Британские острова
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Interested Article - Багамские Острова
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- 2021-03-17
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?????????? ???????? ( ????. The Bahamas ; ?????????? ????????????: [b??h??m?z] ), ??????????? ???????? — ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ( ????. Commonwealth of the Bahamas [?k?m.?n?w?l? ?v ð? b??h??m?z] ) — ??????????? ?? ??????????? ????????, ? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ? ???? , ? ???-??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? .
? ????????? ????????? , ? ????-????? , ????? ???????? ? ????? , ?????? ????? 700 ???????? (?? ??? ???????? ?????? 30, ? ?????? ????????? ???????, ?? ?????? XX ????????, 6 110 ???????? ?????? 20 ???????? ) ? 2000 ?????????? ????? . ? 1629 ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? .
??????????
????????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????????, ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????. ???????? ????? ?? ???, ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? « Taíno ba ha ma » («??????? ??????? ??????? ?????») ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ; ???????? ?????? ????????, ???????? ???????? ?? ???. baja mar («?????? ????» / «?????? ????» ??? « ????? »), ??????????? ?????????? ? ???? ??????. ????????????? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? , ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? .
???????
??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? (?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ), ????? ??????? ???????? , ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ? IX ???? . ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ? 1492 ???? ??????????? ???????? . ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? — ?????? ???????? ( ???-????????? ) — ?????? ????? ?????? ????? , ???????? 12 ??????? 1492 ????. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ??????????.
??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ( ????? ) ? ???????? ????? , ? ????? 25 ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ????????????? , ? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????, ??? ???????? ????????? , ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ???-??????? , ? ???? ? ??????? , ????????? ? 1641 ???? ?????????? ??????????? (? 1629 ????) ??????? ?? ???-?????????? ? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ? ???????? , ????????? ?? ????? ???????? .
??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????? ? ?????????????????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???? I ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ( ????????? ). ? 1650 ???? ???? ????? ???????, ? ?????????? ???????? , ???????????????? ???????????-????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? . ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ? 1718 ???? , ? ?????? ????????? 1720 .
?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ? 1718 ???? , ?? ?????????? ??????????????? ?? ??? ???, ???? ???? ? ????? XVIII ???? ?? ??????? ????? 8 000 ????????? , ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ? ???????????? ????? ?? ????????????? (?? ???-????? , ??????? ? ???????? ? ????? ???????? ). ?? ????? ???????????? ????? ?? ????????????? , ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? , ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? . ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????. ????? ????, ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ? ??????, ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????. ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ???????, ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????, ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ? ?????? ?? ????.
? 1781 ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? , ?????? ? 1783 ???? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ???????.
????? ? ?????????????? ? 1807 ???? ???? ????????? ???????????? , ??????????? ???? ????? ????????????? ????????????????? ???? ? ??????????? ????? ?? ???????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????, ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ????? ??????, ????????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????? . ???? ????????? ? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????????: ?????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????.
? XIX ???? ? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? . ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??, ??? ? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ??????????? ???. ? ????? XIX ???? ??????? ????? ????????????? ????????, ? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????.
? 1920 ???? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????: ????? ???????? ? ??? « ?????? ?????? » ? ?????? ???????????????? ??????????????. ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????????? , ? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????. ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????????????, ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????. ?????? «?????? ??????» ? ??? ? 1933 ???? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????? . ??? ?? ??? ? ? ???, ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????. 2 ???????? 1940 ?. ??? ?? ???????? « ??????? ? ????? ?? ???? » ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????? ??????-??????? ???? ?? 99 ???. ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????, ??? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????.
????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????, ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ? ??? ????? — ???????? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ??????? . ?????? ? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ???????? ???????, ??? ??? ???????, ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ???????, ? ????? ????????? ????????? ? 1959 ???? ??????? ????????? ? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????, ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? . ? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ???, ????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????, ??? ???????? ????, ? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????. ?????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ??????, ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????, ? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? .
? 1964 ???? , ? ???????????? ? ????? ????????????, ???????? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? (?????? ???????-????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ), ? 10 ???? 1973 ???? — ?????????????. ?????? ???????-????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????? . ?????? ??????????? ??-???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? .
????????????? ??????????? ?????? (???), ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? , ?????? ? ?????? ? 1967 ???? ? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? . ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????????????. 10 ???? 1973 ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? . ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????. ????????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????????, ????????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ? ????????????? ????????????? . ????? ?????? ???, ????????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ? 1980-? ????? , ? ??????? ?????????????, ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????, ? 1992 ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????. ? 1999 ???? ??????? «??????» ? «?????» ???????? ?? ????????, ???????? ????, ??????, ???? ? ???????. ? 2001 ???? ????? ??? ????????????, ? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????????????? ??? ????????.
