-? ????

« ??????? ????????? »: ?. ?????? ??????? ????????? (1926)

?????? ?????? XX ???? ???????????????? ????? ????? «?????????? ???????» ? ??????? ??? ? ????????????, ? ?????. ?????? ??????? ????? , ???????? ?????????? , ??????? ?????????? , ??????? ??????????? , ???? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????, ????????? ????? ?????????? — ????????????? , ??????????? , ????? ? ???? — ?????? ? ?????? ??????????? ????????? — ?????? ??? « ????? ????? », ???????? ??? ???????????? , ??????????? ????????? ? ??????????? (??????? ????????????? ????? ??? ?????? ) — ???????? ????????? ????? ????? . ? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? , ??? ? ??????? ???????????????? ???????????? .

??????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ? ????????????? ?????? ??? ?????????, ??? ?????-???? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ??????. ????????? ??? ??????? ????? , 11 ??????? 1928

??????????

??????? ?????????, ????????????? ? ??????? ? 1920-? ?????, ??? ????????????, ? ???????????? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? «????????????» . ????????? ??? ? 1890 ???? — 62 ???????? ??????? — ????? ?????????. ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????, ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ? ????????? «????????????» ???????? ????? ? ????????? ?????? . ? ??????? ???? ???????????, ? ???????? ????? ???-???? , ? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ; ??????????? ???????????? ??????; ??????????? ???????-?????????; ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????-???????; ????? ???? ????????? ?????? , ? ???????? ?? ????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? , ??????? ? ????? ; ??????????? ????????, ??????????????? ?????????; ??????? ????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ?????? , ? ????????, ????????????; ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? — ?????????, ????????????, ????????? ? ?????? — ?? ??????? , ???????? , ?????? , ???????? ? ?????????? . ????????????? ????? ? ?????? XX ???? ???? ????????? ??????, ??? ?? 123 ????????? ???????????, ?????????????????? ? ???? ???????? 1930 ???? , ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ? ???, ? ??? ? 20 % ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? .

???????? ????????? ? ???-???? (1902)

?????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????, ?? ???? ????? ???????????? ?? ??? — ? ???????????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ? ???????????? ???? ?? ??????-??????? ?????? . ? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????????, ? ??????????? ??????????? ?? «?? ?????? ? ?????» (« ??????? » ??? ?????????? ?????? ? 1890) ? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ? ???????; ??? ?????????? ?? ?? ??????????? ??????, ? ? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ???????. ? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ? «???????????? ????????? », ????????????? ? ??????????????? ?????- ?????????????? «????» ???????? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ?? 2,7 ????????? ??????? ?????? 1920-? ????? ???????? ?? ? ???; ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????, ? ??? 125 ????? — ??????? . ?????? ???-????? ? ?? ???? ???????? ?? 37 ??????, ? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???-??????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? .

??????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ??????? , ??? ??? ??????????, ???????? ??????????, ??? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????????, ??? ? ????? ????????????. ?????? ????????? ? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ????? ? ????, ? ??? ????????? ???? ? ???????. ????????? ????????, « ????????? ?????? » ? « ????????? ?????? » ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????, ???????? ??? ???? ??????????? ????: ??????????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ??????; ??? ?????? ??????? ? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????????????; ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????????, ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? . ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ; ?? ???? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ??????, ? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????. ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????????? , ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ? ?????? ??????????? «?????? ????» .

??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????: ?????????? ? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????, ??????? ????? ????? — ??? ???????, ??? ??? ?????????????????????? ???? ? ??????? ?????????????? , ??????? ???????????? ??? ? ????????????? . ????????????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ? ????????, ??? ???????? ??? «???????» ???????????? ??????????????????, ??? ? ???? ??????????? ? ???????????? ????? ? ?????. ?????? ?? ??? ???????????? ?? ??????: ????? ????? ??????? , ???????? ? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????? , ??? ? ????? ???????? ??????????; ????? ???????? ??????, ???????, ????? ? ?????? ????? ???????????? ? ?????? ???? .

?????? ??????????, ?????????? ? ???, ?????????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?? ??????. ????? ?????????????, ??????? ???????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????, ??????? ???????? ????????????: ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ? ??? ?? ???? ????????. ??????????? ??-?????-????? ? 1915 ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????????????? ??????? ?? «??????»: «???????? ?????» ?????? ?????? ?? ???????, ? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????. ? ?????? 1920-? ????? ????, ????????????, ??? ? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????, ??????????? ? ???????? ???? ??????: ??????? ? ?????? . ? 1929 ???? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????????? ? ???????????????? . ???????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????? ? ??????. ? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? «?????????????????» .

??????? ????????????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? (???????, ???????? , 1942)

????? ? ???????. ???????????????????? ??????

«???????? ????????? ? ????? ? ????? , ?????? ? ????????? ? ?????? ? ??????? », ????????? ? ???????????? ???????????? ??????, ????????????? ? ??????-????????? ????????? ??????. ? 1920 ????, ??????? ? ???????, ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????; ? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????? 6 ????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ? ??????. ??? ???? ????? 20 % ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????? ? ? 1920-?; 44 % ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ? ? 1930 ????. ????? ????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????? — ??? ?? ????????? ????????? ? ?????????, ??? ? ?? ????????????? ????????????????? ? ?????? ????? .

?? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ? 50 ????????? ??????????? ???? ? ???, ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? «???????? ?????? ?? ???????» — ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????????? ??????. ? 1930 ???? ????? 45 ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ? ??????????? , ? ????? ?? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ? ?????????????. ??????? ???????, ???????? ???? ? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ????; ???????? ???????????? ????????? (????????, ????????????? ???? ) ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????. ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ????? XIX ???? ????? «??????? ???????????? ????????» (??. ), ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ? 1908 ???? «???????? ?? ??????????? ?????» ( ????. Commission on Country Life) ?? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? .

? 1920-? ????? ?????????? ???????????????????? ????????? — ??????? ??????? ????? ? ??????????????? ????????? — ??????? ????????? ???????? ????. ? ??????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ? ??????? 1914 ????, ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?? ??????? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????????? ??????, ??? ? ??????????? (????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????, ? ??????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ). ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????? ????? ? ??????? ???? ??????????? ? ???? ???, ?? 85 ????? ????. ? ???????????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ? ? ????? 1920-? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????. ? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ? ????? , ??? ??????????? ??? ? ????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ??? 30 ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? .

??????? Fordson (1920)

??? ????, ????? ????????? ?? ?????? 1918 ???? , ??????? ???????????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ????????? ????????? ????????? , ? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ? ????????? ????????? ?????????. ???? ?? ?? ????????? ????? ?????: ?????? ???? ? ???????? ????????? ? 35 ?????? ?? ???? ?? 16 ?????? ? 1920 ????; ???????? ????? ? 1,50 ???????? ?? ?????? ?? 52 ??????; ?????? ????? ? ????? 60 ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? 20 ??????. ???? ???? ????? 1921 ???? ????????? ???????????, ??? ?? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? . ???????????? ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ??? ? ????? ? ????????????????? , ??? ? ? ????? ? ???????, ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ????? ????????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????????; ????????? ? ??????????? ??????? (??. ????????? « ??????? ??? »).

???????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? 1920-? ????. ????? ???? ??? ???????????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ?????, ??????????? ????????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????: ???? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????? ???????????? , ??????????, ??????, ?????? ????????????? ??????????. ? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????, ? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????????? ???????-??????? (??. ). ???????????? ???????????, ??? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ?? «??????????? ????????? ?????????» ??? ???????? ???????????????????? ?????????, ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? «?????????????» ?? ?????????? ?????? .

????????? ??????? ????? ???????, ??? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????: ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ????????????????????? ???????. ? 1929 ???? ????? ????? «????? ? ???????????????????? ?????????? » ( ), ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? «???????????????? ??????????», ????????????? ?????????????? ? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????? ? ?????, ????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???. ?? ????? ???????????????????? ????????? 1920-? ????? «???????» ? ????? ?????????? 1930-?, ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????????? ????????, ??? ? ?????????? ????????. ? ??????? ??????? ????????? ? ??? ???? «??????» ?????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? .

????????? ???????????????????? ????? ( ??????? , 1923)

????? ????? ???. ??????????????.

?? ??? ? 1920-? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????: ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ? 1920 ???? ??????????? «??????????» — ??????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????, ? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ??? ??????? 2500 ???????. ?????? «?? ???????? ?? ?????? » ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ??? 1870-? ????? . ?????? ???????????????? ????????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????: ????? ?????? ? ???????? ???? ???????????? ???????? — ??????, ????? , ??? ? ???????? ???????? — ? ?????????????? ????? ? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????????. ??? ? ? XIX ????, ??????? ???????????? ?????????? «???????????» ?? ????? ??????? .

? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????. ? 1925 ????, ? ???????????? ??????????, ???????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????: ? ?????? ?????????????? (? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? , ??????? ???? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????????????? ???? ) ??????????????? ???????????? ??? ????????. ? ?????, ? ????? 1920-? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????? ????? , ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????-??????? ? ??????? ?????? (? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???? ). ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ? ????????????????????? ?????, ?? ????????????? ??????? ? ? ??????????? ??????????; ???????? ????? ? ???????????? ??????????? — ? 1928 ???? ????????? ????????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????????? ??????????, ????????? ? ???????? (? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ? ??????) .

??? ?? ?????, ? 1930 ???? ????? 80 % ???????????? ?????? ??-???????? ???? ?? ???, ??? ?????????? «???????????????» ???????????? ??????? ????? ???? , «????????? ???????????? ? 1930-? ?????»: ? ? 1940 ???? ? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????? 5 % ???????? ??????????????? ???? ???????????????? ??? ???????????. ?????????? ? ????????????? ?????????? — ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????????????? ? ?????????? ????????, ????????? ???????? ??????????, ????????? ?????? ? ????? — ????????????. ???????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? .

????? ???????, ?????????? ??? «???????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ? ???????, ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?????». ??? ????????? , ??????? ???????, ??????????, ??? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ????, ??? ??? ????? ????? ? 1930 ???? ? ??? ??????? ????????????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????, ??? ? ????? (45 ??? ?????? 60). ????? ??????? ??????????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ???????; ????????????, ????? ?????? ???, ????????? «????? ??????? ????????? — ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????» .

