Рыжков, Виталь
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Interested Article - Рыжков, Николай Иванович
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???????? ????????? ??????? (???. 28 ???????? 1929 , ???????? , ??????????? ????? , ?????????? ??? , ???? ) — ????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ? ??????????????? ???????. ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???? (1985—1991). ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? (1974—1989) ?? ???????????? ??????? . ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ???? (1969, 1979).
??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ????????? ??????? ????????? , ????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ????????????. ?????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ? ?????? ??????????, ? ? 1990 ???? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ? ??????? 1990 ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? 14 ?????? 1991 ???? .
???? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? (2003—2023). ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? (2019), ???????????? ????? ??????? (2008).
??-?? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????????, ???, ?????????????? ? ???? ?????? ????? .
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??????? ? ????? ?????????????? ????????-??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ? ???? ???????? ( ??????????? ????? ???? , ???? ???????, ???????? ? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ). ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? «????????», ???? ??? ??????? ? ?????. ???????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ??????? .
??????? ?????, ??????? ??????, ??? ? ?????? ??? ??????????, ?????? ???? ???????, ????????. ??????? ????? ????????? ? 1946 ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? , ?????, ??? ?? ??????? ?????????. ?????? ?? ????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ??????????????????, ??, ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????, ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ? ?????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????????? .
???????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????????, ??? ??? ???? ?? 10 ??????? ? ???????, ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????. ??????? ????????????? ???? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????????, ? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ? ????????? ?????????, ? ???? ????????? ??????? ? ????????. ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????, ?? ????????????? ? ????????? ???? ????? ???????, ? ??? ???????? ? ??????? ???????? ???? ? ???????. ? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? «??????» ? «???????» ? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ??????. ?????? ? 5 % ???????????, ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ? ????? ????????? ? ???, ?? ?? ?????. ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ? ????-???, ????????, ??????? ? ???????????. ?? ?????? ????????? ? « ??????? », ????????? ? ??????????? ????? ????? ? ????????? ??????????????? ????????, ??? ??? ?????????? ????? .
??????? ? ???????
?? « ???????? » ?????? ????? ???????? ? 1950 ???? ? ????? ?????????? ? ???, ???? ??? ????????????? ? ????????? ???? ????? ? ???????????????. ??????? ????? ???????? ? ???? ? 31, ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? — ? ??? ???????? 700 ???????, ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????????. ? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????????: ?? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????????????? ?? 350 ???? .
???? ???? (1956—1991).
?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????????. ??????????? ? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ? ??????????? ?????: ? 1953—1959 ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ??? ????? ?. ?. ??????. ??????????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????, ? 26 ???, ?? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?. ??????????? . ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????, ? ? 1965 ???? — ??????? ????????? . ? 1970—1971 ????? — ????????, ? 1971—1975 ????? — ??????????? ????????.
??????? ? ??????
? 1975—1979 ??. ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ? ????????????? ?????????????? ???? ?. ?. ???????? .
? 1979—1982 ??. ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? .
?????? ????????? ???????????
???? ?? ???? (1981—1991). ? 22 ?????? 1982 ?? 15 ??????? 1985 ???? — ????????? ?? ???? , ???????????? — ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ???? . ? ???????? ??????? ????????????? (? ?????? « ????? ?????? », 1992) ?????? ????????? :
? ?????? 82-?? ???? ???? — ?????????? ?????????? — ??????? ?????????? ?? ? ???????? ???? ???? ? ???????, ?????????? ???????. ???? ??????? ? ???????? , ?????? … ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ? ?? ?????. ???????? ???? ???????, ?????? ????. ?? ????? ??????????? ? ??????????, ? ? ????? ???????? ??????????? ? 85 ????, ??? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ????? ????, ??? ??????? ? 83-84 ?????. ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? — ???? ?? ??? ????.
(«???????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????, ????????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ? ????????? ?? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ?? ??????????????», — ????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? .)
? 23 ?????? 1985 ?? 13 ???? 1990 ???? — ???? ????????? ?? ???? .
???????????? ?????? ????????? ????
? 27 ???????? 1985 ?? 14 ?????? 1991 ???? — ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???? .
?. ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ? ?????? ??????????? , ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ? ????????????? ? ????????????? ????? ??????. ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????, ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ?????????, ????????? ? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ? 1988 ???? . ????? ???????, ? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ? 1991—1998 ??. ??????, ?? ??????? ???????, ??? ?. ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? . ?? ????????????? ??????, ??????? ????? ? ??? ????????????? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????, ??? ????????? ????????? ? ??????????????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??????????. ? ????? «??????? ??????. ???? ????: ??? ???? ??????» ?????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ? ????? ????? («?? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????») .
? 1987 ???? ?? ????? ???????? ? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? « ?????????? » . ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? , ?. ?. ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? ? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ??? ? 1986 ???? . ?. ?. ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ??????????? ????????????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? .
????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ? ????????, ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ? ???????? «????????? ??????????», ? ???????? ????????? ????????? «???????????? ?????». ???????? ???? ????????? ???????, ??? «?????? ??????? ???? ??????????? , ?? ????????? ? ??? ? ?????????????…» .
?????? ??????????, ??? ???? ? 1988 ???? ? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ??????????? .
24 ??? 1990 ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? , ????????????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????? , ??????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????.
???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? «???», ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? 12 ?????? . ????? ???, ????????? ????????????? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? 80-? — 90-? ????????????? ? ??? ????, ??? ? ???? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? — ?????? ????????? ??????????, ???????? ?? ???????????? ??????????? ?. ?. ??????? ?? ??????????? (???????? ????????? ? ???? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? — ??????? ????? , ?????? ????????? ? ???????? ??????) ? ??? ??? — ????????? ? ????? ???????? ?????????????, ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????? — « 500 ???? » ?????????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????????? , ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????, ? ????? ???????, ? ?????????????????, ????????????? ??????? ????????? ?. ?. ???????, ? ?????? — ??????? ? ????, ??? 26 ??????? 1990 ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? . ? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ?. ?. ?????????? ? ????????. «?????? ??? ????????? ???????» (?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???? ), — ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? . ?. ?. ??????? ? 2010 ???? ???????, ??? «?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????» . ?? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ? ??????? 1200 ?????? ? ????? .
????? ????????
? 1991 ????, ????? ?? ?????? , ?????????????? ? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? (?????? ???? ?????? 16 % ???????, ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? , ?????????? ? ?????? ????).
?? ????? ??????? 19-21 ??????? 1991 ???? ????????? ???? ? ?? ?????????? ????? ? ??????????? ???? . ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? . ?????? 25 ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? «???????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????» .
? ??????? 1991 ???? ??? ????? ?? ???, ??? ???????? ????????? ? ?????????? ???? ? ?????????? ?????? ???? ? ???????????? ? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? .
??????? ????????? ??????-???????????? ?????????????? ????????, ??? ??????????, ? ????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????????? .
? 1998 ?? 2011 ??? ?????????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????????????? (? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????????????????), ???????????? ????? 130 ?????????? ?????? ? ??????????.
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? 1993-? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ? ???????????? ???????… ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????????, ? ? ?????? ?????????????? ?? ???????????? ??????? .
? ??????? 1995 ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ? 62 ?? ????? «?????? — ??????». ? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? « ????????????? ». ???????????? ????????? ???????-??????????????? ????? ?????? (????).
? ??????? 1999 ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ???? ???????? ?????? .
????? ?????????
? ???????? 2003 ???? 73-?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ? ??????????? ? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????????? ? ?????? ????????? . 17 ???????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????. 24 ???????? ????????? ? ?????? ????????? . ? ????? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???? 3 ?????? (???? ??????? ? ???????).
? 2006—2011 ????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ??????????. ???? ???????? ?? ????????????? ??????????, ???????????? ????????, ???????? ?????????????? ? ????? ??????. ?????????????? ?????????-????????? ???????? ????????????????? ??????????????.
6 ???? 2007 ????, ????? ??????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????, ?????????? ??????? ? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????????.
? ??????? 2012 ???? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????. ? 22 ??????? 2012 ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????.
