Британская Кения
- 1 year ago
- 0
- 0
Interested Article - Кения
megan
- 2020-01-25
- 1
?????? ( ??????? ? ????. Kenya [?k?nj?] ), ??????????? ???????? — ??????????? ?????? ( ??????? Jamhuri ya Kenya , ????. Republic of Kenya ) — ??????????? ? ????????? ?????? . ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? , ???????? ????????????? 12 ??????? 1963 ???? . ?????? ? ??????????? ????? .
?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????.
??????? — ??????? . ???????? ??????? — ????????? ??????? .
??????????
?????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ????? , ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????-????? (???? ??? ????? ????) .
???????
?????????
????? ????????? ?? ??????????, ???????, ?? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ?????????? ????????????. ???, ?? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? , ?????????? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ???????????????? ????? 3 ??? ??? ????? ? ??????? .
??????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????, ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ????????? ???? . ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? (???? ????????????????) ???????? ????. ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????, ?????? ??????????? ?????? , ??????? ? ?????????? .
? VII-VIII ????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ( ???? , ????? , , ??????? , ??????? ? ??.). ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ? ??????? . ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? , ?????? , ???????? ????? , ??? ???????? , ????? , ? ??????? ????????????? ?????? , ??????????? ???????, ????? .
??????? ????
? 1498 ???? ? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ????? ?? ???? , ????????? ??????? ???? ? ????? . ? ?????? XVI ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????, ????? ???????????? ?? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ?????.
?????? ? ???????? XVII ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ?????. ? 1699 ???? ???????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????? ?????????. ????????? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???????, ?????????????? ?? ???????? ?????????????.
XIX ???
? ?????? XIX ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????????? . ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ??????????? ??????????? .
? ?????? XIX ???? ? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????: ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ? ? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????.
? 1824 ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ????????. ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???????. ? 1828 ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ? ??????? ???? ? ????????? ?????? ??????. ????? ???????????? ?? 1837 ???? , ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ? ???????? ????? ? ???? .
? 1846 ???? ? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? , ??????? ?? ?????????, ? ????? ? ??????????? ???????.
? 1870-? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????, ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????? . ? 1886 ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ????????? ??????, ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ? ?????????? ????? ???????.
? 1890 ???? ???????? ? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? , ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ? ?? ????????? ?????????, ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????? (??????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ), ? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ? ???????? .
? 1890 ???? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????, ????????? «?????» ????????????? ???????. ??? ? 1897 –1901 ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? . ?????????-????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? , ? ??? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???????: ??? , ???? , ?????? . ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ????????????????, ???????????? ??????????????? ???????, ?????????????? ? ???????.
XX ???
? ?????? XX ???? ???????????????? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????. ? 1902 ???? ? ???????????????? ?????? ????????-???????????? ???????????? ??????? , ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????: ?????????? ??????????. ? 1906 ???? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ??? ?????: ?????????????? ? ???????????????, ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????.
? 1907 ???? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????? , ??????????? ???????????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ????????.
? XX ???? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ???????????????? ????? .
? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ? ????? ????? 200 ????? ????????, ? ????????, ? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????? ? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ? ????????? ??????.
? 1927 ???? ? ??????????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ? ??????? , ? ????????, ?? ????? ???? , ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ? 1944 ????, ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? (? 1946 ???? ???? ?????????? ????? (???), ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????, ???????????? ??????????????? ??????. ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????: ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????, ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????, ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ?????, ????????? ???????????? ??????????, ??????????? ?????????? ???????.
? 1949 ???? ??? ?????? ????????-??????????? ???????? ?????????? (????), ??????? ???????????? ???????-?????? ? ???????-????????. ????????? ????????????? ????????. ? ??? 1950 ???? ? ????? ?? ????? ????????????? ???? ? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????.