?????????? Ford « Model T » (1915)

????????? ?????. ??????????

??? ???????????, ??? ??????? ????? ? ??? ? ??????, ??? ??????????, ??? ? ??????? ????????, ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????, ???-?? ???????. ????? ??????? ? ????? ? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? , ???????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? , ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ? ????????? . ????? ???????????????? ??????? — ????? ??? « Time », ??????? ???????? ? 1923 ????, «American Mercury» ??????????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ? 1924 ? « New Yorker », ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? 1925 ??? — ??????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? «??????????» ????? ( ????. caviar sophisticates); ??? ????????????????? ? ????? ?????????? ????, ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????. ?? ?????? ???????, ????????? ??????? ???? ???????, ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????, ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? .

?????? ??? ???????????? ? ????????? 1920-? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ?????: ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?? ?????? ????????? «??????????» ????? ???????? ? ????????? ????????. ??? ?????? «??????? ?????????? ?????????» ??????? «??????????? ?????????» ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????????????????? ? ???????????? ????????? ??????: ???? ??? ????? ????????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ????, ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? — ? ?? ????? ??? ? 1930 ???? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 50 % ?????? ?????????, ??? ? 1900, ????? ????????????? ???????????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ? 4 ???? .

????????-??????? ? 1932 ????

?????????????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? 50 % — ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ? ????????????? ???????? (??. ???????? ). ? 1929 ???? ??? 70 % ???????????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ? ??????????????, ??????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ?? ???????? ??????????????? ; ????? ????????????? ????? ????? ????????????????? ? ?????? , ???????? ? ?????????? . ? 1925 ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????? Ford «Model T» ?????? ? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? — ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ????? .

?????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ? ???????????? (??? ???? ????????) ?????? ?? ???????????? ???????????????????? ?????????. ??????, ??????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????. « ????????????? ????????? » ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????????: ???? ? ?????? XX ???? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ???????????? ??????????, ?? ????? ??? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??? 10 % ????????????? ?????? — ? ?????????????????? ???? ?????? ????? 4 ????????? ???????. ???? ?????????? 1900 ???? ??? «???????? ??? ???????» — ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? 4 ????? ??????????? ? ??? — ?? ? 1929 ???? «??????? ??????????» ????????? ??? ????? ??? 26 ?????????? ?????, ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????. ??? ????????, ???, ????????????, ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??????. ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????. ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????, ????????? ??? « ??????? », ????????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ?? ??????????: ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????????????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????, ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? .

?? ??? ? ?? ???? ???? ???????, ??? ? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ???? ? ???? ???????: ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????. ?? ???????? ?????????????? 1920-? ????? ?????????????? ?????????????????: ??????? ?????? «??????????» ?????????? ???????? . ???? ?????? « ?????????? » ? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ? ???. ? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????????. ? ????????????? ??????????????, ?????? «????????», ????? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????. ??? ????????????? ?????????? « General Motors » ? 1926 ???? ???????, ??? «??????? ?????????????, ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ? ???????»; ?? ???????, ??? ?????? ??????? «????????? ?????, ? ???????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ? ????????? ??????, ? ????? — ? ????????? ??????????? ?????». ?? ?????? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ????? «????» ?????????, ??? ???????????? ???????????, ????? ?????? ??????? «????????» .

????????? ?????? «??????? ???????, ????? ?????» (1924)

? ????? 1920-? ????? ????? ????????, ??? ????????????????? (????)???????? ????????? ?? ?????????????????? ?????. ??????????????? ?????? ??? «??????? ? ?????????» ( ????. installment buying), ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? «General Motors» ??? ? 1919 ???? — ? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? «General Motors Acceptance Corporation». ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????, ????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ? ?????? ???????. «????????» ???? ????? ???????, ??????? ? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? 1920-? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????????, ??? ??????? «????????????? ??????» ???? ??? ??????????. ???? ?????? ????? «General Motors» ???????? ??????? ????? 20 ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? — ? ??????? ??????? ? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????. ???? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ????, ??? ??? ????? (??????????) ?????? ??? ????????????? ????????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? — ? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? — ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????, ???? ?????????? .

??????????? ??? ??????????, ??????????? ? ???????????? ???????, ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ???????, ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ? ?? ????? ??? ? 1920-? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????, ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????. ? 1928 ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????????????????? ??????? ? 4 ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ??? ????????? ??????? «???????????» ????? ?????? ????????: ? ??? ???? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????-???? ??????, ? ??? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????? « ??????? ????????? » — ?? ?????? ????????????, ?? ? ?????????? , ??????????? ????????? , ?????????????? , ?????????? ?? ????????????? ?????? , ?????????? , ???????????? (????? 1927 ???? ???????? ????????? ) ? ?????. ????, ??????????? ? ????????????????????? ???????? ?????????, ? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? .

???????? ???????

? 1930 ???? ? ??? ???????? 38 ????????? ?????? ? 10 ????????? ??????: ? ???? ? 1910 ???? ???????????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????, ?? ? 1920 ????? ?????????? ? ?????????????? ?????????????? ? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????????. ????????????, ???? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????????? ???????? ? ?????????????????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ? ?????? ????, ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ? 48 ?????. ????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????: ?? ??? «????????????» ? ????????? ???? ? ?????? ??? ???????????????? ? ??????? ????? ????????. ??? ???? ? 1923 ???? ?????????? «United States Steel Corporation» «????????» ?????????? ?? 12-???????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???????????????? ???????. ??????????? «????????» ??? ?? ???? ?????????, ? ??????? ?? «???????????? ???????» ???? ??????????? ????????? ??????? — ??? ? ????? ?????????, ??? «????? ?? ?????? » .

???? ?? ????????????? ????, ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????????????? ????? ? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????????, ????? ? ????????? ???????????, ???????????? ??? ??????????????, ??? ? ????????? — ??????? ? ??????. ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????, ????????? ? «?????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????, [???????] ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????????? ????? ?? ???? ????????????????????? ? ??????????????????? — ?, ????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????????????????? ????????, ????, ?? ?????, ?? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ????????». ?????????? ? ???????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ??? ?????????: ? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ??????? (?? ????, ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????? ? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????); ? ?????? ???????, ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? «?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????» ? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ? ???????. ?????????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????????, ????????? ? ???????? ?????????????, ???? ???????? ?????????: ? 1923 ?? 1928 ??? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ?????? ???????? ???????? 10 % .

? ???????????? ????????? ???? ? ?????????? ???????????: ? ????????????, ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? (???? ??????? ), ???????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ?????? ??????? ????????? — ??? ??????, ??? ? ?????????? . ????????????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ????????, ?? ???????? ??????????? « ??????? ????? » ?? «?????? ?????», ???? ????????????? ? ?????????? ???????????????, ????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ?????????? ????? ?????. ??????-????? ??? «??????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????????» ? ???????????????, ? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????. ?????????? ???????? ? ??????????????? ???? ??????? (????????????) ??????????????? ?????????????? ? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? «???????» — ? ??????? ????, ???, ????????, ????? . ?? ????? ?????????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????, ??????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????????? «???????»: ? ??? ???? « ??????? », ? ?? «??????». ?????????? ????? ??????????? «???????» ??????? ??????????: ?????? ??? ????????? ? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ???????????, ???????? ? ? ???????????? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? , «???????» ?? ????? ??????????? ? ???????? ????????????. ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ? ???, ??? ????????????? ???????? «?????, ? ???????, ???????, ??? ?? ??????????, ?? ????????» — ???? ??? ???????????? ? ???????? ???????????? ?????, ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ?, ??? ?????????, ???????????? « ?????????? ????? ?????» .

? 1920-? ???? ???? ???????? ???????????? ? ?? ???? ????????????? (?? ?? ?????? ??????, ?? ???????????) ?? ????????????? ?????-???? ????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???????????. ? ? 1929 ???? ???????????? ????????? ????? (AFL) ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? — ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ????????? ? ???? ??????????? ?????. ????? AFL ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ??? « ???????????????? » ????, ???????????? ? ???. ???????????? ?????? ? ???????? ? ?????????? : ? ???????? ????????? ? 5 ????????? ??? ????? ?? 3,5 ? 1929 ???? .

???? ????????? AFL, ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ? ???????????? ?????????? «??????????? ??????? » ????????????? , ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?????????. ??????? ???? ??????????????? «??????? ????????????», ??????????? ??????? ? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ??????????????????? ??????. ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????: ????????????????? ???????, ??? ???????, ???? ?????? ????????????, ??????????? ? ???, ? ??????????????????? — ???????????? ?? ?????? ? ???????????? ??? . ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ????????? (??. ), ? ? 1917 ???? ????????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? (??. ???? «Hitchman Coal & Coke Co. v. Mitchell»). ?????? ? 1932 ???? ?? ?????? ???????-???????? ( ) ??????????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????, ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ???????? .

? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????? — ??? ???????, ??????? ? «???????????????» — ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????, ???????? « ?????? ????????? » ? ????????? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ???????????. ???????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?????, ??????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ?????. ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ? ????? ? ??????????, ??? ????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??; ????? ????????? ?????????, «????????» ????????????? ????? ???????????? .

?????? «??? ???????? ????? ????????» (????? 1914)

??????? ? ????. ???????????

?????? ????????? ??????, ?????????? ?????????? ????? ? 1929 ????, ?????????????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????????: ???????????? , ???????????? ??????, ?????? ?? ????????? ? ??????????? ???????????? . ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ? ????????? ???, ? ??? ????? ? ??????????? ??????: ???? ? 1900 ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? 18 % ??????????, ?? ? 1930 ???? ?? ???? ??? 22 %; ? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????. ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ? ?????? 25 ??? (??. ???????? ); ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???????????? ?? ????? ?????, ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????. ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????; ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????? — ???????? ? ????? ????? ????????? (??. ????????? ). ????????????? ???????? ? ??????????? ??? , ???????? ? ????? ????????????? ??????? 1920 ????, ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? .