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?? ????????? ?????? ????????? 1 ????? 2014 ???? ???????????? (??? ??, ??? ? ??? ????????? ????? ??) ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? . ??? ???? ? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????????:
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? ????? 2021 ???? ??? ??????, ??? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????, ???????? ? ???? ??????? ?????????? 92 ????, ????? ???????? ????? ????????? . ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ? ????????? 27 ???????? 2021 ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? .
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??????? — ??????? ????????? ??????? (???. 5.05.1932). ???? — ?????? ?????????? ??????? (???. 22.10.1956). ???? — ????? ?????????? ????? , ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????-????????? ??????????? ??????. ???? — ??????? ????????? ????? (???. 11.02.1983). ?????? — ??????? ????????? ?????? (???. 6.12.1986), ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????? , ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ? ???-????? ?????. ???? ?????.
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C 17 ????? 2014 ????, ????? ???????? ????? , ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? «???????? ????????? ? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????» , ? 2022 ???? ????????? ? ?????? ????????? ???????????????? ?? ???????? ????????, ?????????, ?????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ??????? .
7 ???????? 2022 ????, ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? , ?????? ? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?? «????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????» .
30 ???????? 2022 ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? «?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????» ? ????????? ?????? ? ?????? . ??????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???????? «????????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ? ???????, ??? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ???????????????? ????????? ?????? ? ???????» .
?? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????, ??????, ?????????, ????????? ? ????? ???????? .
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- ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? (19 ???????? 2019 ????) — ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ? ???????
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- ????? «?? ??????? ????? ??????????» IV ??????? (27 ???????? 2004 ????) — ?? ??????? ????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????
- ????? ?????? (12 ???? 2013 ????) — ?? ??????? ????? ? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ? ???????? ???????????????? ????????????
- ??? ?????? ?????? (1974, 1976)
- ????? ??????????? ????????? (1971)
- ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? (1966, 1979)
- ????? ????????????? ????? I ??????? (1985)
- ?????? «? ?????? 850-????? ??????» (1997)
- ?????? «? ?????? 1000-????? ??????» (2005)
- ?????? «?? ?????????? ????. ? ????????????? 100-????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????» (1970)
- ?????? ????????? ?. ?. I ??????? (26 ???????? 2014 ????) — ?? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????-?????????????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ????
- ?????? ????????? ?. ?. II ??????? (23 ???????? 2019 ????) — ?? ??????? ? ???????????????? ????????????, ???????????? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????-?????????????? ???????? ??????
- ??????????????? ?????? ???? (1969) — ?? ???????? ? ????????? ??????????-????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ????????????? (? ???????????)
- ??????????????? ?????? ???? (1979) — ?? ???????? ? ????????? ?????????????????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? (? ???????????)
- ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? (3 ??????? 2009 ????) — ?? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ? ???????? ???????????????? ????????????
- ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? (14 ?????? 2008 ????) — ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ???????????????? ???????????? ? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????? 2006—2007 ?????
- ???????????? ????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????? ????????? ( ??????? , 6 ??????? 2008 ????) — ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ??????????? ????????????????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ????????????? 1988 ???? ? ???????, ?????????????? ????????? ?????????, ????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? . ?? 2020 ??? ?. ?. ?????? ???????? ???????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????
- ????? ????? ???????? ??????? V ??????? ( ??????? , 24 ???????? 2004 ????) — ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ? ???????? ?????????-??????????? ?????????????? ? ?? ?????? 75-????? ?? ??? ????????
- ????? ?????? ( ?????????? , 28 ???????? 2004 ????) — ?? ???????????? ????? ? ?????????? ????, ????????????? ????????? ? ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????????
- ????? «??????» II ??????? ( ????????? , 29 ???????? 2004 ????) — ?? ???????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????
- ????? «???????» ( ???????? , 24 ???? 2004 ????) — ?? ???????????? ????? ? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????? ????????
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- ???????? ????????? ????? (2001)
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- ? 1998 ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ??????????? ????????????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ? ?. ??????? ?. ?. ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????? .
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- . ???? ?????????: 12 ??????? 2013. ???????????? ?? 26 ???????? 2011 ????.
- (????.) . Encyclopædia Britannica .