? ??????? 1952 ???? ? ????? ????????? ????????? ???-??? . ? ????? ? ???? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????????. ???????????? ?????? ?????????? 86 ??????? ???, ? ??? ????? ???????????? ? 1947 ???? ????? ??????? . ?? ??????? ????????? ? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ???-??? ??????? ? 5 ?????? ????????????? ??? ? ?????? 1953 ???? ???? ??????????? ? 7 ????? ?????????? ??????, ? ???? ??? ??? ????????. ? 1959 ???? ??????????, ??? ??? ????????? ? ????????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????????.
? ????????? ???-??? ??????????? ? ???????? ??????? ?????? , , ???? . ?? ????????? ???????, ???????????? ????? ???????? ?? 30 ??? ???? 50 ????? ??????. ??? ????? ????????? 32-?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????, ??????? ???? ?????? ? ?????????? ?????.
????????? ???-???, ??????????? ?????????? ??????? , ? ????? ??????? , ?????? ? ?????? , ???????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????, ??????? ??????, ?????????? ?? ?????????, ??????? ? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????.
?? ??????????? ?????? ? 1955 ???? ????? 11 ????? ?????????? ???? ?????, ????? 60 ????? ?????????? ? ???????????. ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????????, ????????? ?????? ? ???? ? ????????? ???????????? ??????. ????????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ? ???????? .
? 1956 ???? ????????? ???-??? ???? ???????????, ??????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ? ????, ? ??? ????? ????????????????? ?????? , ??????? ??? ??????.
? ??? ?? 1956 ???? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????.
12 ?????? 1960 ???? ???????????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ??????????, ???????? ???????????? ????????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????. ? ????? 1961 ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????, ?????????? ? ???? ? ??????? 1961 ???? ? ??????????????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ? 1960 ???? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ????? (????) 23 ????? ? ???????????????? ????? ?????????? ????? (????) 16 ????. ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????????????? ?????????????, ????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ???????????, ? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????????. ???? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ? ??? , ???????? ?? ????????? ???????????, ? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ? ????????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????, ????????? ?? ??????????? ???????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ????, ??????? ?????????????? ? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????????????? ?? ???????????? ???????, ????? ? ????? ?????????????.
? ??????? 1961 ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????????, ? 1959 ????, ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????????, ?? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ? ? ????? ??????? 1961 ???? ????? ???? ???????????? ????.
? ???????-?????? 1962 ???? ? ??????? ?????????? ???????????, ??????????????? ?????? ????? ???????????. ? ???? ?????? ??????????? ? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ?? 7 ????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????.
? ??? 1963 ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ? ???????????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????. ???? ????????? ?????????, ? ?????? 1964 ???? ???? ????????? ? ?? ????????????. 1 ???? 1963 ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????. ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ???????-?????????.
?? ???????????, ???????????? ? ??????? ? ????????-??????? 1963, ?? ????????? ????????? ???? ? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????????, ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????. ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????????? ?????????????.
?????? ?????????????
? ??????? 1963 ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????????, ? ? ??????? 1964 ????????????? ???????????.
?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????????? 72-?????? ????? ??????? , ??? ? ??? 1963 ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????????????, ?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ? ?????????. ? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????, ?????????? ? ????? .
12 ??????? 1964 ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????. ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????, ?????? ????? ???????????????? ????????????.
????? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????????? 480 ???. ?? ????? ? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? 1 ??? ??????????. ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ? ???????????.
????? ?????? 87-??????? ??????? ? ??????? 1978 ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? , ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? . ? 1982 ???? ?? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ? 1969 ???? .
? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????, ? 1963-1968 ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? , ? 1969 ???? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ??? , ? ? 1990-? ???? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ? ????????????? ??????????. ??????, ? ?????, ?????? ????????? ? ???? ????????? ????? ??????????.
? 1969 ???? ???? ????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??-????? ????? ?????????????.
? 1970-? ???? ????? ??????????? ? ????? ??????????, ???????? ????????, ????????? ???????? ???? ????????????, ????? ?????????? ????? ????????.