????????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????????: ? ?? ????? ??? ? 1890 ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ?? 10 ?? 15 ???, ? 1930 ???? ???????? ?????? 1 ????????? ?? 20. ????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????????? ?????????????, ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ? ??????. ? 1920-? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ??? ??????????? ???????????: ? 1900 ???? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????? — ??? ???? «?????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????, ??????? ?????-???? ????????????? ????????????? ???» .

????? ? ??????. ????????? ? ?????????????

??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????, ??????? ??????????? , ? ???????? ????? ?? ????????????? ?????? — ??? ? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ? ????????? ?????. ??? ?????????, ????????????? ?????? ? 1920-? ????? ????? ???????? ? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????, ???????????? ????????????????? — ??? ???????????? ????????, ????????????? ?????????? ???????. ??????, ?????????? ???????, ? ????????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????, ??????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????: ? 1929 ???? ????????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ??????? 15 % ????????????? ??????, ??? ???? ? ??? ???? ??????, ??? ? 1914. ??????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ???????????? ???????: ?????? ? ????????????? «?????????????? ???????», ????????? ??????????????? ??????? , ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ? ?????????????? ??????????????? «?????????? ???????????????? », ?? ? ? ??????? ??????????? .

??????????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? — ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????, ? ?? ???????????? ??????, ????????? ? ???? ??????? ????? (????? 24 ?????????? ????????, ??? ???? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ). ??????? ????????? ?? ???????????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????????? ????????, ???????? ????? ???????????? ???????. ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????, ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???. ??????? ?? ????? ? 139 000 ??????? ? ??????-??????? ???? ?? 96 000 ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? .

???? ?? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????????????, ??????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????? ? ????? ???????????? ????? ? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ???????. — ????????? ??? ?????? ??????

???????????????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ? ????? ??????????? 1920-? ????? ??????? ? ????, ??? ??????????? ??????? «?? ?????????????» ?????????? ?? ????????????? ???????: ???? ????? ???? 50 % ??? ?? ??????? 1920 ????. ??????????? ??????????? ????? XIX — ?????? XX ???? ???? ??????????????? — ? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????????, ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ??????, ?????????? ?????? ???????????, ??????????????? ? ??????-????????? ??????? — ????? ??? ?????? ? ???-???? — ????? ???????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ? ?? ??????. ????? ????, ????? ???????? ? ???, ??????????? ? ????????? , ??????? ? ????? , ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? .

??????????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????: ??????????? ??????, ????????????? ?????, ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????; ?? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????, ??????? ??? ????????? ? « ?????? ?????? », ??? ? ? ???? ??????????. ? 1924 ???? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ? ?????????? — ????? ?????? — ????? ? ?????????? 103 ?????? ??????????? .

? ?? ?????????? ?? ? ????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????. ? ???????? . — ????? ???? ???????

??????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ? 1928 ???? ???? «???????? ??????????? ?????????? » ?????? ???????? ?????, «??????? ????????? ????????????? ????????». ?????? ??????? ???? «????????? ??»: ?? ??????? ????????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????????. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??? — ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????????, ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? . ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ? ?????? XX ????, ? 1920-? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ???????, ???? ??? ?? ?????? (???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ) ? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????, ???????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ? ????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? — ?? «?????????? ???????????? ??? „ laissez-faire “» .

?? ? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ( ) ? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? . ??? ? 1922 ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????-?????????? ( ), ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? «???????????????» ??????. ???????? ? ??? ??????? ??????????????????? — ? ?????????, ?? ???? ???????? — ? ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????. ??????? ? Teapot Dome ? Elk Hills ?????? ? ????, ??? ? 1923 ???? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ????????????? ????????????? — ??????? ?????????? ??? Albert Bacon Fall — ?????????? ? ??????, ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? .

???????, ??????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ????; ???????, ??????? ???????? ?? ???????, ? ??? ???????????. — ????????? ??????

« ???????????? ? ???????????????» ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ? 1920-? ????. ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? — ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????????. ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ????????? «???????????» ?????? ????????? ?????; ?? ????? ????????????? ? ??????? ?? ???????????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ???????, ????????????? ???????????? . «?? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ? ?????????????????», — ??????????????? ?????? ???????? 4 ??????? 1928 ????, ? ????? ????????? ???????? ? ????????? ??? ? ?????? .

«?????????? ?????? ???????????????» ? 1928 ???? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????????: ?????? ??????????? « ?????? » ????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????, ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ? 1925 ????. ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????? ? ???????? 1926 ???? . ? ??????????, ????? ?????????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ? 1925 ???? ?? 143 ????????? ???????? (1928). ????? ????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ? 1928 ????: ? ???????? ???? 1929 ???? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ????, ???????? 2 ????????? ???????? .

????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????-?????

???????? ???? ? 1929

??, ??? ???????????? ????????? ????? ??????? «?????? ???????? ?????????? » ( ????. orgy of mad speculation), ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ? 1927 ????. ???????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ???????, ????? ????? ? ????????? ???????? ? ?????????? «???????????????? ??????» ? ???????? ??????? ? ?????; ?? ? 1928 ???? ???????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????????. ? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????, ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????. ????? « Radio Corporation of America » (RCA), ????????????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????, ?????????? ? ??????? ????? .

???????? «????????? ?????»

?? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????, ??? «????????, ??? ????-????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????» . ????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ?? ?????????????? ??????????, ???? ? ????? ??? ???? ???????????????, ? ?? ??????? — ??????. ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????????: ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ?? 1920-? ???? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ? ?????? ? ????????????, ? ??? ???????????? ????? («?????????? ?? ???????? ?????»). ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? , ????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????: ? 1929 ???? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ? ??? ?????????? ? ????????????, ??? ??? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? . ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??? (???) ????????????? «?????????» ????? ????????????, ??????? ? 1927 ???? ?????? ???????? ?? 3,5 % ? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ?????? ????? .

???????? «????????? ?????» ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ???-????? ?????????? ??????? : ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????, ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ? 1925 ???? — ? ???????? ???????? ? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? 4,86 ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? . ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????????????? ? ???????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? . ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???????, ????? «???????????» ?????? ?? ??????? ? ???-???? — ? ??? ????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????, ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ???????, ??????????? ?????????, ??? ??????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ? ??????, ? ?? ? ??? .

???????????? ????? ?????, ??????????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????, ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????, ? ????????? ????? ???????? : ??? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ( ????. call loan). ? ???????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????? (??????, ?? 10 ?? 50 %). ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????, ?? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????????, ??????????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????. ? ?????????? ?????-????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??? 3,5 % ? ?????????? ?? ?? ?????, ??????? 10 % ? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ??????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????: ? 1929 ???? ?? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????; ??? « Standard Oil of New Jersey » ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? 69 ????????? ????????, ? « Electric Bond and Share » — ?? ????? ??? 100 ????????? .

?? ??????, ???????????? ???????? ??????????? — ??? ???????????; ??? ????????? ?????. — ????????? ?????

?? ?????? ?? 2001 ???, ?? ?????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? «?????», ??? ??????? «?????» ????????? ????? 1929 ????. ??? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? «?????????????» ??????????? ????????? ???????, ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????????? ?????; ??????, ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????, ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? «???????» ? ??????????????? ?????????, ???????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? .

?????? ?????????

?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ????????? ? ???????? 1929 ????: ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????????, ??? ? ?????? ??????????????. ?????, ? ????? 23 ???????, ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????: ?? ???? ????? ??? 6 ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ? ????, ? ????????????? ????? ????? ?? 4 ????????? ????????. ?? ????? ???????? «????????», ????????? ???? ???????????? ?? ???-????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? , ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????. ? «?????? ???????», 24 ???????, ????? ???????? ?????? ????????; ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? 12 894 650 ?????; ? ??????? ?????? ???????? 9 ?????????? ????????. ??? ?? ?????, ????? ???? ??????????, ?? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????. ? ????????? ???????, 29 ???????, ???? ??????? ??? 16 410 000 ????? (?????? ?????? ??????????? 39 ???); «?????? ???????» ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???. ? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ?? ???????? 26 ?????????? ???????? — ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ? ???????? .

????? ????? ? ?????????

? ?????????? «?????????????» ??????? ????? ?????? 1929 ???? ????? «????????? ??????????? ?????????? »: ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ???????????? ? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? . ??????, ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? 1929 ????, ?? ?????? ?? 2001, ?? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ????????-???????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ????????????? ?????????? — ????? ?? ?????????????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ?? ????????????? ???????, ? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????; ????????? ?????? ??????????, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????? ????????? :

…??????? ????????-???????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? 1929 ???? ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???????????? ??????. — ????????? ?????? ??????, 1968

25 ??????? 1929 ???? ????? ??????, ??? «???????? ?????? ??????, ?? ???? ???????????? ? ????????????? ???????, ????????? ?? ??????? ? ???????????? ??????». ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? , ???? ? ????????????? ??? ? ???????? ?????? ???????? — ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ? ???????? ???? 1929 ????, ? ? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????, ??? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ????? . «????????????» ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????, ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ????????????? ?? ????????? : ? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ???? ???????, ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? .

? ?????????, ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????, ??? «?????? ???????» ??? ??????????????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ?????????????. ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? «???????????? ??????????» ? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ? ???????? ? ??????????????; ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? (???) ? ??????? 1929 ???? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ? ???? ?????????? ????. ? ?????? 1930 ???? ?????? « New York Times » ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? 1929 ???? ?? ??????? ?????, ? ?????????? ???????? ????? (?????) ?? ????? ????? (??. ) . ? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????????: ? ?????? 1930 ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????????? ????? 20 % ?? ????? ??????? ??????. ? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????-?????, ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????????????? .

???????????? ????? ? ???????? ???? ? ????? ??? ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????????????? ???????? ????????????? « ??????????????? ???? » ????????? ?????? ?????? «?????? ?????» (1931). ? ????? ?????????? ????? «????????» ?????????? ?????? ?????????? — ?????????, ???????? ????, ???????????? , ????????? ? ?????????? — ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ? «??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????????». ?????, ????????, ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???-???????? ???????? ????? ?? 1929 ???? — ???????? ??? ??????, ????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??????????, ??? ??? ????? — ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ??????????? — ???? ?????? ????????????. ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? , ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????????? — ?? ???? ????? 2,5 % ????????? — ??????? ??????? ???????? ? 1928 ????; ?????????? ????? ???????? ? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ? 1929 — 1 548 707 . ????????? ? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? , ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? 26 ??? — ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????????. ??????, ?????? ???????? ???? 1929 ???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????????? .