???????????? ??????????
????????? ??????? — ??????????? ???????????, ? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ?????? . ?? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? — ??? ??????????????? ???????? . ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? . ??? ?????????? ???????????? ???????-?????????? , ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ???????-???????? ? ????????.
?? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? — ????????????? ???????. ??????????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? , ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????, ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? 38 ????????????? ???????, ? ??????, 16 ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????-???????????? (9 — ?? ???????????? ???????-????????, 4 — ?? ???????????? ?????? ?????????, 3 — ?? ????? ???????????? ???????-???????? ? ?????? ?????????). ????? ??????, ?????????? ??????????? ? ?????? ????????, ?????? ???????-????????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ??????. ???????-??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ? ?????? ????????. ???????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ???????-???????????? ?? ???????????? ???????-???????? ? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ????????. ?????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ? ??????? .
?? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? — ??? ?????????????? ???????, ? ??????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ????????????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? . ?? ????????? ??????? , ???????????? 10 ??? 2017 ????, ?? 38 ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? 7 ????, ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? 32 ?????. ?????? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? .
????????? ??????? — ??? ??????????? ? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????. ??????????? Freedom House ??????? ?? ? ?????? ????????? ????? . ? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? 134 ????? (?????? ??????? ??????????) . ? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? 21 ????? (?????? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????????) .
???????? ??????????? ????: ???? III — ?????? (? 8 ???????? 2022), ????????? ???? — ???????-?????????? (? 2019 ????), ????? ????? — ???????-??????? (? 2021 ????).
?????????
????????? ??????? — ?????????, ????????? ???????? ?? 700 ???????? ? ?????????? ????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ????? 250 ???. ??². ??????? ???? — 10 070 ??² — ???????? ? ???????? ?????? . ????????????? ? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ??????, ?? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ? ?????? .
????????? ? ???????? ????????????? ?? ???????? ???-????????? , ??? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? — ??????, ? ??????? ?????? . ????? ??????? ?????? — ?????? . ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ? 80 ?? ? ??????? ?? ???????. ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????????? — ??????? . ????? ???-????????? ?????? — ??????? ?????? .
????????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? , ??????????? ?? ??????? ???????? 1500 ?. ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??????????, ??????????? ??????????? ?????? (?????????? — ???????? ?????????? ?????? ). ??????????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ???????. ?? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? , 63 ????? ??? ??????? ???? (?? ??????? ???).
?????? ????????? ???????? ???????????, ?????????, ? ????????? ???????? ? ???-???? ? ????????-???????. ??????? ??????????? ?????? — +21 °C, ???? — ????? +30 °C. ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ? ???? ?? ???????.
???? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????. ????? ??????? ???? (???????????? ? ?????).
???????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????. ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????; ???????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????. ?? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ????; ?? ?????????? — ???? ????????? ????? .
???????? ??? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ? ???????? ??????? (??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????), ? ????? ????????, ????? ? ???????? ??????. ??????? ???? ?????? ?????, ????????????? ? ??????????. ???????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? — ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ? ????; ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? 50 000 ??????.
?????????????? ????? ( ?????? ), ?????? , ??????????? ?????? , ????? , ????? , ???????? ???????? .
????? ??????? ??????? (??????????), ???????? ? ?????? ????????? ????????:
| ????? | ?????? | ???????, (??²) | ????????? |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ?????? | 5 957 | 7 386 |
| 2 | ????? | 2 009 | 17 224 |
| 3 | ?????? | 1 679 | 913 |
| 4 | ??????? ?????? | 1 373 | 51 756 |
| 5 | ????-?????? | 596 | 3 094 |
| 6 | ???????? | 457 | 11 000 |
| 7 | ??? | 389 | 1 522 |
| 8 | ?????? | 389 | 565 |
| 9 | ???????? | 280 | 277 |
| 10 | ?????? | 250 | 6 928 |
| 11 | ???-????????? | 207 | 274 400 |
| 12 | ???-????????? | 163 | 930 |
???????????????? ???????
? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?? 31 ????? ( ????. districts ). ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ? 1996 ????, ??????, ?????? ?? 1999 ???? ???? 23 ??????.
?????????