1 ??????? 1982 ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????, ?????????????? ?????? ????-??????????? ?. ??????? , ??? ????? (???????-????????? ? 2008 ????) ?. ??????? ? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ? ?. ??????. ???????????? ???? ????? ???????.
? 1991 ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ?????? ? ???????? ????????????? ??????. ??????, ?? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ????? 2002 ????, ????????? ??????????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ? ??????.
? 2003 ???? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????????. ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ????? 2007 ????. ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ? ????? 2007 ???? ????? ????????????? ?????? .
? ???????? 2013 ???? ? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????.
??????-?????????????? ??????????????
?????????????? ?????????
??????????? ???????? ? ???????? ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ???????, ????????? ?? ???-??????, ??????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ??????-??????. ????? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????? 3477 ??: ? ???????? 861 ??, ? ?????? 682 ??, ????? ??????? 232 ??, ? ????????? 769 ?? ? ? ??????? 933 ?? . ? ???-??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? , ?? ?????? — ?????? ???????? , ????? ????????? ????? 536 ?? . ??????? ????? ?????????? 582 650 ??², ?? ??? 11 230 ??² ?????? ??????????? . ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? 1131 ?? ? ??????????? ? ???-??????? ?? ??????-????? ? 1025 ?? ? ??????-??????? ?? ???-????? . ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? .
??????, ?????????? ????, ???????? ??????????, ?????
????? ????????? ?? ?????????????? ???????: ??????? ????? ???????? , ????????-??????????? ???????? ?????? ? ????????? ? ??? ?????? ?????????, ????????? ?????, ?????????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ? ???, ????????? .
????? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ???????? ????? ??????.
?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? . ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? , ??????? , ??????? , ?????????? . ? ????? 2012 ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????? Tullow Oil plc ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????-?????? ?????? .
????? ???????
???????? ???
????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????, ????????? ? ?????. ?? ????????? ?? ?????? XXI ???? ????? ???? ???????????????? 465 ????? ????????????? , 633 ???? ???? , 57 ????? ??????? , ????? 450 ????? ?????????????? ? ????? 11 ????? ??????????? . ??? ???? ?????????? ????????, ? ?????????, 39% ????????????? ? 36% ????.
? ????? ??????? ???? , ???????? , ????? , ?????? , ????????????? , ??????? ? ????? ??????.
?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? — 5 ????????, ???????? ???????? ?????????. ????? ???, ???, ????, ???????, ?????? ? ???????. ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????.
?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????????, ????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????.
??????????????? ??????????
?????? ???????????????? ?????
????? — ????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???? . ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? , ???????? ? 2010 ???? .
???????? ????????? ????????? ????????????????? ???? ???????????? ? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ? ???, ???????????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????????????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?????????? ??????????-??????????????? ?????????????? ????? 1990-? — ?????? 2000-? ?????. ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?? ???????????? ????????????, ???????? ? ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ? ????????? ???? ??????????????? ??????? ??????.
???????? ?????? ? 2018 ???? ???? ???????????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????? .
?????????????? ??????
?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? . ? 13 ???????? 2022 ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? .
?????? ???????-??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ? 1 ???? 1963 ???? ?? 12 ??????? 1964 ????, ????? ???? ????????? ???????-???????? ? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? 2008 ???? . 28 ??????? 2008 ???? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????????, ? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????-????????? ? ??????? ?????.
? ????? 2013 ???? ? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????, ?? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? (50,07 %) ??????? ????? ????????. ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????-??????? ????? ??????, ?????????? ????? 40 % ??????? ??????????? .
??????????????? ??????
??????????????? ????? ?????????? ????? — ???????????? ???????????? ????????? (?? 2010 ?.). ? ????????? ????? ??????????? ? 2010 ???? ????????? ???? ???????????? , ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? , ? ?????? ???????????? ????????? .
??????? ????????
????? ????? ??????????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? , , ??????????? ? ???? 14 ??????? 1963 ????.