??????

??????? ? ??????

??????????? ?????????? ??????, ???????????? 4 ????? 1929 ????, ?????? ? ??? ? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? — ????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????????, ??????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? , ??????? ??????? ?? «???????????» ??????. 15 ?????? ????? ??????, ??? ?? ????????? ???????????? McNary-Haugen Farm Relief Bill: ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????, ????????? «????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ?????????» .

????? ????? ??? ??????, 15 ????, ????????? ???????? ????? «Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929», ????????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? (Federal Farm Board) ? ????????? ? 500 ????????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????????????????? ???????????? ? ???????????????? ??????????????????. ?? ?????, ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ????? — ?????? ?????, ?????? ? ?????? — ????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????; ? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ???????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ?? ?????? ??????? ? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??, ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ? ???? ???????????? ???????????????, ?? ?????? ???, ?????? ? ?????????? ??????? .

?????? ????? ???????? ? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? — ???????, ??????????????, ??? ????????????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ? ??? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????????????. ????? ??????, ???? ????????????? ?? ??????????? ? ???, ????? «??????????? ? ????????????» ???????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? — ???, ?? ??????, ???? ?????? ????? ? ??????? . ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????: ??? ? 1921 ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ?? ???????????, ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ? ?????? (? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ); ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?? 12-???????? ???????? ???, ?? ???????? ? ??????????? ???????????????? .

? ??????? ?????? [?????] ?????????? ??????? ???????; ? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ???? ??? ???????????????? ???????; ??? ????? ????? ? ?????. ?????? ???????

? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ? ???: ???????? ?? ??, ??? ????? ? ??????? 1922 ???? (Fordney-McCumber Tariff) ??? ?????? ? ????, ??? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ???????, ? 1928 ???? ????????????? ? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????. ????? ?????????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????, ??????????? ??? ??? ???????????? ?????? ????????????????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????????, ??? ? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????, ??????? ????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ?? 50 % («?????? ?????»). ??, ??? ???????-????????????? ?????? ?. ?????? ?????? «?????????? ???????? ???????», ????? ??????? ????? — ????? ? ?????? ? 1930 ???? .

???????? ??? ? ????????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ??????: ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? «?????? ??????» ( ????. beggar-thy-neighbor). ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? , ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ?? ????????????; ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????, ??? «???? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ??????, ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ( ????. asinine) ????????? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????». ? ???? 1930 ???? ????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? «?????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ? ????????». ? ?? ?? ?????, ??????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? — ? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? «??????????» ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ? ??????? 1929 ????: ?? ?????? New York Times , «????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????; ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??, ??????? ?????? ??» .

????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????

?????????????? ????????????? ?????? 1920-? ????? ??????????, ??? ????? ? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? . ? ??????? «??????? ?????????» ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?? ????????????? ? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ????????? — ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???, ? ?????????, ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? , ?????????? ???? ???? ? 1921 ???? ? ??????????, ??? ? ???? ??????? «???? ?????? ???????? ????????, ????? ????? ???????????? ?????». ??????????? ???????? «???????????????» ( laissez-faire ), ??????? ????????? ?????? ?. ?????? (William Trufant Foster) ???????? ??????? «???????? ?????» (?? ????. lazy fairies), ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ?? ????? — ???? ????? ? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? .

????????? ???????, ??? ??????????? ????????????? «?????? ???????????? ???? ??????????, ????? ???????? ????????… ?????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????, ??????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ??????, ? ????? — ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ? ????????». ??????-?????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ? 1929 ???? — ????????, «? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????, ??? ????????? ???? ??????, ??? ???????, ????????? ????», ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ????? .

????????? ? ???? ???????????? ???????? ????? «?????????????, ?????????? ???????», ????? ?????????? ?? ?????????, ????? « ??????? ????? » ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ? ?????. ?? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ? ????????? — ???????????? ???????? ?? ????????????? ? ??? «???????? ?????????????? ? ????????». ??????? ? 19 ?????? 1929 ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????, ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? , ??????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ? ???????????? ????? : ? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? «??????????? ?????????? ?????????» ?? ??????????? ? ???????????????? ???????????? ????????? ? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ?? ??????? .

????? ???? ?? ???????????? ???????. 5 ??????? 1929 ???? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? «???????? ?????» ???????? ???? . ???????, ??? ?????? ??????-?????????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? «????????????? ??????????????», ?? ??????, ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????????, ???????????? ??????? ? ?????????????? ??? ??????, ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????. ????? ????, ? ???? ?????? ? ????? ???? ????????????? ????? ?? ??????? ? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???????: ??? ??????????? ? ???????? ??????????, ??? «?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? , ? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????». ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? — ??????? ? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ??? «?????????????» .

????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????????????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????, ?????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ???????. ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????, ??? ???????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????: ???????????? ???????? ????? ? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?? ????????????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ??????????. ????? ????, ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ???????, ????????? «?????????? ?????????? ?????????». ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ? ??????? ????? 140 ????????? ???????? .

? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ?????????????? ????? ??????, ??? ?????????? ??????????? ? ????? ???? («??????? ???????») ???????? ???? ?????????????? ????, ??? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ?? ?????????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? , ????????????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? . ??? ??????? ???????, ??? «????????? ???????» ?????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????, ? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???????? «laissez-faire». ??? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ?????? « The New Republic » ?????? ? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? «???? ?????????? ?????????» ? ???? ????? ???????????. ?????????? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? (??????; Herbert Stein), ???????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ??? ? ?????? ????????? ? ??? ????, ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????????? ?????? .

??????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????, ??? ??, ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ? 1929 ????. ????? ????, ?????????? ???? ?????? 1870-? (??. ?????? ????????? ) ? 1890-? ????? (??. ?????? 1893 ???? ) ??? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????????: ? ?? ???? ??? ???????????? ????? ??????????????? ???????????????????? ??????, ???????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? — ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????. ???? 1921 ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????: ?? ??? ????????????, ?? ??????? (??. ). ?? ??????????? ???????, ??????????? ? 1921 ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ? 11,9 % — ??, ??? ????? ????????, ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ???????, ? 1929 ???? «??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????????, ? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? 14 %» .

? 1929 ???? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ????????? 200 ????????? ????????; ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? — ????? ??? ????????? ???????? — ? ????????, ?? ????????????? ??????????????? . ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ? 1929 ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???????????? ??????? ????? 9 ?????????? ????????. ??? ??????????? (???????) ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????: ? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ???????????????? ???????????????? ????????, ?? ??????? ? ?????????? ???????? — ?????? ? 1939 ????, ??? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? , ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ??? 1,5 ?????????. ??? ???????????? ??????? ????????, ??? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????, ???????????? ? ????????????? ??????? ??? ? 1931 ???? ??????, ??? ? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? .

? ????? 1930 ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ????????????; 1 ??? 1930 ????, ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ??? , ????? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????: «? ???????, ??? ?? ?????????? ??????, ? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????». ? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????, ??? «????????? ???????????». ??? ????????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????????????: ? ?????? 1930 ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? 20 % ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????; ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ????????, ?? ?????????? ??????? ? ????? ??????????????? ???????????? — ????? ????????? ? ??????, ?????????? ??????? ???, ???????????? ?????? ?? ??????? 1930 ????; «??????????» ?????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????????, ?? ?? ???????? ???????????? .

????????????? ??????????, ??????, ???? ??????? ???? ??? «???????» ???????, ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????????, ??? ? ??????????? ???????????. ? ????? 1930 ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? 26 355, ? ??????? ???????????? ??????? (???) ???? ?? ??? ?? 12,6 %. ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ? ????????, ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????: ?? ????????? ????????????? ? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? 38 %. ?, ???????? ?? ????????? ?????????, ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? . ??????????? ???????????? ????????, ??? ? 1930 ???? ????? 4 ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? (8,9 %). ??????, ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? 1921 ????: ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? 24 %. ??????????? ?????????, ???????? ??????? ????? ? ??? 1930 ???? ???????????, ??? ?????????? ???????, ????????? «????? ?????????? ????????, ????????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????, ? ????? [?????] ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????????, ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ????????» .

?????? ? ?????????

? ????? 1930 ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????: ?????? ? ????????, ????????? ? ?????? (??. ), ??????? ? ????, ??? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ????? ???????. ??????????? ???? ? ??, ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? (? ??????????? ??? ??????). ???? ??????????????? ?????? ? ???????? 8 ???? ? ?????? — ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? 48 ??????????????, 47 ?????????? ? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? (Farmer-Labor Party) — ?????? ???? ??????????? ????, ?????????, ?? ?????? ??????, «?? ????? ???? ? ??? ???? ?? ????? 40 ????????? ??????????????». ?????????, ?? ??? ??????, «???????????????» ????????? ? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? .

???????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ????: ???? ? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? 217 ????, ?? ? ??????? ??????? ?????????, ? ??????? 1931 ????, ?????? 13 ????????? ?????????????? — ??????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????????????. ?????????, ????? ???????, ??????? ?? 12 ??? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? , ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? «??????? ????» (?????? «?????? ????»). ?????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ? ????????? ????? ????? ?????????: ??????? ??, ??? «??????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ? ???, ??? ? ??? ??????? ????? ???????» .

?????? ?????????, ??? ? ??? ?????? «???? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????, ??? ? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ??????». ????? ???????, ??? — ???? ???????? ????????? ? ???????????? — ?? ?????? ? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??: «??? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ? ???, ????? ??????? [?? ??????] ??????????????». ??????????? ?????????????-??????????, ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????????? ? ????????? ?????????????, ? ?? ???? ???????? ????? « ?????? » ???????, ??? ?????????: ??? ?????????? ? ? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????? ?. ????????? (Joseph Taylor Robinson), ???????? ?? ????????? , ? ? ???????????? ??????, ??????? ?????????????, ?????? ??????????????? ????????????? ????? ??????? . ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????????? ? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? . ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ????????????????? ?????? ? ?????? , ???????, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????? .

?? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???????????, ? 1931—1932 ?????, ??????? ????? ? ???????, ? ?????????, ? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????-???? ????: ???? ??????????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????????????? ???????. ??? ???????-???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????, ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? «???????????? ????? ?????? ? ???????????? ?????????». ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? (Charles Michelson) ??? ??????????? «????????» ?????? ? ?????? : ?????????? «????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????????????» ?? ??????????? ????????? :

? ??????? ? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????????, ??? ???? ? ???? ????????????… ???? ?. ??????

?? ??????????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????, ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??????????????. ?? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ? ????????? ? ???? ?????????????, ???????? ? ??????? ?????? ???????????, ????? ????????? ??? ? ?????????? ? ? ?????????????? ??????????????. ??? ?????? ?????? (George W. Norris) ?? ????? ???????? ??? 1928 ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ???????? ????????? ? ??????????, ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??????. ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????????????? ? ???????????? ???????????????????, ??????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? (??. ??????? ?????? ), ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????: ? ? 1931 ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ???????????? ??????? ? ????????????? ?????????????? ?? ???? ???????? , ? ??????? Muscle Shoals .

?????? ? ??? ??? ???????????????? ? ????????? ??????? ? ????? 1931 ???? ? ?????????? «??????????? ?????????????» (Progressive Conference): ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????????????? ? ????????? ?????????, ??? ? ??????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ???????????. «???????» ?????????? ?????????, ??????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????, ?????????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????, ??? ? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????? (??? ?????????? ???-????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????????, ???? ? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?? ????????). ????? ???????, ??????? ? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ? ?????? ? ????????????? ???????? ?? ? ??????? ???????, ? ? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????? .

???? ?????????? ???????

?????? ?? ????????? ?????? 1930 ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????????, ??? ????????? ??????? ? ????????? ???? ? ??????? ?????. ?? ? ????????? ??? ???? ? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????????? ???????. ???? ? ?????? ?????????????? ???? 1920-? ????? ????? 500 ?????? ???????????? ? ??? ????????; ? 1929 ???? ????? ?????????? ???? 659, ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????. ? 1930 ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??????; ? ? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????????????? ????? 600 ?????? .

???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????????????? ??????? — ?????????, ???????? ?????????????? ? ??????… — ?????

? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????, ??? ? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????????????????; ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? «?????» ????? ???????? ? ????? ?????????? « ???????????? ????? ». ? ?????, ? 1929 ???? ? ??? ????????????? 25 000 ??????, ?????????? ??? 52-?? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????????????. ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????????????????????: ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????, ??? « ?????????? », ???????? ????? ????????? « ??????????? , ?????????? ???? ?????????». ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????, ?? ???????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ??? «???????????? ????» ???????????? ?????????, ???????? ? ????? ???? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ????? ??????. ? ?????, ? 1930 ???? ?????? 751 ???????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? «??????????» ???????????? — ? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ????????. ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???, ???????, ???? ?? ????????????, ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? .

? ? XXI ???? ????????????? ?? ?????? ??????????, ??? ????????? «???????? ?????», ? ??????? «???????» ???????????? ?????????? ???????. ????????, ??? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????? 1930 ???? ? ???????????? ????? ???????? , ??????????????? ? ?????? ????????? — ????? ?????? ???????????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????: ? ???????, ????????? ? ??????? . ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? , ???????? ? ???????? ???????? . ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????????, ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????? ???????. ????????? ????? «????????» ?????? ???????? ??????, ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ? ???????, ????????? ? ?????????????. ?????, ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ????? 1929 ????, ?????? ????????? ??????? — ? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????. ????? ??????, ???? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? , ????????? «??????????» ????????? .

?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????, ? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ????????. ?? 11 ??????? 1930 ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???-???????? ???? «Bank of United States» — ?????? ???? ??????????? ? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????? ; ? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????????, ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ???????. ??? ???????????? ???? ???????, ?????? ? ??????????? ???????????????, ????????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????-????? — ? ???????????, ? ??????? ????? « House of Morgan » ???????????? ? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? .

??????????????? ???????????? «Bank of United States» ????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ? ??????? ???: ? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? 400 000 ???????, ?????????? ? ????? ????? 286 ????????? ????????. ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????, ???? ??????????????? ??????: ???????? ????? ??????? ? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???????????, ??? ? ?????????? ????????????, ??????????, ??? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????. ????????????, ????????????? ??? ???????????? ???????? «???????? ???????» ? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????. ? ?????????? ????? ?????? «????????» ???????? ?? ?????????, ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??, ????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ? ????? .

? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ????, ??????? ?? ???? «Bank of United States» ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????. ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????????????????? ??????????, ?? ???? ???-????????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ????? 1929 ???? (????????? ?? ?????? ??????? «Bank of United States» ???? ??????? ? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????, ? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ????????? ? ??????). ????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? 1930-? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? — ?????????, ??????? ???? ?? 1931 ???? ????????????? ?????? ? ??? .

??????

? 1932 ???? ? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? , ??????? ????????? ???????? ????. ???? ????? ???? ???????, ??????? ??????, ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? .

? 1937 ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ?? ??????????? ??????, ???????? ???? ????? 10 ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????. ??? ??????? ? ????????????? ??? ???????? ???????? « ».

? 1929 ?? 1933 ???? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ? ??? ???? ?? 31 % . ? 1925 ?? 1933 ???? ? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?????? .

????????? ??????

??????? ?????????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????

????? ?????????, ??? «???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ??????» ??? ? ??????? 1930 ????: ???? ? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????????????? ? ????????? ? ???? ?????? ???????????????, ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ?????. ?? ?????? 1931 ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ? ????????? ? ???? ????, ??????? ??? ? ????? ?? ????????????? ??????; ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? «???????? ??????» ? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????. ? ? ????? 1931 ???? ?? ????? ??????, ??? «?? ??????????? ?? ? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? , ? ? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????» .

????? ?????? ? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????????... [???] ??????? ???????, ????????? ??????????? ?? ?????. — ?????? ????? ????, 1932

? ????? 1931 ???? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??, ??? ???????? ??????? «????????» ?????? ?? ????????? ????????????? ??????????. ? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????, ??? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????, ? ???????? «???????????? ????????????», ??????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????, ??? ????? ???? ???????? (??. ?????? ??????? ????? ). ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????, ?? ??????, ? ??????????????? ???????: ????????? ????????? ?? ? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???? — ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????: «? ??????? ?????? ?????, ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? 1914—1918 ?????». ?? ???????, ??? «???????? ???? ( ????. malign forces), ????????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? [???????] ?????, ???????????? ???????? , ???????????? ????????… ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ? ????????????, ?????????? ? ?????????????????? ???????? ? ???????? — ??? ??? ????????? ??????? / ??????????? ????????? .

????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????: ? ???????? 1930 ???? ?? ??????? ???????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? — ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????, ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????????? . ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????, ?????????? ????? ? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???: ?????????? «?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ( ????. poignant experience), ??????? ?????????? ? ????? ??????? ????» . ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????????????? ??? ??????????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ? ????? 1931 ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????? ? ???????? . ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ? ???? ???????? ? ???????????, ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ? ???????? ??????? — ??, ?? ??? ??????????? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ????????? ? 1919 ???? ? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? . ??????????? ????, ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? — ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? — ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ???? : ? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? « Creditanstalt » (??????-????????), ??????????????? ??? ????????? , ? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ???????????????? ? ?? ????????, ???????????? ? ????????? (??. ); ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ? ???????? ??????? .

??????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? «??????????» ???????? ????????????? ?????? ? ????????????? ??????, ????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????: ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ??? ???????????????? 10 ?????????? ????????, ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? (??????? ???????, ?????????????? ? ???????). 5 ???? 1931 ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ????????????; ????????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????, ?? ???????? ??????? ? ?? «???????????? ???????????????». ??? ????, ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? « ????? ?????? » ?? 1924 ???? ? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????????????, ?? « ????? ???? » ?? 1929 ???? .

???????? ???? ???????. ????? ????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ??????????: ??? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ? 1920-? ?????, ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ??????????????, ???????, ? ???? ???????, ???????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????. ???????? «?????????? ???????? » ???? ?????? ???????????, ? ????? ????????? ????? ? ????? 1929 ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? — ????? ???????????? ????????. ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ? ????????, ?? ?????? ? ??? ??????, ???? ?? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???????: ??? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ? 1929 ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ? ?????????????? ????????? ?? ????????; ???? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????. ? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ?? «???????????? ? ??????????» ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????????? , ????????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ? ??????? ????? ? 1917 ????, ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ? ???, ??? ? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? 1914—1918 ????? .

??????? ????-?????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????, ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? — ?? ? ????????? ??????? ??????, ??? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????, ??????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????. ????? ??????, ???? «???????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???? ?????? ????????» ?? ???????? ???????????? ?????????. ?????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??????, ???????? ????? ????? ? ??????????????? ????????? — ????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ? «???????????????? ??????» ? ????????? ? ???, ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ? ??????????? ????? .

???????? ? ???????????????? ? ??????????????? ?????????, 20 ???? 1931 ???? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???????????????????? ?????? ? ??????????. ???? ???????? ? ???????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????, ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????: ???? ?? ?????????????-?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? «?????????? ??????? , ??????????? ???????», ?????? ?????? «?????????? ???????»; ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? «???????????? ? ????? ????». ??????, ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? , ???????????, ??? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? — ?????????? ??????? ????, ? ???????? ?????, ????????????, ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????, ?????????????????? ? ????????? ??????????? . ??????????? ??????, ????? ??????? ???????????, ????? ??????????? ?? ????????? . ????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ? «????????????», ???????? ???????? ? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ? ?????? ???????? ??????. ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ? ?????????????? .

?????????????? ? ??????? ????????

