Interested Article - Оберон (спутник)

??????? — ?????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ????? , ??????? ?? ????? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ??????? . ???????? ????? ??? ???? IV . ?????? ???????? ???????? ? 1787 ????. ?????? ? ????? ???? ??? ? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ???????? « ??? ? ?????? ???? ». ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? . ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ??????? .

?????? ????????, ??? ?????? ????????????? ?? ????????????? ????? , ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ???????????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ? ???? ?, ????????, ??????????????? ?? ???????? ???? ? ??????? ??????. ?? ?? ???????, ????????, ???? ???? ?????? ???? .

??????????? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????. ??? ?????? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ? ????? , ?????????? ??????????????, ?? 210 ?? ? ????????, ??????? . ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ( ???????? ), ?????????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? .

??????, ??? ? ??? ??????? ?????, ?????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? — « ???????-2 ». ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? 1986 ????, ?? ?????? ????????? ???????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? 40 % ??? ???????????. .

??????? ????????, ???????????? ? ????????

?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? 11 ?????? 1787 ???? (? ???? ???? ? ???????? ? ????? 6 ??? ????? ?????) . ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? , ?? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? . ? ??????? 50 ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????, ????? ??????? ??-?? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ???????. ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ? ????? ? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? .

????????????? ?????? ???????? «?????? ????????? ?????», ? ? 1848 ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? «???? II» , ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ? ????????? ??????? ???????, ? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????????? «???? II» ? «???? IV» ?????????????? . ???????, ? 1851 ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????. ? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????????? «???? IV» .

???????????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????????? ????? . ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ? ????? ??????? — ???? ??? ? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? « ??? ? ?????? ???? » . ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????, ?????? ? 1852 ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? , ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? — ?????? ? ???????? .

???????????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ???????, ??? ????? ?????? ???????????, ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????? « ???????-2 ». ? ?????? 1986 ???? ?? ????????? ? ???????? ?? ?????????? ? 470 600 ?? ? ?????? ?????? ? ??????????? ????? 6 ?????????? (? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????) . ??????????? ?????????? 40 % ??????????? ????????, ?? ?????? 25 % ??????? ? ?????????, ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????? . ?? ????? ??????? «????????» ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? (??? ? ?????? ?????????), ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ????????? ? ???????? ???? ?, ????? ???????, ?? ????? ???? ??????? .

?? ?????? « ????????-2 » ? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ????. ? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????. ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?, ? ?????????, ??????. ?? ??????????? ????????? ? ? ????????? ???????.

??????

?????? — ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? . ?????? ??? ?????? — 584 000 ??????????. ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? . ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? 13,46 ????? ? ????????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???. ????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? , ?????? ?????????? ????? ? ??? ?? ???????? ? ??????? . ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ????? . ? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? . ? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? , ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (? ????????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????). ????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ? ?????????? ????? ?????????, ??? ? ??????????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????, ????? ??????? .

??? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? «?? ????», ? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ? ?????????? ???????? (? ??????) ??? ??????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????????. ?????? ????? ??????? 42 ???? ????????? ? ?????? ??????? ? 42 ???? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? . ?????? «????????-2» ? 1986 ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ? ????? ?????????, ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ? ???????.

??? ? 42 ????, ?? ????? ????????????? ?? ?????, ?????? (? ?????? ? ??? ?????) ???????? ????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????, ? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????. ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ? 2006—2007 ?????, ? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? 4 ??? 2007 ????, ??????? ???????????? ????? ????? ????? .

?????? ? ?????????? ????????

??????. ????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? (?????) — ??????; ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ? ???? (????? ???? ?????)

?????? — ?????? ?? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ????????? ??????? . ????????? ??????? ?????????? 1,63 ?/??³ (????, ??? ? ????????? ??????? ) ? ??????????, ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ???? ? ??????? ????????? ????????????, ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? . ??????? ???????? ???? (? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ????????) ???????? ? ?????????????????? ?????????? . ??? ??????????? ????????????, ??????????? ??? ????????? ?????, ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ( ??? I _c ). ??? ????????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????, ??? ?? ???????, ????? ??? ? ????????? ????????? ????? — ???????? . ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????????. ????????, ???? ? ???, ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? , ??????? ??????? ? ???? ??? . ?????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ???????? , ? ?????????, ?? ?????, ?????????????? ??? ? ??????? ????????? .

?????? ????? ???? ??????????????? ?? ???????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? . ???? ??? ????????????? ???, ?? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????, ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? 63 % ??????? ???????? (480 ??), ? ????? ???? ???????? ????? 54 % ????? ???????. ???????? ? ?????? ??????? — ????? 0,5 ??? (5 ???? ) . ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????. ???? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? , ?? ?? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????. ??????? ????? ??????, ???? ?? ??????????, ????? ????????? 40 ??????????, ? ??????????? ?????????? ????? 180 ? . ???????, ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ????????????.

???????????

??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? (?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ) . ??? ??????? ????? — ????? 14 % . ??????? ???????, ?????? ? ???????, ?????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? : ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ? 0° ?? 1° ????????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ? 31 % ?? 22 % . ??? ????????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? (????????, ????????? ???????????????? ?????????????) . ??????????? ???????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????, ?? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? . ?????? — ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????. ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????-???????? ?????????. ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? — ????????? ???????????? ???????????? , ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ? ????? ??????????? . ?????? ? ?????? ? ???????? ??????????? ???????????, ????????, ??????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????, ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? (????????, ? ???????????? ????????? ). ??? ???????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? .

????????? ??? ?????? ???????, ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? 2018 ??? (9 ???????? ? 1 ??????)