? ?????? ??? ????????????????? ? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ????????????? ? ??????????, ? ????? ???????????????? ?? ???????????????? ??????. ? ???????? 1980-? ????? ????????? ????? ? ????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????. ???????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????-?????????????? ???????? ?????, ?? ??????????? ??? ??????????????? ??????, ? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????????.
???????????????? ???????
?????????? ????? ?? 2013 ???? ???? ????????? ?? 8 ????????? ? 71 ?????. ? ????? 2013 ???? ???????? ?? 47 ???????.
| ? | ????????? | ???????????????? ????? |
???????,
??² |
?????????,
???. (2009) |
?????????,
???./??² |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ??????????? | ????? | 13 164 | 4 383 743 | 333,01 |
| 2 | ?????????? | ??????? | 82 893 | 3 325 307 | 40,12 |
| 3 | ????????? | ???? | 153 404 | 5 668 123 | 36,95 |
| 4 | ??????? | ??????? | 695 | 3 138 369 | 4515,64 |
| 5 | ??????-????????? | ??????? | 126 852 | 2 310 757 | 18,22 |
| 6 | ?????? | ?????? | 12 613 | 5 442 711 | 431,52 |
| 7 | ????-????? | ?????? | 183 383 | 10 006 805 | 54,57 |
| 8 | ???????? | ???????? | 8 309 | 4 334 282 | 521,64 |
| ????? | 581 313 | 38 610 097 | 66,42 |
?????????
???????????, ??????????
| ??????????? ????????? | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1948 | 1962 | 1969 | 1979 | 1989 | 1999 | 2009 | 2019 |
| 5 400 000 | ? 8 600 000 | ? 10 944 664 | ? 15 329 040 | ? 21 450 763 | ? 28 688 599 | ? 38 610 097 | ? 47 564 296 |
??????? ???????? ?????????? ??-?? ??????????? ???????.
??????????? ????????? 47 564 296 ??????? (???????? 2019 ???).
??????? ??????? 2,2 % (2009-2019 ????);
??????????? 35 ?? 1000 ( ???????????? 4,4 ???????? ?? ???????, ???????????? ?????????? 53 ?? 1000);
?????????? 9 ?? 1000;
??????? ????????????????? ????? 58,8 ??? (58 ??? ? ??????, 59 ??? ? ??????);
???????????? ??????? ?????????????? ( ??? ) 6,7 % (?????? ?? 2003 ???).
???????????? ??????
???????? ????? ?????? ??? , ? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ??????: ?????? (22%), ????? (14%), ??? (13%), ????????? (12%), ????? (11%), (6 %), ???? (6 %), ?????? ????????? (15%), ??????????? ( ??????? , ????????? , ????? ) (1%) .
?????
??????????? ?????: ?????????? ? ??????? , ?????????????? ??????? ?????. ?? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????? ? ?????????? ??? ????????????????? ?????????. ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????, ???? ???????????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????. ?? ?????? Ethnologue , ? ????? ?????????????? 69 ?????? .
???????????: 90 % ? ??????, 80 % ? ?????? (?????? ?? 2003 ???).
???????
???????: ????????? — 82,5 %, ?????????? — 11,1 %, ??????????? ?????? — 1,7 %, ?????? — 2,2 %, ??????? — 2,5 %.
??????????? ???????? ????????? (82,5 %), ?? ??? 47,4 % ??????? ???? ?????????????, 23,3 % — ??????????, 1,4 % — ????????????? . ?????? ???????????? ???????????, ? ??? ????? ???????????????? ???????, ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???, ????????? ??????, ???????????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????????? 10,4 %. ?????????????, ??? ? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ? ????, ????? 133 000 ??????? . ????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ( ????????????????? ????????? ???? ? ????????? ????????? ???? ), ???????? , ??????? , ?????????? ?????? , ????? ???????? , ???????????? , ?????????? ? ??.
