Interested Article - Раса

«???? ????????????». ????? ???????????????? ??????? ???????? , 1911. ????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ?? ???? ???: ??????????? , ?????????? (« ????? »), ????????? , ???????????? , ?????????

????? (????? ???? ???????? , ???????????? ???? ) — ??????? ????????? ???????? , ????????????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ? ???????????? ? ??????????? ?? ????????? . ??????????? ???? ? ????????????? ???????? ? ???? ? ?????????? ???????? . ? ????????????? ???????? ? ?????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????????? «??????» ??????? ????? ; ? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????????? , ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ? «??????» ??????? ???? ?? ?????????? , ? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? . ???? ??????????????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ???????, ??????? ????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ?????????. ? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? «????» ????? ??????????? . ? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????? ? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? . ?????????????????? ?????????? ??????? «????» ??????????? ? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????, ? ???????? ??????????????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ????????????? ? ?? ?????? .

??????????? ?????? ??????????, ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ???????????? , ??????????? ????????? ??????? ? ????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? .

?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ? ???????????? ?????????? , ? ? XVII ???? ???? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ? ???????????????? ? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????? .

?????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? , ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ? ??????? ????? ????????????????? ?????, ????? ???????? — ???????????? , ???????????? , ?????????? , ????????????? ? ?????????????? .

????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ??? ????, ?????????? ???????????? , ???????????? ? ?????????? (????????????? ???????????? «?????????»), ???? ??????? ? 1780-? ????? ??????? (????.) (? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? . ??????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? — « ????? » («??????????»), « ?????? » («?????????») ? «??????» («???????????»). ???? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????????????? .

?? ???? ?? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????????. ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????????, ??????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ??????. ????? ????, ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ? ???????? ???????, ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????? .

????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????, ?? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ? ????????????? ???????????? ??? ???????, ??????????????? ???????????? ????????? . ? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????? XX — ?????? XXI ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ???, ??? ??? ???????? ? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ? ????????????? ?????????? ? ?????????. ? ????? ? ???? ? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? «????» ? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?????? . ???? ????? ?? ??????????????? ??? ????????????? ????????? . ? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???????????? , ??????? ????????????? ????? ? ??????????? ?? ??????, ???????? ? ???????? . ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? .

????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ? ????? ? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ? ????????????? ? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????????????? ????????????? ? ??????????? ?????????????. ??????? ???????? (??? ?????????? ????????????) ?? ???????? ? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????????, ?? ???????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ?, ???????, ????????????????? ???????????, ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????????????? ??????????? .

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????? «????» ? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ???????? XIX ???? , ??????? ?????????????? ?? ??. race ??? ???. Rasse , ??????? ? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ???. raza ??? ????. razza . ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????: ?????????? ?????? ? ????????????? ????? ?? ???. generatio («????????, ??????????? ? ???????????»), ???. ratio («???», «??????», «?????????????») ??? ????. ra’s ? («??????», «?????????????», «??????») .

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????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? (??????? 1851 ????) ? ????????? « ??????????, ??? ????? », « ???????????, ??? ?????? », « ?????????, ??? ?????? », « ????????????, ??? ??????? ????? » ? «?????????, ??? ?????????? ?????»

? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?? «?????» (?? ?????????????) ??? ?? ???????? . ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????????????? ??????, ?? ?????????????? ????????????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ??????. ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ? ??????? ??????????, ????? ??????? ? ?????????????????? ????????? ?????????. ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ???? ? ???????? ??????????, ? ?? ????????????? ????????? .

? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ?? ????????? ?????-???????? ????, ??????????? ?? ????? ????, ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????-???? ?????????? ???????????, ?????? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ????????? « ???????? » .

? XVI ???? ??????????? ???????? ? ????? « ????? », ?????? ??????????, ????? ??????, ????????, ? ???????? . ?????? «????? ????» ??? «????? ????» ????? ? ???????? ??????????? ????? ? ????? XVII ???? ? ????? ? ????????????? ??????? , ? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ? ????????? ??????? . ??? ???????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????, ?????????????? ? ??????????? ??????????, ? ? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????, ???????????? ???? ???? « ??????? ?????? », ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????????. ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????????, «??????? ????????… ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ??????? ??????» . ???? ????? ????, ??????? ?????? (????.) (, ????????: «??????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ? ???????? ????????????????? ??????????? ??????? (? ?????? ? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????) ??? ?????????????? ?????? „????? ????“ » . ??????? ??????? ??????????, ??? «????? ????????????», ??? ??? ?????????? ? ????????? ?????, ???????? ???????????? ?????????, ?????????? ???????????? ????????????? ???? ? ??????? .