??????????? ????? ???? ? 1929 ???? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ? — ?? ????????? ???????????? — ??????????? ??????????? ? ??????????????? ???????? «???????? ?????? ? ??????????? ????????????, ???????????? ??????????? ????». ??????????????, ??? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?????; ????? ????, ??? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????????, ??????? ?? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ???????. ???????????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ? ???????????, ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? . ????????????, ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??-?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? , ???????? ?????????? ????? ? ????????? ?, ????? ???????, ??????? ???? ? ??????? ?????????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????: ?????????? ???????? ????, ?????????? ???????? ?????, ???????? ? ????????? ?????????? ??????. ? ?????? ???????? ?????????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? «???????????» ???? ????????? — ??????? ???? ? ???????? ?????????? ??????, ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? . ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????????, ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????; ???????? ???????? ?? ????????. ??? ??????-????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? , ????? ?????? ????????? ? ??? — ??? ????? «????????????? ???????» ?????? ? ?????????? ??????? ????????, ???????? ??????, ?? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? , ????? ?????? ???? ???????? .

???????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ??????????? «???????? ????????????? ?????????» ?? ????? ?????? ? ??????: ??????????????, ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ? ?????????? . ? ????????? ??????? ?????? 1930-? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????: ????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ????? ????????. ?????? ? ?????????? ? ?????????, ????????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??-?? ?????? ??????: ????? ???????? ????, ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????. ????? ??? ?????? ? ????? 1930-? ?????????? ? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? .

21 ???????? 1931 ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ????????????, ?????????? ?? ????? ????????????? ??????: ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????????. ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????. ?????, ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? « ??????????? » ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? «??????????? ??????» (??. ????? ????????? ????? ), ????????? «?????? ????? ??????? ????»; ?? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????????? — ????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????????????? ? ???????????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? .

?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? — ?? ???? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????. ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????????? ( ???????? ). ???????? ??, ? ?????? ????????? ?????????? 1932 ???? ( ), ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? — ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ( ) — ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????? c ??????? ????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ? 36 ?????????? ???????? ? 1929 ???? ?? 12 ?????????? ? 1932 ???? .

??????????? ????? ? ?? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????. ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ???????: ???????????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ????? 1,5 ?????????? ???????? ? ????? ???????? ? ??????????? ????????????, ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????. ????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ???: ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ???????. ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? — ? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? 1930 ????. ??? 522 ????? ????????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????; ? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? 2294 .

?????????????? ????????????? ??????? — ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? — ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????: ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????. ???????, ??? ??? ???????? ? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ? ???????????????, ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????????: ?? ??? ??????, ??? ???????? ????????? «?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ?? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????». ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????? ? 1936 ???? .

????????? ???????

????? ???????, ? ????? 1931 ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ? ????? ????????? ????????, ??? ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ???? ???????: ?? ???? ????????????? ?????? ?? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????. ????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????????, ??????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????; ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????, ??? ????????, ??? ??? ?????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ??????, ?, ????????, ?????????? ??????? — ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????. ???? ? ???, ??? ??????? ???????????????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ? ??????: ??? ? ??? 1931 ???? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ????????, ??? ????? ?????? c ???? ??????? ?????????????, ??????? ????????? ?? ??????, ????????? ???????? ? ????????? ? «????????? ?????… [?????] ????? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ??????» .

???? ???????? , ???????????? ?? ?????? ? ???????? ( ?????????? , 1935)

?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????????, ?? ?????? ???????? 1931 ????, ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ? ??????? 1932 ???? ( ) ??????????? ????????????? ??????? (? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ??????? 2,7 ????????? ???????? ??? 60 %), ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?? ????????????? ?????? ? ???? ????????????? ????????????? ???????? 1932 ???? .

????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ??? ???????: ?? ???????????, ??? ?????? ?????? ? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ????????, «??????????» ? ???? ??????? ?????. ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????????; ??????? ???????-????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????. ? ?????, ?? ?????? ? ??????, ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? — ?, ??? ?????, ????????? ????????? ????????, ? ??????? ??? ?????????. ??????? ?????? — ??? ?????, ??? ? ????? — ??????????, ??? ????????? «??????????» ??????? ????????????; ? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????. ???????? ? ???????, ???? ??????? ????????????? — ??????????? ??? ??????? — ?????????? ? ?? ??????? ? ?????????. ???? ??? ????? ? ?? ????? ???????, ??? ??????? ? «????????? ??????????» ?????? ???? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? — ?? ????, ?? ?????????? ???????????? .

???????????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ??????, ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. ? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????????? — ? ?? ?? ???? ????????????? — ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ? ???????? ?? ??? ? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??????; ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????. ? ???? ???????, ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????? , ???????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? — ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????. ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????, ????????????? ?????????? «????????? ????????? ?????????», ??????? ??????? ????????????? ? ????????? «????????? ??? ????????????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? 1931 ????» .

? ?? ?????? ????? ??????… ???? ?? ?????????????? ??????… ? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????????, ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????, ???? ?? ?????, ??? ?????? ??????? ???????. — ??????

????? ? ???????, ????????????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???????????????? ?????? ? ??????. ? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????????????, ???????, ??? ? ?? ???, ?????? ? ???????? ????????????????? ??????? — ?? ???? ????????????? ?? ??????? ?????? .

?????? ????????? ?????? ? ???? ? ?????? ?????

Federal Home Loan Banks (FHLB)

???? ?????????????? ?????? ? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ? ??? «????????????? ????????????????», ?? ? 1931 ???? — ? ????? ???? ??????? — ?? ????? ? ?? ???? «????????????? ? ????????????????? ?????????», ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ????? ?????. ? ??????????? ??????? 4 ??????? 1931 ???? ?????, ?? ????????? ????????, ?????????? ? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????, ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ? ??????????? ????????? ???. ????? ?? ??????? «???????» ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ? ??????? 500 ????????? ???????? — ??? ???????? ?????? ????? «??????» ???????????. ?? ???? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ( ). ??????, ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ????????, «??? ????????? ???????????? ? ???????????, ????? ??? ??????? ?????????????» .

?????? ? ?????? ????????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ????????????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ?????????… — ????????? ?. ??????? , ?????? 1932

?????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????: ???????? ???????????? «?????? ?????????» ?????? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???, ?????????? ?? ???????????? ???????????. ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????????????? ??? ? ????? ??????. ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???, ????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????????: ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? — ???????? ?? 1932 ???? ( ), ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????, ?????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ???. ??? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????. ? ?????? 1931 ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????, ??????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ??? « Federal Home Loan Banks » (FHLBanks): ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????. ? ????????? ??? ??????, ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? (??. ), ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???????????, ??? ?????????????? ??????????, ? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? .

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

???????? «??????????? ? ???????????» ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ?????? 1932 ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ( , RFC) — ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????. ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????-?????????? ?????????? ( ), ????????????????? ? 1918 ???? ??? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????; RFC ????? ???????????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ?????????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????. ???????? ??????????????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ? 500 ????????? ???????? ? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? 1,5 ??????????. RFC ?????? ???? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????????? «????????????» ???????? ??????, ???????????-????????? ?????????, ??????????????? ????????? ? ???????????????????? ???????????. ?????? « Business Week » ?????? RFC «????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? [?????? ?????????], ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ? ??????»; ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????, ??? «?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????????» .

???? ???????? ???????????, ???????????, ??????????? ? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????, ?? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ? ??????? ?? ??? ? ???????????, ??? ????? ??????? ????????????? ? ??????? ?????? ?????????, ????????? ?????? ???????????? [? RFC] ????????????. — ??????? ??????

??? ???-????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? RFC «???????? ??? ???????????»; ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???, ??? ? ?????? ??????????? ????????, ??? ?????????? ?????, ?????? ?????, « ??????????? ». ???? ????????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????, ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????? ???????, ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? .

??????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ???????? , ???????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ( ?????? , 1931)

?????? ????. ???????????

? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????: ? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????, ? ??????????? ???? ??????? ? ??????? , ? ?? ????? ??? ? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????????? ? ??????? ????? «???????? ???????», ???????????? ???. ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????; ??, ??? ?? ?????, ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ? ???????? ?????. ? 1932 ???? ????????? ???-????? ?????????? ? 20 ??????? ??????????? ?????. ?????????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ???????? ????????????, ????????? ????????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????: ??? ????????? ???? «Binga State Bank» ( ), ????????????? ?????????? ??????????, ????????? ??? ? 1930 ????; ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ????????? ????????? ??????????. ????????? ????? ???????? ? ?????????? ???????????, ??????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ????? .

????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ? ???, ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????, ? ? ???, ????? ?????????, ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ? 10 ??? 12 ?????????? ?????, ??????? ???? ???????. — ???????????, 1932

???????? ??????????? ????? ????????, ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ??????: ? ?????? 1932 ???? ????? 10 ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? (20 % ??????? ????); ? ??????? ???????, ???????????????????? ?? ??????? ?????????????? — ????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? — ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ? 50 %. ??? ? ???????? ???????? «General Motors» ??????? 100 000 ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ? 260 000. ?????????? ???????, ???????????, ????????? ??????? ? ? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? 16 % ??????????? (??? 4 % ?? ?????????), ? ? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? 40 % ??????????? ??? 8 % ?? ????? ???????. ?????????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????, ??? ???????? ??????????????? ? ????? ????? 50 % ??????? ????. ? ???????? 1931 ???? ?? ??????? « U.S. Steel » ????????? 10-?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? — ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????, ?????????? ?????????????? 1929 ????; ?? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????????, ??????? «General Motors» .

?????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? . ??? ????, ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????? — ?????? ? ???????? ?????????????????? ?????????????; ?? ? 1932 ???? ?? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?????????. ??? ??????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ???????, ??????????? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????. ????? ??? ???????????? ? ??????? ????????????? ? 1932 ???? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? — ??? ???????????, ??? ? ????????. ????????, ??????????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? 1 ???????? ????????, ? ????? — ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????? .

? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ??????????????, ??? ? ????????????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???????????: ? ??????? 1930 ???? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ( ????. President's Emergency Committee for Employment), ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ( ); ? 1931 ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ( ), ??????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? (Walter Sherman Gifford). ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????: ??? ????????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ???-????? ??????? ? 9 ????????? ???????? ? 1930 ???? ?? 58 ????????? ???????? ? 1932, ? ??????? ????????????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ? 4,5 ?? 21 ???????? ????????. ??? ????, ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??? 800 ????? ??????????? ??????????; ? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ? 2 ???????? ???????? ? ????, ? ??????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? 0,1 ???????? .