?????????
????? — ???????????? ????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ????????? , ???????????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? (? 2011 ????) — 1750 ????. (151-? ????? ? ????). ??????? ???????????: 40 % (? 2008 ????).
???????? ????????? (75 % ??????????, 22 % ???) (???, ????, ????????, ????????, ???????? ????????, ??????, ?????). ????-???????? ??????????????, ????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????.
?????????????? (16 % ???). ? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????? (?????????, ?????, ????, ????????), ????????? ??????????? ????????????????. ? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????????????? ???????????, ???????????? ???????, ????????????? ?????????? .
????? ????? — 62 % ???.
????? — ???????? ?????? ? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????, ??????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ? ????????? ? ????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ??????? ?????????? ??????? (???) ? 2006 ???? ???????? 21.2 ???? ???. (604 ???. ?? ???? ?????????), ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? 28 % ???, ????? ????? — 55 %, ? ?????????????? — 17 % . ?????????? ??????????????, ? ????????, ????? ???????????????? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ??. ??????, ????????, ?????????? ????, ?????? ? ???????. ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ????? ? ????? 1940-1950-? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????????. ? ?????????? ? ?????? 1980-? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ? ????????? ??????. ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????????: ???????, ???????????, ???????????????, ???????, ?????????????, ?????????????????????, ??????????, ??????????????, ???????????? ???????? ????????, ???????? ?????? ??? ???????????, ???????, ?????? ? ??????????????. ??????? ???????????? ??????: ??????? ? ???????. ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????, ????????, ???????? ??????? ? ????? ? ????????????????????? ????? ? ???????, ?????????? ?? ????????? ????? .
??????? ????????
?? ????????? ?? 2017 ??? ??????? ???????? 6,17 ???? ????., ?????? — 17,1 ???? ????.
??????? ?????????? ??????: ??? (22 %), ????? (11 %), ????????????? (4,8 %), ???? (4,3 %), ? ????? ??????, ?????, ????? ? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????; ?????????
???????? ??????????: ??? — 8,7 %, ?????? — 8,2 %, ???????? — 8,2 %, ?????????? — 7,5 %, ?????????????? — 6,7 %.
??????? ????????? ??????: ????????????? (14 %), ????????? ????? (3,2 %) ?????????? (2,9 %), ??????????? (2,5 %) ? ???????????????? ????? (2,4 %), ????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ? ????????????????? ?????.
???????? ??????????: ????? — 23 %, ????? — 9,8 %, ??? — 7,4 %, ?????????? ?????? — 6,1 %, ?????? — 4,6 %, ??? — 4,5 %.
??????????? ? ???????? ???????????? ?????????
??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????????, ???, ????????, ??? ?? ????????????? ??????, ? ?????????????? ? ?? ?????????????. ????????????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????, ??????? ??????????? ????? ? ????? ? ?????????????? ??????????????? ?? ???? ???????. ? 2006 ???? ????????????? ????? 2,2 ??? ? ????? ? ????? 1,1 ??? ? ??????????????. ? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????, ? ????? ? ??? ?? ? ?? ?????????????. ????? ? ?????? ???????????? ? ??? ????? 15 ???. ?, ??? ?? ????????? 0,1 % ??? ???????? ???????????. ????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ???, ? 2001 ?. ?? ?????? ???????? 344 ???. ?. ? ?????, ????? ???????, ???, ? ????????, ?? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????, ????? ??? ?????, ??????, ??????????, ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????, ????????????? ?????, ????????????? ????????? ? ????????????. ?? ???????????? ? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????: ????? — 24 %, ???????????? ????????????, ???????????????????? ?????? ? ???????????? ???????? — 25 %, ?????? ??????? — 7 %. ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? 0,4 ??? ?. ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ????? 2,9 ??? ? (? ?????? ?????????? ????? ? ????????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ??????). ????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???????, ????, ??????, ?????????????. ???????? ???????????? ????????: ?????????????? — 10,2 %, ?????????? — 9,4 %, ?????? — 9,1 %, ???????? — 8,9 %, ??? — 6,4 %, ????????— 5,7 %. ???????? ??????????: ??? — 11,9 %, ????? — 11,8 %, ????? — 10,3 %, ?????????? ?????? — 8,3 %, ??? — 5,9 %, ?????? — 5,3 % .