? XVI ? XVII ????? ????????????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? «??????», ? ?? «???????» . ????? ????? ?????, ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????????? ? ??????????, ?????? ??? «?????? ???? ??????? ????????????», ? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? .

??????? «????? ????» ??? «????? ????» ? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ??? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????, ???????????? ?? ??????? ????? ? ????????????????? « ?????? », « (????.) (», « ?????? », « ??????? » ? ?????? « ??????? », ???????? ? XVII ????. ?? ????? XVIII ???? ????????? ???????? «??????» ????? ?????? ????????? ???? . ??????? «????? ????» ? «????? ????» ????? ? ???????? ??????????? ????? ? ????? XVII ???? ? ????????? ???????? ??????? ? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????. ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????????, ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? .

???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ? ????????? ??????? XVII ????, ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????? . ???? ???????????? ???????????? «??????? ????????» ? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ??????????? : «?????, ?????? ? ?????????? — ??? ???????????, ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????, ????? ? ????????????????» . ? ???????? XVII ???? ????? ?????? español («???????») ? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ? blanco («?????») . ? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????, ??????? ???????????, ????????? ( indios ), ????????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????????? «???????? ?????» ( (????.) ( ), ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ????????? ? ???????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? 1501 ???? . ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ?????, ????????? ??????????? ???????, ????????? ? ?????????????, ??? ??????? ? ???????????? ????? ????????? «??????» ??????????? ? ????????????????? ???? ???????? . ????? ? indios ?????????? ?????, ?? ??????????? ?????? ??????, ? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????????????, ???? ??? ??????????? ??????? ? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ? ???? . ???? ?? ????????? pardos (???? ? ?????? ?????) ? mulattos (???? ?????????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ?????????????), ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????????, ????? ???? ?? «?????» . ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????, ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? «?????» ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? .

? ?????????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ? ????????? ???????????? ? ???????????. ?????? ?????????? ? «????? ????» ??? «?????» ????? ? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ? XVII ???? . ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ??? ? XVII ???? «?? ???? [??????????] ???????? ??????? „ ?????????? “, „ ????????? “, „ ?????????? “ ? „ ????? “… ?????????????? ??? ???????» ??? ???????? . ? 1680 ???? ?????? ?????? «???? ??????????? ?????????» ?????????? ?????????, ??? «?? ????????? „?????“ ??? „????? ????????? ??????????“» . ????????? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? « ????? » ? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? . ?? ?????? (????.) (, ?????? « ????? » ????????? ????? ????????? ? ???????????? ????????, ??? ? ??????????????, ?????? ?? 1700-? ????? .

??????? «?????? ????» ? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????. ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? XVII ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? «?????» ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ? ?????????. ? 1670-? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????, ? ??? ?????????? ? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ????????? «???????-??????», ???????????? ? ?????? «?????? ????». «?????» ?????????? ? ???????? «???????????? ????» ???? ???????? ? ????????? «????? ????» .

? ????-????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???????, ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????, ????? ??? «?????», «???????», «??????????», «??????-??????», «??????», «?????-??????». ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????. ???, ????????? « ???????????? ?????» ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? «????? ????», ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????, ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ? «????? ?????». ? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????, ?? ????? «?????» ?????????. ?????? ??? ??????????? « ???????? » .

????-?????????? ??? , ???????????? ? ??????????? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? — ???????????? ????? — ???????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? — «??????» ???????????????? ????????????? . ?? ???? ????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ????????, ?????????? ???????????? — ?????? ? ??????????. ?????? ????????? ? ????????? ??????? — ???????? ? ?????????, ?, ??? ?????, ? ????????????????? , ???? ??????????? ????: ???????? ?????-???????????, ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ?????. ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? 1875 ???? ? ???????????? ??????? — ?????? ?? 1924 ????. ?? ???????? XIX ???? ? ??? ??????????? « ??????? ????? ????? ????? », ???????? ???????? «????????» ????????? ??, ??? ???? «??????» ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????. ????????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????-??????????, ? ?? ??? ??????????? ???????? . ???????? ???????? ?. ?. ?????? , ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????-?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????????? ? ????? ?????? (??????, ?????, ????????? ? ??.) .