???? ??????????? ? ???????

????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????????, ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???????????. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????, ??? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????, ???? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ? ????? ?????: ??? ?????????? ??????, «????? ??? ????????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????». ??????? ????????? ? ????????????? ????????? ????, ? ????????, «?????? ????????? » — ??????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???????????? «??????????? ????????????? ??????», ??? « ?????????? ????????????» .

??? ????? ??????? ??????????, ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????????, ??? ???????? ?????????????. — ??????? Gerald W. Johnson, 1932

? 1932 ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ????????: ??? ???????, ?????? ?????? ???????????. ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? (??????????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ? 1927 ????), ?? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????????. ??? ???????? ? ????? ???-???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ? 1930 ???? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ? ??????? ??????; ? 1931 ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????, ???????????? ?? 7 ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ? 20 ????????? ???????? — ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ??????, ???????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? .

???????? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? , ????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ?? ???????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????-??????? (Garner-Wagner relief bill); ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????????, ???????? 21 ???? 1932 ???? «????? ? ?????? ? ??????????????» ( ), ?? ???????? RFC ???????? ????? ???????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 1,5 ?????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ?????? ?? 300 ????????? ????????. ???????? ?? ???????? ??????????, ????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????, ????????? ???? ????????? ? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????????: ????????? ????? ????? ???????? «???????????», ? ????????? ??????????? — « ??????????? » (????. ???????? ?????? ); ????????????? ????? ??? ???????? « ???????? ????? » ?? ?????????? ? ????? ???? 1932 ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ????????? ?? ??????? .

??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ??????????: ?????????? «???????? ??????», ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? 1932 ???? ?????????????? ????????????? ? ?????????? , ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ?? ???????????? ????????, ?? ?? ??????. ? 8 ?????? 1932 ???? ? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ? 6 ???????????? ??????: «??????? ???????», ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????, ???? «????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ???????» ? ??????. ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????? .

???????? ????????

??????? ??????????? ? ????? 1933 ???? ???????? ???????? (????? ???????????? ?????? ? ????????????? ???????? 1932 ???? ??? ?. ???????, ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ???????) ? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????: ???? ????????????? ?????????? ???????, ? ??? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ? ???????????, ??? ?????? ????? ? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????????????, ? ????? ????? ? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????, ??????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ?????????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ? ?????????????? ??????????????, ??????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ????????????????? ??? ?? ????????????? ??????????????, ??? ? ???? ????????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????-????????????? ??????????????, ?????????? ?? ???????????? ??? ?????????? (« ????????? ?????? ») ???????? « ?????? ????? ».

???? «?????????» ????? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? — ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? — «???????» ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?? ????? ???: ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????, ?? ??????? ??? ?????????, ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????. ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ? ???????? ? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? — ??????? ????? «???» ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????, ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????? , ????????????? ?? «??????? ?? ????????? ?????????».

? 1935 ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ( ????? ??????? ), ??????????? ???????????, ???????????????, ??????????? ????.

???????????? ?????? ?? ??????? 1936 ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????, ? ? 1937—1938 ??. ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????, ?????????? ????? ? ????????? ????????????????. ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ? ????? ????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????????.

????????????? ????: «????? ????» ?????????

? ??????, ? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????????????? ??????, ???????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ???? ???????? ?????: «? ?????? ???, ? ??????? ???, ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ??????». ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????????, ??? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? «????? ???????» (????? ??????): ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ? 1926 ????, ????????????? ????? ???????????? ????????????, ? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? «?????????????????? ????? ???????», ??? ? ????????? ???????? ?? «? ????? ?????????, ? ?????? ??????????» — ?? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????????, ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? «????? ????????? , ??????? ? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????» .

??? ?????? ?? ??????? ? 1933 ???? ????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ????????? — ????????? ????, ???????????? ?? ????????????? ?????????. ????????? ?? ???, ?? ??????????? ??????????????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????, ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????, ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????, ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????.

????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ? ?????????, ? ????? 1933 ????, ????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????, ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????.

?????? 100 ???? ????????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????????????. ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? (????), ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????? ?? 16 ???? 1933 ????. ? ?????? ???? ???????: ?) ?????????????, ?????? ? ????????? ????? ? ???????????, ???????????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ???????; ?) ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ? ???????? ?? ??????, ??????? ???? ????????, ????????????? ? ???????? ???, ?????????????? ????????? ? ????????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ??????????, ???????? ????????????? ???????, ????????????? ????????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????????????? ??????????.

??????????? ??????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ???????. ? ????? ????????? ? 1933—1939 ????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? (WPA) ? ????????????? ??????????? ????? Civil Works Administration — ??? (??? ????????????? ???????, ?????, ?????? ???????? ? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ???????) ??????????? ??????? ????????? 4 ????????? ???????.

????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????????????, ???????????? ?????????? ?????: ???????????? ?????????? ?????, ????? ?????? — ???????? (1933 ????) ? ????????????? ?????????????? ? ???????????? ??????, ????? ? ???????????? ????????? ?????????, ????? ? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????.

? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? 12 ??? 1933 ???? ????? ? ?????????????, ??????? ???????????????? 12-??????????? ?????????? ????, ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????????? ? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????. ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ????, ? ? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? 2,2 ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????. ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???????????????? ??????? ?? 12 ??? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????????, ??????? ???????? ???????, ??????? ????????? ?????, ? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????.

????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ???? ????????????: ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ? ????????? ???? 2,1 % ? 1933 ????, ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? 24,9 %.

?????, ????? ??????????? ?????? ? ????????? ? 1933 ???? , ???????? ?? ????? ? ??????? ??????? (???????? ? ?????? 1934 ????) ???????? ????? 31 ?????? 1934 ???? ??????????? , ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ? 25,8 ?? 15 5/21 ????? ? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? 35 ???????? ?? ?????. ????? ???????, ?????? ??? ????????????? ?? 41 %.

???? ?????????? 557 ???????? ? 189 ?????????????? ??? ?????????? «???????? ??????? ???????????» ? ????????? ????????. ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????????, ? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????. ??? ??????? ???????? 95 % ???? ???????????? ???????. ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????.

?????? ?????????, ????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????, ??????????????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??? . ? 1935 ???? ????????? ??? ??? ??????????, ??? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ? ???????? ?? ????? (National Industrial Recovery Act, NIRA) ????????????????. ??????? ???? ? ??????????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????????.

??????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ????? ??????????? , ???????????????, ????????????? ??????????? ???????, ????? ?? ???? ????????????? ?? ??????????? ???????????, ?????????, ????????. ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ? 1932—1940 ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????????? ??????? ? ??????? ?? 1937 ???, ?????, ???????? ??, ????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????, ???? ?????????. ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ? ???????? 1937—1938 ?????.

?????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ? 1939 ???? ?????? 90 % ?????? 1932 ????. ? 1939 ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? 17 %.

?? ????????? ???????????-?????????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ? ????????, ??? ??? ????????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? 1939 ???? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????.

??? ?????????, ?? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? , ??????????? ? 2008 ????, ??? ???????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ? ????????????? ????????. ???? ????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????, ? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???. ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ? ???????? ??????, ??? ???? ??????????? ????????? «????????? ??????».

?????? ??????? ????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?????????

???? ???? ????????????? ? ???????? ????????? ????????, ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?? 1941 ?. ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ? 99,7 ????????? ???????? ? 1939 ?. ?? 210,1 ????????? ???????? ? 1944 ?. ??????????? ??????????? ?? 14 % ? 1940 ?. ?? ????? 2 % ? 1943 ?. ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????, ??????? — ???????????? ???????????, ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ??????, ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? 12 ????????? ??????, ?????????? ?? ?????. ??? ? 1946 ?. ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? 30 % ????????????? ??????, ? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???? .

? 1929 ?. ????????????? ??????? ???? 3 % ????????????? ??????. ? ??????? 1933—1939 ??. ??????? ????????????? ?????????, ?? ??????????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ????????? ? ????????, ????? ? 1944 ?. ??-?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? 40 % ???????? ????????????? ???????? . ? ?? ?? ????? ??-?? ?????? ????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? .

????????? ?????????, ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? — ?????? ???? ? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ? 1939—1941 ??., ?? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????.

???????????

?????? ??? ???????? ? 1920—1946 ?????; ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??-?? ?? ??????????? ?? ????????????

????????????? ?????? ????????? ? ?? ???????

??? ??? ? 1910—1960 ????, ?????? ??????? ????????? (1929—1939) ????????
??????????? ? ??? ? 1910—1960 ????, ????? ??????? ????????? (1929—1939) ????????

?????????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ?????????.

?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ??, ?? ???? ?????????, ? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????????? ????????.

  • ???????????? ?????????? — ???????? ???????? ????? . ???????? ??????, ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ? ? ???????? ???????: ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???. ? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ? ???????? ?????? , ??? ???????????? ???????? ?????. ? ?? ?? ????? ???????????? ?????, ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ???????, ??? ??????????, ???????? , ????? . ?????????? ???????, ??? ???????, ??? ? ?? ????????????, ??????????? ???????????. ? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? — ??????? ???, ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????, ??????????? ?????? ???????????, ????????? ????????. ?????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????.
  • ?????????? — ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? . ????????????, ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? (??????????? ? ??? ? ??????? ? ??????) .
  • ???????? — ????????? ?????? ???????????????? , ???????? ??????????? .
  • ????????????? ?????? ; ?????????? ? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????.
  • ????????????? ??????? ?????????, ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????, ?????? ???? ???????????; ??????? ?????????? ????? ? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? (? ??????? 3—5 ????? ?? ?????), ?????? ? ????? ? ?????????? ???????? ? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ??-?? ????????.
  • ????? ?? ????????, ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????, ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? — ????? ? 1930 ???? , ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????. ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????, ????????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????. ??? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????, ? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????, ??????????? ???????????? ???????????. ???? ? ???????? 1930-? ????? ????? ?????????? ? ???? ?????? ? ??????????? ? ???????? ????????, ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????, ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????????, ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????.
  • ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? — ???????????? ????????? ???? ??????? «????????» ???????? ???????? ?????????????, ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????, ??? ??????? ? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ? ? ??????? ???????? ?????????.
  • ???????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? — ????? ?????????? ????? ????????, ????? ????? 10 % ?? ?? ?????????, ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????. ????????, ????? ?????????? 1000 ???????? ????? ??????????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ? 1920-? ????. ?? ? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? — ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????, ? ??? ????? ???????? ? ??????????? ????? (?????? ?? 2 ?? 24 ?????). ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????????, ? ???, ??? ???????, ???????? ??????? ?????, ????????? ? ??????. 24 ??????? 1929 ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ???-???????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????, ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???. ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ??????????. ????????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? (??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??) ? ??????? ? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????, ??? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????, ?? ? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????. ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????, ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ???????? . ? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ? ????????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ????????? ??? .