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- «????????». 1 ???. ???????, 10 ???? 1989 ????. ??????? ???????? ??????.
- ? ?? 25 ??????? 2012 ?? Wayback Machine // ???????????? ??? «????? ??????»
- ?????? ?. ?. ??????? ?????????. ?., 2009. ?. 12.
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- . ???? ?????????: 6 ??????? 2012. 27 ??? 2012 ????.
- «??????? ??????. ???? ????: ??? ???? ??????» ISBN 978-5-470-00173-3 , ???. 101—108
- . — ???????? ????? . ???? ?????????: 30 ??????? 2011. ???????????? ?? 2 ??????? 2012 ????.
- . ???? ?????????: 26 ???????? 2009. 26 ?????? 2009 ????.
- ?? 31 ??? 2006 ?? Wayback Machine // ??
- ???? ?????????: 13 ?????? 2012. ???????????? ?? 15 ??????? 2012 ????.
- ?? 16 ???? 2012 ?? Wayback Machine // KP.RU
- ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? 15 ?????? 1991 ?. N 1907-I «? ?????????? ? ???????????-??????? ??????????? ???. ??????? ?. ?.»
- ? . vestifinance.ru. ???? ?????????: 8 ??????? 2019. 8 ??????? 2019 ????.
- ?? 6 ??????? 2013 ?? Wayback Machine // «??????????? ??????», 29 ??????? 1991
- ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????. ??????????????? ????????: ???????????, ?????????, ????????? (1990—1993 ??.) ?. 6: ??????????????, ?????????, ?????????? ?????????, ?. 543—552. ?., ???? ??????????????? ??????. 2010. ISBN 978-5-9901889-2-1
- . ???? ?????????: 9 ?????? 2013. ???????????? ?? 25 ????? 2014 ????.
- . ???? ?????????: 2 ?????? 2021. 2 ?????? 2021 ????.
- ?? 12 ??????? 2014 ?? Wayback Machine // ????? ?????? , ???? 2014
- . ???? ?????????: 2 ?????? 2021. 2 ?????? 2021 ????.
- . ???? ?????????: 27 ???????? 2021. 27 ???????? 2021 ????.
- . ????? ?????????. ???? ?????????: 2023-9-30. 2 ??????? 2023 ????.
- ?? 20 ????? 2014 ?? Wayback Machine // Official Journal of the European Union, 17.3.2014
- . ???? ?????????: 29 ??? 2023. 28 ??? 2023 ????.
- . ????? ? ??????? . ???? ?????????: 29 ??? 2023. 3 ???? 2023 ????.
- . U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY . ???? ?????????: 29 ??? 2023. 12 ????? 2023 ????.
- ??????? ?????? The Moscow Times. . ??????? ?????? The Moscow Times (30 ???????? 2022). ???? ?????????: 30 ?????? 2023. 9 ?????? 2023 ????.
- . ????? ? ??????? . ???? ?????????: 23 ?????? 2023. 23 ?????? 2023 ????.
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- . Sputnik - ??????? (6 ??????? 2018). ???? ?????????: 27 ?????? 2020. 12 ??????? 2020 ????.
- ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? 24 ???????? 2004 ???? ? 1121/2004 « » (???.)
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- (??????????? ??????)
- ?? 5 ??????? 2011 ?? Wayback Machine // ??????? — ???????
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- ???????? ????????? (??????????????-????????????? ???????). — ?.: ??????, 1989. — 107 ?. (? ?????. ? ?. ?. ?????????).
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- ??????? ?????????????. ?????? ??????. — ?.: ????????????? ??????, 2020. — 262 ?. — ISBN 978-5-604-31992-5 .
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- // «????????? — ????? ????????»
- ?????, ?????????. . ?????? « ????????????? ?????? » (22 ???????? 2009). — ????????: ? ?????? . ???? ?????????: 11 ???? 2015.
- ?/? (???, 2014)
- // ???????? ??????? lenta.ru 2015 ????
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elizabeth
- 2020-12-15
- 2
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Новиков, Николай Иванович
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Греч, Николай Иванович
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