? ??? ? XIX ???? ???????? ? ????????? ?? ????????? «??????», ????? ??? ? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? XIX—XX ????? ? «????? ????» ????? ?????????? ????? ??????, ??? ?????, ?????????, ???????, ???????, ????? ? ?????? .

??????? «????? ????» ????? ??????????????? ? ??????????? ? ?? ????????? ?????? ? XX ????. ? 1920-? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ???????, ??? ??? ??????? ? «??????» ???????????? ??????????? ? «????? ???????? ????», ??? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ?????????? ? ????????? «?????» ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????, ??????? ????? «??????» ? «????????» ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ? ????? .

? ???????? ??????????? ????? 500 ?????, ?????????? ?? ???????? ????, ?????? ???? ? ???, ???????????? ????? ? ??. ? 85 % ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????, ???????? ???????????, ????? 50 % ???????, ???? ???: «??????» (??????), «??????» («?????») ? «??????» («???????????»). ? ????? ???? ??????????? 25 ???????? ?????, ??????? ???? ????????????? ? ??? ???????? ?????????: «???????» («?????»), «???????, ??????» (??????), «??????, ??????, ???????» («??????»). ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????????? ? ?? ???????? ????????, ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? «??????????? ????» .

???????? ???? ???????????? (?? ??????), ?????? ??????? , 1893, ????????????? ??????? ???????, 1897

????????? ??? ? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????. ???, ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? , ?????????? ????????????, ??? ???? ???????????????? ?? ????? ? ???????. ? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????????? ????????, ? ?????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????? .

? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ? ???????? ? ??????? ???????????, ? ?????????, ? ?????????? ? ??? ??????????????? ??????????? «??????» (???????? ?? ??, ??? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ). ??????????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????????, ?? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? «???? ?????????? ??????????????» .

??????????? ????????? ? «???????? ??????? ?????????» ( ??? ) ? 2014 ???? ???????????? ????????????, ? ??????? ??????? ? ?????????? ????????? ? ??? ???????? ? « ??????? », ??? ? ????????? ?????????? ??????????. ?? ????? « ????? » ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????, ??? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ? ??????? ???????????, ??????????? ????????? ? ??? ??????????????? .

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?????, ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ? 1795 ???? ? ??????, ??????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ? ????????????? ?????????? ? ???????

???????????? — ?????? ????? ???????????? , ????????? ???????????? ???? .

??????????? ??????? ????????????? ???, ??????? ?? ???????????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????????, ??? ??????????? ????????, ???????? , ???????? ? ???????? , ??????? ????????????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????.

???????? ??? ? ??????? ? « ??????? ?????? », ???????????? ? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ??? ??? ???????, ???????? ????????? ??????????????? ? ????????-???????????????? ???????? ? ??. ?????????????????? ???????, ? ????? ????? ? ??? ( ??-?????-???? ), ??? ??????? ???????????? ????????????????????????? ??????? , ????????? ? ????????????? .

???????????? ????? ? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ( ?. ?. ????? , ?. ?. ???????? ? ??.).

?????? ??????????? ????????????? ? ?????????? ????????????? . ?????? ????????? ?????????, ?????? ??????, ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? , ?? ???? ??????, ???????, ?????, ? ????????????? ???? ?????????.

? ??? ????? ??????? ????????????, ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? , ???????????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ? ???????????? , ???????? , ??????????? . ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????? ? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? , ??????????? , ????????????? , ????????????? , ????? ??????? ??????????????? . ???????? ??? ? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ????????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ??? ????????????? ?????????, ????????? ??????? ???????????, ??????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ??????, ???????? ??????????????? ????????????? ???????? , ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? .

????? ?? ????????? ????

????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????, ??????????????? ??????????? ???????? «????????» ????????????? ???

????????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? (1797) , ? ????? ???????? ???????? (1871) .

??????? ?????? ??????? «????» ???????????? ???????? ??? ? 1930-? ???? . ? ???????? XX ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????. ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?. ?????, ????????? ???? ?? ?????? , ? ????????.

? 1964 ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????, ? ??? ????? ????, ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????, ? ??????? ????????????, ??? ??? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????, ??????? ???????????? ? ??????????????, ?????? ? ?? ????? ?????? ????????, ???????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ? ??????? ????????? .