???????? ?? ??????? ???????? 9 ???????? ? 1 ?????? . ???????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????. ??????????? ???????? ???, ?? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????, ? ?? ?????????? ?? ????????. ??? ??????????, ??? ??????????? ??????? ???????, ??? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????? , ? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????????????? ??????????. ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ???????? — ??????? — ?????????? 206 ??????????. ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????, ????????????????, ??????? ???? . ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? 11-???????????? ?????????????. ?? ?????????, ??? ??? — ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????, ? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? 375 ?? .

??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? (???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????????????, ??? ?? ??????? ). ??????? ( ???. chasma , ??. ?. chasmata ) — ??? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ????????; ????????, ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? . ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????. ????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ??????, ?????????, ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? . ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? — .

?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????????????????? ??????????: ???????????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????? . ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????? , ? ?????? — ???? ? ?? ??????, ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ??????????. ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ? ???????? ????????????? ???????. ??? ??????? ? ??????????? ???????? — ?????????? ?????? ? ??????? ????. ?????????????? ???? ???? ???????, ?????? ?????, ??????????? ???????, ??????? ????????? ? ??? ?????, ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? 0,5 % ? 0,4 % ?????????????? .

?? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??????? (????? ??? ??????, ?????? ? ??????) ????? ?????? ????????. ????? ????, ?????? ????? ???? ? ??? ???????? — ? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ????????? ?????? ????????????, ??? ??? ????? — ????????? ?????????????? , ????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????, ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????. ????? ???????, ??? — ??????? ?????? ????? , ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????, ??? ????????, ???? ?????? ? ????????? ???? ??????????????? , ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? .

???????? ??????? ??????? ???????
(???? ? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ? ????????? ? ???? ?????????????? ????????)
????????????	??????? ? ?????	???	????? (???????), ??
?????? ??????	— ????????? ???, ??? ?????? ??????	??????	537
???????	???? ??????? ?? ???????????? «??????? ? ?????????»	??????	47
??????	?????? ?? ???????????? « ???? ?????? »		76
????????	???? ???????? ?? ???????????? « ???????? »		120
????????	???????? ?? ???????????? « ??????????? ?????????? »		124
??????	????? ?????? ?? ???????????? « ??????, ????? ??????? »		206
???	??? ?? ???????????? « ?????? ??? »		126
??????	?????? ?? ???????????? ????????????		203
??????	?????? ?? ???????????? « ??????, ???????????? ???? »		114
?????	????? ???????? ?? ???????????? « ????? ? ????????? »		159

????????????? ? ????????

??? ? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? , ??????, ????????, ????????????? ?? ????-???????? ????????????? ????? , ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??????-?? ??????? ????? ???????????? ???????, ???? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????????, ???????, ?????? ?????, ? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? . ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????, ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??, ??? ?? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???? . ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ?????????? ? ???? ?????? ???????? (CO) ? ????????????? ????? (N ₂ ), ? ?? ?????? ? ??????? . ???????, ???????????????? ?? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? (? ?????????? CO ? N ₂ ) ? ?????? ?????????? ?????, ??? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? .

??????????? ???????, ????????, ???????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? . ????????????, ?????????????? ????????, ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? . ???????????? ??????????? (????? 230 K), ????????, ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? 60 ?????????? . ????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????, ? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ??-?? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ? ??? ?????? . ????????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ????????, ? ?? ????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????. ??? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? , ??????? ????? ???????? ? ??????????? ???????? . ????????, ?????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ????? 200 ????????? ??? ?, ?????????????, ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? .

????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ? ??????, ???? ? ??? ?????????????? ?????-???? ????????? — ?????? ??? ???? . ?????? ????? ???????? ? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ? ???????????? ????????? ????, ??????????? ??????? ???????. ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ????, ?????????? ??????. ????????????? ??????????? ?? ????? — 176 ? . ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????, ?? ?????? ?? ?????????. ?????????? ??????? ?? ? ??? ?????????? ? ?????????????? ???? ? ??????????? ???????? . ??? ?? ?????, ??????????? ?????? ? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????.

?????? ? ????????

?????? ???????, ???????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???????, ???????? ????? ??????-?????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? « ?????? ?????? ». ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????.

???? ?? ???????? ????????????? ????????-???????? ??????? ?????????? — « ????????? ???????? ???? » — ????????? ?????? ??? ???????, ???????? ?????????, ? ???????? ???????????? ? ? ???????? ?? ?????? ????, ?????? ??????????-«??????????» ? ??????? ?????????? ????????-?????????????? — «???????».

?????? ????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ??????? «?? ????? ?????», ??????????? ???????????: ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????, ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????… .

????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????????????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ???????? ????? .

??. ?????

???????????

??????? ???????? ??????????? ?? r ????? ???????: $2r$ .
??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?? r ????? ???????: $4\pi r^{2}$ .
????? v ??????????? ?? ??????? r ????? ???????: $4\pi r^{3}/3$ .
????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ??????? ????? m , ?????????????? ?????????? G ? ??????? r ????? ???????: $Gm/r^{2}$ .
???? ???????? ????????? ?????: ??????? , ?????? , ???????? , ??????? ? ??????.
?????? ?????????, ????? ?????????, ??? ??????: ??????? , ????? , ???????? , ?? , ???? , ?????? , ?????? ? ??????? .
????????, ????? — ??????? ??????? — ????? ????????? 0,97 ?/??³ , ??? ????????? ?? ??, ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? 90 % ??????? ?? ???? .

??????????

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