??????????? ?????????, ???????, ??:
- 1881 ???, ?? ???????????? 13 960 ??² ?? 43 521 ???????, ?? ??????? 6 500 ??????????, ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? (550 ??² ? 1 878 ????????) ? (25 ??² ? 2 845 ????????) ;
- 54 888 (1924 ???), ????? 70 % ?????? ;
- 399 361 (??? 2021 ????).
— 2 301 (2021 ???). ??????????? : ? ??????? 17 ????? ? ???? (0,70 ? ???). ??????????: ? ??????? 7 ??????? ? ???? (0,27 ? ???).
???????????? ??????? ?????????: ? ??????? 6 ??????? ? ???? (0,23 ? ???). ????????????????? ????? — 71,2 ???? (68,8 ???????, 73,6 ???????).
??????????? ???????? ????????? — 195 313 (48,9 %), ??????????? ???????? ????????? — 204 048 (51,1 %) (2021). ???????????? ??????? ?????????????? ( ??? ) — 3 % (?????? 2007 ????).
????-??????? ??????: 85 % — ?????????? ? ?????? , 12 % — ?????, 3 % — ? ???????????????? . ??????????????? ???? — ?????????? , ?????????? ? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? (?? ?????? ???????????? ????? ). ??????????? — 95,6 % (2003).
???????
????????? ??????? — ??????????????? ???????????? ?????? (92 % ). ??????? ? ????????? ?????????? 5,7 % ????????? . ? 2010 ???? ?? ??????? ???? 6,5 ???. ??????????? . ??????????? ?? ??? — ???????? ?? ????? ? ????????? ???????? — ?????????? ????? — ???????, ??????? ?? ???? . ????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ????? , ???? , ????????????? ?????????? ? ?????? . ????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? (1,4 ???.), ??????? (300 ???????), ??????? (100 ???????).
??????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? (75 ???.), ???????? (51 ???.), ????????????? ? ????????? (43 ???.), ????????? (27 ???.), ?????????? (21 ???.) ? ????????? (16 ???.).
?????????
????????? ??????? — ????????????? ???????????, ?????????????????? ?? ????????????? ? ????????????? ??????? . ?????? ???? ???????? ????? 60 % ???. ? ????????????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ??????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? .
??? ?? ???? ????????? (? 2015 ????) — 24 394 ????. (30-? ????? ? ????, ????? ???????? ? ????????? ).
???????? ????????? (5 % ??????????) — ??????????, ?????, ???????? ?????.
?????????????? (5 % ??????????) — ???????????? ???????, ??????????????? ?????, ?????? ????, ???????????? ????, ?????? ????????? , ???????????????? ????????????.
????????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ???? — 50 % ??????????, ? ?????? ?????? ????? — 40 % ??????????.
?????? ? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ??? .
???????????? ???????
?? ??????? ???-????????? ????? 1000 ?? ???????? ????? (????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ??????? ????????), 209 ?? ?? ????????, 156 ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ????? 885 ?? ?? ??????? ????????.
?????? (???-?????????), ??????? (??????? ??????) ? ?????-???? (??????) — ???????? ????? ????????? ????????. ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????.
???????? ????????? ???????????: ????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? , ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ??????, ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???-????????? ? 16 ?? ?? ??????, ? ????????????? ???????? ???????? , ????????????? ? 5 ?? ?? ??????. ????? ?????, ?? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ??? 60 ?????????? ? ???????-?????????? ?????.
???????? ???????? ??????????
?? ??????? ??? ??????????????? ??????????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ?????- ??? ?????????????? ???????.
??????????? ??????????????? ? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????? — ZNS Bahamas , ??????? ??????????? ???????????????????? ?????????? ????? (BCB). ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????????. BCB ????? ????????? ????? ????? — ???????? ??????????????? ?????????????.
?????????? ?????? «?????? ???????» ( The Bahama Journal ), «??????? ????» ( Freeport News ), «?????? ???????» ( The Nassau Guardian ) ? «???????» ( The Tribune ); «????» ( The Punch ) ??????????? 2 ???? ? ??????, ? ???? ??? ????????? ???????????? ?????. «??????? ?????? ????» ( The Bahamas Tourist News ) ? ?????? «???? ??» ( What’s On ) ??????? ??? ? ?????, ????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ???????.
?? ?????? 2007 ????, ?????????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? 362 ???????? ?? 1 000.
??????? ???????????