??????
????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ??????.
????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????. ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? , ???????? ??????? ????????? ? ????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? . ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ????? 15 ??? ???????? ???????????? ?????? , ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????.
???????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? .
????????
?????? ? ???????? ????? ???? ????? 20 % ?????????, ? ????????, ? ??????? ???????. ???????? ???????????? ???????.
???????? ? ?????????
??????
? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ? ?????????? ? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????, ?????????? ?? ???????????? ????? ??? 40 ???????????? ?????? .
????? ?????
- ???????????? ????? ????? ;
- ??????????? ( Loiyangalani );
- ????? ??????? ( Kabarnet );
- ????? ?????????? ( Kapenguria );
?????? ?????
????? ?????
????????? ????? ????????? ? ???????????? — ??? ? ???????????? ??????????? ?????, ? ??????????? ????????, ???????????? ???????????. ???, ???????, ??????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ???????????? ?????????????: ???? , ????????? ? ????????? , ???????? ?? ?????. ??????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????, ? ????????, ???????? ? ??????? , ? ???????? ??????????????? ? ???? ???????.
???????????? ????? ? ??????????? ?????
???????? ????????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ? ??????????? ?????:
- ??????? ( Nairobi National Park );
- ?????-???? ( Maasai Mara National Reserve );
- ???? «????? ??????» ( Lake Nakuru National Park );
- ???????? ( Amboseli National Park );
- ????????? ???? ( Tsavo East National Park ).
????? ? ????? ?????????? 59 ???????????? ???????????? ? ??????.
?????
??????????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?? ????????? ??????. ?????? ??????????? ?????, ??? ???????, ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ? ????????????? ??????, ???????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ?????????, ? ?????????, ????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ??????.
? XXI ???? ? ?????? ? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????, ??? ? ??????? ??????????. ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? 2008 ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????? 14 ???????, ? ??? ????? 6 ???????, 4 ?????????? ? 4 ?????????. ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????, ? ??????????? ???????.
? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? «??????-?????», ????? ????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ???????, ??? ??? ????????, ??? ? ??? ?????.
??????????
- ????? ????: ??????????? ????????? ?????????? / ???????????? ???????: ?. ?. ??????, ?. ?. ?????????. — ??????: ???, 2017. — ?. 72. — 96 ?. — ISBN 978-5-17-10261-4.
- (????.) . AP NEWS (15 ??????? 2022). ???? ?????????: 15 ??????? 2022. 15 ??????? 2022 ????.
- . U.S. CIA. ???? ?????????: 26 ???? 2023. 8 ????? 2023 ????.
- . ???? ?????????: 14 ????? 2020. 5 ?????? 2019 ????.
- ? (????.) . International Monetary Fund (IMF) (11 ??????? 2019). ???? ?????????: 13 ????? 2020. 28 ??? 2020 ????.
- (????.) . ????????? ???????? ??? . — ?????? ? ???????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ???. ???? ?????????: 14 ???????? 2018. 15 ??? 2020 ????.
- , ?. 426.
- . news.sciencemag.org . ???? ?????????: 12 ?????? 2019. 1 ?????? 2016 ????. , 2015
- ? . ???? ?????????: 15 ???? 2011. 31 ??????? 2020 ????.
- ? . Encyclopedia of the Nations. ???? ?????????: 16 ???? 2011. 22 ??????? 2011 ????.