????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? «????» ??? ??????????????? ??-?? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????????????? ??????? . ?????? ???? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???????, ????? ??? ????????? , ????? , ?????????? ?????? , ?????????? .

????????? ??????????, ??? ?????? «??????? ???????» ???????????? ??????????? ??????, ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????????. ????????? ?????????? ?? ??????????, ? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? , ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? .

???????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????. ??? ???? ? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????, ??? ?? ???? ????????? ????. ? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ????????, ??? ? ??????????? , ????????? ???????????? ? ???????? . ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?? ???? ? ??????????? ???? ? ?????? .

? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????? ? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????. ?????????????????? ?????????? ??????? «????» ??????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????, ? ???????? ??????????????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ????????????? ? ?? ?????? .

? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ? 1930-? ???? ? ?????????????? ? ????????? ????? ? ?????????? ?????. ???, ?. ?. ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ? ?????????? «?????? ???», ? ?. ?. ?????? ??????? ???? «??????????? ???????????? ???????????». ?????????? ?. ?. ????? , ???? ? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? «????», ???????, ??? ??? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? Homo sapiens .

???????? ????????, ??????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ????????. ??????????, ??? ????????? «?? ??????? ? ?? ????? ? ?????????????» , ?? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ? ????????????? ? ?????????? ???, ????????, ????? ?????????? 300 ??? ????? «???» . ????? ????, ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? , ?? ? ?????????? «???????????? ??????????, ????????????? ??? ???????????» ????????? .

??????? ?. ?. ?????????? , ????????, ??? ????? ????????? ????????????? ?? ??????? «????» ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????, ???? ? ??? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????????, ? ????? ??? ???????????? ? ????? «?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????? ????????». ??? ???? ?? ????????, ??? ???????? ???????????, ??????????? ?? ??????? «????», ????? ? ???? ????????? ????, ???????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? .

???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????????????? ???????????????? ? ?????????????? ????????? ???? , ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? .

?????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ????????????, ??? ?????? ??????????? ? ???, ??? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ???, ? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ? ??????? ? ???????????????, ??????????? ? ???????????, ? ?? ?????????????? ????????? .

?????????????? ??????? ??????? ????? , ??????????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ? 2016 ????, ???????, ??? «?????» ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????, ? ?????????? ??????????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????-??????????? ????????? ?????: WHG (???????? ????????-??????????), EHG ( ??????????????????? ????????-?????????? ), ????????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? / ????????, ? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ????? (????? ???????????? ??? «EEF»; ?????? ??????????? ???????????) — ? ?????? ???????, ? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????????? ????? .

? ?????? 2016 ???? «???????? ? ????????????? ? ???????????? ????» ??????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ????????, ???????????? ? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???. ? ????? ????, ??????????? ??????????? ????????, ??????????? ???? ????: «???????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ? ??????????? ?????? ? ?????????». ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??? «??????», ? ???????????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ???????????, ??? ? ?????????????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ? ???????, ??????? ????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ?????????, ?? ????? ? ?????? ??????????? ? ????????? ????????? ^:359 . ???????? ?????????: «????? ?? ??????, ?????????? ?? ???? ? ?????, ???? ? ????????????: ???» ^:360 .

? 2019 ???? (????.) (???????: «??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????????????? ? ????????????? ????????? ????????. ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????… ???? ? ????, ??? ? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????????, ? ????????? ??????????? (???????), ??????????? ?? ????? ?????????, ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ??? ???????, ??? ? ? ???????» .

????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????? . ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ? ???? ???????? ??????????, ???????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? .

?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???? ? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? .

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?????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ???????, ??? ????? ???????? ? ???? ???????? ?????????? , ???????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? . ??????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ? ????? ????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? .

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?????????? ????????? ?????? ? ???, ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? Homo sapiens . ???????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? 15 ??????????????? ???. ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ????????????? ?? 3 ?? 5 ??????? ??????? .

???????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ??????? , ?????????? ????? 30 ???????????? ??? (??????-????????????????? ?????), ???????????? ? ??? ?????? ???, ??????? ????????? «???????? ??????»: ??????????, ???????????? ? ????????????. ???? ???? (????? ????) ??????? ?? ???????, ? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ? ??? ??? ???? ????? (????? ?????). ????? ????, ?????? ????????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ???.