?????? ??????????? ???????????-???????????? ????????, ??? ?????? ? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? . ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ????????, ??? ??? ???????? ? ???????? «??????? ???????», ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ??????????. ???? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ??????, ??????????? ???, ??????? ??????????? ? 1932 ????, ?? ?? ??????, ????? ???? ??????? ? ?????? — ? 1930 ??? 1931 ????. ? 2002 ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????? , ???????? ?? 90?????? ??????? ????????, ??????: «????????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ???. ? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ???? [?????]: ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? — ?? ?????, ??? ??????? ??. ? ?? ????? ????????. ?? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?????».

????? ??????? ????????? ? ????????

?????
??????
????????? ? ?????? ????? ? ????? , ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????????
??????
  • ????-???? ? ????? ???? — ?????????? ????, ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? .
  • «Great depression» — ????? ?????? « Soulfly » ? ??????? ?????????.
  • « Mafia » — ???????? ???? ?????????? ? ??? ? ?????? ? 1930 ?? 1938 ???, ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????.

??. ?????

??????????

???????????
  1. ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ??? ? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????, ?????????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ? ???????? 1928 ????. ?????????? «??????? ?????????? ?????????» («Recent social trends in the United States») , ???????? ? 1933 ????, ???? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ???????, «?????? ???????????» ??????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????. ?????????? ????????????? ?? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????????; ????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ? ???????????????, ? ????????? ?????? ? ??????????, ? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ? ??????????????? ??????? ????, ? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????????????????? ? ?????, ? ????? — ? ???? ??????????? ? ??????? ??????? ??????. ????????? ??????? ???????, ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????, ???????????? ????????????? ??????????, ????????????? ? ???????????? ????????? — ??? ?? ????, ??? ??? ???? ???????? «???????????? ??????????» ????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ????????, ??? ?????????? ? ????????????? ???? ???? ??????? «? ?????????????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ? ??????????? ??????????, ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????????» .
  2. ? 1925 ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?. ????????, ??????? ????????? ? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? — ?? ??, ??? ?????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? (??. « ????????? ??????? »).
  3. ????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ? ??? ? 1920-? ????? ?? ??????, ?????? ????? ??????????? ? ?????? ???????. ??? «??????? ?????????? ?????????» (?. 2, ?. 806—808) ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ? ?????? ? 1923 ?? 1926 ??? ???????? 9 %. ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????, ????????????? ?? 10 ?? 13 % ? ????????? ? ??????? ? 1924 ?? 1929 ???, ???? ????????? ? ????? ??????? ?????????? «The Lean Years: A History of the American Worker» (1960, ?. 59) .
  4. ??????????? ???????? ????? ? «??????? ???????????????» ?????? ?????????? ???????????. ???, ????? ? 1919 ???? AFL ?????? ??????????, ????? ???????????? ???????? ? ????????????? ???????, ???????? «U.S. Steel» ????????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????????, ? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????. ? ?????????? ? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? 30 ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????.
  5. ????? ? ???, ??? «?? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????» ???????? ??????????? ? ??????????????, ??-??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????? .
  6. ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ? 1920-? ?????. ???? ? 1913 ???? ???????????? ????? ?????????? 53 % ????? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????, 33 % ?????????? ? ?????? ??????, ? 14 % — ? ????????????, ?? ? 1929 ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? 45, 38 ? 17 % .
  7. ????????? ??????? ???????, ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????, ??? ??? «?????????? ?????????????» ? ?????? ??? ?????????????, «??????» ???????? ???????, ????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????, ???????? ? ????????? — ??????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?, ?????????????, «????????????» ( ????. tolerable).
  8. ???? 1 ?????? 1931 ???? ???????? ????????, ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ???-?????, ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????, ? ?? ???????? ????????? .
  9. ?????????? ? ????? ???????? ? ???? ?????????? ?????????, ????? ? 1909 ???? ??????????? ???? ?????????? «???????? ??????? ????», ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????????: ? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ??????????, ????????????? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ???????? ? ???????????? ?? ??????. ? 1914 ???? ???????????? ?????, ???????? ?????? ????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ????????? ? 4 ???????? ????????, ???? ?? ???????. ? 1922 ???? ?? ??????????? ?????? «???????????? ?????????????», ??????? ???????????? ?????? New York Times ???????? ? ????? «???????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????». ? ?????? ?????? ??, ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????, ?????????, ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? «????????? ??????????????? ( ????. repugnant) ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????, ?????????? ?????? ??????» .
  10. ?????? ? ?????? 1930 ???? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????? ????????? ??????????? ? ??????: ?? ???? ????? ???, ? ???????? 1931, ???????????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ???????, ??????????? ?? ????????, ??????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ??????????? .
  11. ??????????? ??????? ? 1929 ???? ?????????? ????? 3 % ???????? ????????????? ???????? (???) - ??? ?????? ???????? ? 20 % ???, ??????????? ? ????? ????????. ??????? ?????? ? ??????????????? ? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ? 5 ??? ??????, ??? ??????????? ??????; ? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????.
  12. ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? 1950-? ????? .
  13. ?????? ??????????? ? ?????? ????????????? ??????????: ???? ???????? ???? «??????????», ?????? ????????, ??? ??? «??????».
  14. ? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???? ??????? «????? ????».
?????????
  1. Crise économique (1929) [+ subd. géogr.] // — 1537.
  2. — 1711.
  3. (?????.) . History Channel . ???? ?????????: 5 ??????? 2021. 2 ??????? 2021 ????.
  4. (?????.) . National Gallery of Art. ???? ?????????: 5 ??????? 2021. 5 ??????? 2021 ????.
  5. ? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ????????? ? ???????????? « ?????????? » ???????????, ??? ??????? ????????? «???????????? ???????? ?? 1941 ????». ??.: (?????.) . ???? ?????????: 10 ???? 2012. 14 ??????? 2011 ????.
  6. (?????.) . ???? ?????????: 2 ?????? 2022. 26 ?????? 2020 ????.
  7. , pp. 10—15.
  8. , p. 10.
  9. President’s Research Committee on Social Trends: Recent Social Trends in the United States (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1970).
  10. , pp. 10—12.
  11. Barry Karl. Presidential Planning and Social Science Research: Mr. Hoover’s Experts. Perspectives in American History 3:347—409.
  12. ? , pp. 11—17.
  13. ? , pp. 17—21.
  14. ? , pp. 18—22.
  15. ? , pp. 20—23.
  16. ? , pp. 23—27.
  17. , p. 24.
  18. , p. 5.
  19. , pp. 55—56, 80.
  20. ? , pp. 27—31.
  21. ? , Vol. 1, p. 57.
  22. , p. 30.
  23. ? , pp. 29—35.
  24. , p. 31.
  25. , p. 32.
  26. , Vol. 1, p. 65.
  27. , p. 33.
  28. , p. 6.
  29. , p. 17.
  30. ? , pp. 35—41.
  31. , p. 73.
  32. , p. 36.
  33. , p. 36.
  34. , p. 43.
  35. .
  36. , p. 147.
  37. , p. 39.
  38. , Vol. 1.
  39. .
  40. , p. 167.
  41. ? , pp. 37—42.
  42. , p. 82.
  43. Paul Samuelson, Economics: An Introductory Analysis, 5th ed. (New York: McGrawHill, 1961), 143—144.
  44. , p. 83.
  45. ? , pp. 42—51.
  46. , pp. 56—57.
  47. , p. 50.
  48. ? , pp. 51—56.
  49. , p. 57.
  50. ? , pp. 55—59.
  51. ? , pp. 59—64.
  52. ? , pp. 59—65.
  53. ? , pp. 63—68.
  54. ? , pp. 64—69.
  55. (?????.) . ???? ?????????: 9 ?????? 2011. 3 ??? 2017 ????.
  56. ? (?????.) .
  57. ? , pp. 68—73.
  58. ? , pp. 69—73.
  59. ? , pp. 73—77.
  60. ? , pp. 73—79.
  61. ? , pp. 74—79.
  62. ? , pp. 79—82.
  63. , pp. 81—82.
  64. , pp. 80—82.
  65. ? , pp. 81—85.
  66. ? , pp. 85—90.
  67. ? , pp. 86—91.
  68. , pp. 88—93.
  69. , pp. 91—94.
  70. , pp. 94—101.
  71. Historical Statistics (1976) series F1.
  72. Harold G. Vatter, The U.S. Economy in World War II (1988)
  73. Vatter, The U.S. Economy in World War II
  74. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear ch 18
  75. ????????? ?. ?. . — London: Xlibris, 2014. — 220 ?. — ISBN 1499087357 .
  76. (?????.) . ???? ?????????: 23 ??????? 2010. 14 ?????? 2010 ????.
  77. ??????????? ?. ?. ?? 29 ????? 2015 ?? Wayback Machine / ??????? ????? , 2008

??????????

??????

  • ???????? ??????. // ??????? . — 2008. — ? 1 (640) / 29 ??? 2008 . 4 ??????? 2009 ????.
  • ???? ?. ????? 15: ?????????? ? ??????? ??????? // = A Peoples's History of the United States: 1492 - Present. — ?. : ???? ???, 2006. — 878 ?. — (???????????? ???????). — 2000 ???. — ISBN 5-7777-0237-6 .
  • ?????? ?. ?. // ????????? ? ???????? . — 2009. — ? 2 . — ?. 184—201 .


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