- . Britannica. ???? ?????????: 16 ???? 2011. 21 ??????? 2011 ????.
- . ??? ??????? (26 ????? 2012). ???? ?????????: 26 ????? 2012. 27 ??? 2012 ????.
- . The Economist Intelligence Unit (The EIU) . ???? ?????????: 25 ?????? 2019. 10 ?????? 2019 ????.
- ???? ?????????: 20 ??? 2012. 22 ??????? 2012 ????.
- . ???? ?????????: 10 ????? 2013. 10 ????? 2013 ????.
- . Kenya Bureau of Statistics (28 ??????? 2009). ???? ?????????: 22 ??? 2011. ???????????? ?? 30 ?????? 2013 ????.
- . 13 ?????? 2019 ????.
- (????. ????.) . Kenya National Bureau of Statistics . ???? ?????????: 23 ??????? 2022. 23 ??????? 2022 ????.
- Central Intelligence Agency. . The World Factbook (2009). ???? ?????????: 23 ?????? 2010. 31 ??????? 2020 ????.
- . ???? ?????????: 15 ??????? 2012. 23 ?????? 2012 ????.
- ??????????? ? ?????
- (????.) . 15 ??????? 2010 ????.
- ? . ???? ?????????: 19 ??? 2012. 5 ??????? 2011 ????.
- . ???? ?????????: 19 ??? 2012. 14 ?????? 2012 ????.
- . ???? ?????????: 22 ??????? 2019. 6 ?????? 2019 ????.
- . 27 ???????? 2013 ????.
- ?? 3 ?????? 2011 ?? Wayback Machine , WIPO Magazine (July 2007).
??????????
- ????? ?. ?. ??????????? ?????: ?????????? / ???. ???. ; ???? ??????. — ?. : ????? . ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????, 1972(1973). — 448 ?. — 8700 ???.
- / ???. ???. ?.?.?. ; ???????? ?????? ??? . — 3-? ???., ???????. ? ???. — ?. : ????????? ?????????? , 2004. — 160 ?. — 300 ???. — ISBN 5-02-18374-1.
- ???????? ?. ?. ?????????????? ???????? ????. ?????????????? ??????? / ???. ???. ?. ?. ??????. — 2-? ???., ?????????. — ?. : ??????? ???????, ???????, ???, 2002. — 512 ?. — 3000 ???. — ISBN 5-17-001389-2 .
??????
- . ???????????? ?? 13 ?????? 2008 ????.
- . ???????????? ?? 27 ???????? 2013 ????.
|
??? ????????? ???? ??????
??????????
:
|
|
|
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ??????? ? ???????????? |
|
|||
|
|
||||
|
? ?????
|
|
|---|---|
|
???????? ???????????:
????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????
????????
??????????
???????, ?????
??????????? ?????
—
????????
,
??????????? ???????????
???????????
.
?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????????? (1947) ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????. ?? ???????? ??????????, ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? . |
||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||
| ????? |
|
|---|---|
| ?????? ????? | |
megan
- 2020-01-25
- 1
Warning: Undefined array key 4957584 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 4957593 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 5144484 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 5213944 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 5270271 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 5271183 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 5293185 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 5356103 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 5375146 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 5388393 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 5452196 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 5522648 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 5540374 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 5782113 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 5821801 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 5854604 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 5919275 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6009045 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6029193 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6029342 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6106668 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6106669 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6233470 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6233860 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6246676 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6333385 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6572809 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6602241 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6630695 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6630702 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6669329 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6694055 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6773202 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6847114 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6847129 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6847130 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6847132 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6847133 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6847151 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6910544 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 6962409 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 7014635 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 7089930 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 7104947 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 7108538 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 7164203 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 7170754 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 7216350 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Undefined array key 7240864 in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null in /home/wiki/wafarin.com/pages/page_article.php on line 193