???????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????????????? 12 ?????? ? ?????????? ? 5-??????? ????????. ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? 88 % ??? ????????? ???? ? 84 % ??? ??????? (2006). ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????????????? ???????? 15:1 ? ????????? ? 13:1 ? ??????? ????? (2006). ??????? ??? ?????????? ? ????????.
??????? ????????? ???????? ( The College of The Bahamas ) — ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ? 1998 ???? ???? ??????? The Eugene Dupuch Law School ?? ???? ???????????? ????-????? . ??????? ??????? ????? ? ????????? ???????????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ( Manley Law School ) ? ??????? ( Wooding Law School ). ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ? ??????????? ????-?????, ??????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ?????? , ????????? ? ? ????????? ? ?????? .
?????? ?????? ??????????? ? ???????????????? ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ???????????: ?????????? , ???????????? ??????, ????????????? ???? ? ??????????? .
??????????
- ? ??????????? ? ?????????? ????. ?????????? ???????? // ????? ???? / ????. ? ??????. ? ???. ??? «???????????» ? 2009 ?. ; ??. ???. ?. ?. ??????? . — ?. : ??? «???????????» : ?????, 2010. — ?. 14. — ISBN 978-5-85120-295-7 (???????????). — ISBN 978-5-488-02609-4 (?????).
- ????? ????: ??????????? ????????? ?????????? / ???????????? ???????: ?. ?. ??????, ?. ?. ?????????. — ??????: ???, 2017. — ?. 84. — 96 ?. — ISBN 978-5-17-10261-4.
- . ???? ?????????: 15 ???????? 2013. ???????????? ?? 7 ?????? 2019 ????.
- ? (????.) . IMF . ???? ?????????: 16 ??????? 2020. 26 ?????? 2020 ????.
- (????.) . ????????? ???????? ??? . — ?????? ? ???????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ???. ???? ?????????: 29 ??????? 2019. 18 ?????? 2020 ????.
- // ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? / ???. ???. ?. ?. ?????? . — 3-? ???., ???????. ? ???. — ?. : ????? , 1986. — ?. 31.
- ? // ????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? . — 2-? ???., ????? ???????. ? ??????. ???.?—??. 1—2. — ???. , 1907—1909.
- Peter Barratt. (????.) . — 2004. — P. .
- . ???? ?????????: 8 ????? 2018. 8 ????? 2018 ????.
- // ????????????????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? : ? 86 ?. (82 ?. ? 4 ???.). — ???. , 1890—1907.
- ? // ????????????????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? : ? 86 ?. (82 ?. ? 4 ???.). — ???. , 1890—1907.
- . ???? ?????????: 23 ??????? 2012. 19 ??????? 2012 ????.
- ?? 16 ??????? 2017 ?? Wayback Machine The Bahamas Weekly, 11 April 2017
- ???? ?????????: 29 ?????? 2019. 15 ???? 2020 ????.
- ???? ?????????: 29 ?????? 2019. ???????????? ?? 19 ??????? 2016 ????.
- ???? ?????????: 9 ???????? 2012. 10 ??????? 2012 ????.
- // ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? / ???. ???. ?. ?. ?????? . — 3-? ???., ???????. ? ???. — ?. : ????? , 1986. — ?. 54.
- // ??????? ????????? ???????????? : ? 66 ?. (65 ?. ? 1 ???.) / ??. ???. ?. ?. ????? . — ?. : ????????? ???????????? , 1926—1947.
- ? J. Gordon Melton and Martin Baumann. Bahamas // Religions of the World, Second Edition A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. — Santa Barbara, California: ABC CLIO, 2010. — P. 268. — 3200 p. — ISBN 978-1-59884-203-6 .
- ????????? ??????? // ????????????????? ?????????????? ??????? / ???. ????????? ?. ?. ???????? ? ??. — ?. : ?????-??????? , 2011. — ?. 62. — (??????? ?????? ????). — 5000 ???. — ISBN 978-5-386-03063-6 .
??????????
- Horne, Gerald. (????.) . — NYU Press , 2012. — ISBN 978-0-8147-4463-5 .
- Higham, Charles. (????.) . — McGraw-Hill Education , 1988. — ISBN 978-0471485230 .
??????
- // ????????????????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? : ? 86 ?. (82 ?. ? 4 ???.). — ???. , 1890—1907.
-
- ? ???????? ?????? Curlie (dmoz)
- from the BBC News (????.)
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megan
- 2021-03-17
- 1
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