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??????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???. ??????? ???? ??????? ? ????????? *Tungusae, Caribaei, Feminae Georgianae, O-taheitae, Aethiopissae* , ???????? ????????? ??? ???????????, ????????????, ??????????, ????????? ? ????????? ??? ? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? . ??????? 1795 ????

?????????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ??????. ???????? ??????????????? ???????, ?????? ????? ??????????? ????????, ????? ????? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ????: ?????????? ??????? ????, ? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ? ???? ??? ????? «???????» ????. ????????, ?????? ??? ? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ??????????, ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????, ????????????????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ??? ????????????? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ????. ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ?????????. ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ? ????????? «??????» ?????, ????????? ???????????? ???? ?? ???????. ? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ? ?????????, ???????????? ??? ???????, ????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????????? ????????. ????? ????, ???????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ? ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ????? .

??? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?. ?. ???????? , ?????????????? ????????? ???? «??? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ????????????????? ?????» .

??? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? (????????, ????????????? ?????????????? ???? , ???????????? ?????????? ? ?????????????) ???? ???????????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????????.

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? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????? ????. ???????? ??, ???? — ??? ?? ?????????? ????????, ? ?????? ????????? , ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? . ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???????????? ? ??????????? .

? ??? ????? ?? ?????????????? ????????? ???? ? ????????????-???????????? ?????????? ? 1950-? ????. ? ???? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ??? ? 1938 ???? ?. ?. ??????? . ? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?. ?. ?????????? .

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???????? ?????????, ???????????????? ?. ?. ??????? ? 1938 ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???????????, ? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? . ???????????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????????, ? ???? ????????? ??, ????????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? .

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?. ?. ????? , ???????? ?? ?????? ???????????????? ????????? , ???????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ? ????????? ?????????? ??????. ??? ???? ? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ????, ? ? ?????????? — ????????????, ?????????????? ? ?????????????.

?. ?. ????? ??????? 4 ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ? ????????? ????????????: ???????????, ?????, ???????? ? ?????????. ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ?????? — ??????????????? ? ????????????????????, ?????? ????????? — ?????????, ???????????, ????????????????? ? ???????????, ?????? ?????????? — ?????????, ?????????, ????????????? ? ???????????? .

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???????? ????? ????, 1957, ???? ???? ???

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????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? — ?????? , ??????? ?????? , ???????? ?????? , ? ????? ??????? ? ??????????? ???? , ???????? , ? ???????, ? ??????? ??? ??????????? ? ???????????? ???????? ????? — ???????? ? ????? ???????, ????????? ? ????? ??????. ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???? (??????????? ?????? ? ?????????????? ?????????). ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????, ??? ??????? ?????? (? ?????????, ? ???????? ?????). ????? ????? ??????? ??????, ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ? ??????? ??????????, ???? ?????? ??? ??????????, ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ? ????. ??????? ????? ??? ? ????? . ???? ???? , ????? ? ???? ?????????????: ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ?????. ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????????, ?????????????, ????????????, ??????????, ????????? ? ???????????? ?????.

??????? ????????????, ?????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? Homo (Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, Homo ergaster ? ??.), ????, ????????, ?????????????????????. ????????????? ????? ??????? ???? — ????????? ??????? ???????? D, ???????????? ? ????????? ????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????, ??? ????????????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ????????????. ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ? ????????? ?????, ??????? ? ??????????????, ? ???????? ????????????????? ? ???????? ???????????? ???????, ?? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????????????? ?????????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????????? ????, ??????? — ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????. ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????????????????? ????????? («???????????? ?????????») — ????????? ?????????????? ?????????? « ??????? ?????????? » ? « ??????? ??????????? ???????? » ? ???????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? — ???? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ? ?????? .

?????? ???????? ????????, ??? ????????-??????????, ?????? 8500 ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ???????, ??????????? ? ???????, ???????? ?????? ?????, ? ??? ?? ??????????? ???? SLC24A5 ? SLC45A2, ?????????? ?? ?????????????. ? ?????????-??????????? ?????? ??????, ?????? 7700 ??? ?????, ??????????? ??? ????, ? ????? HERC2/OCA2, ????????? ? ???????? ??????? ?, ????????, ??????? ????? ? ????????. ?? ????????????? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ???? SLC24A5 ?? ??????????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????? .

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???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????, ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ???????????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????, ?? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? . ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? — ????????, ????????????????????? (??????????) ? ??????????????? (??????????, ?????????).

???????? ???? ?????????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??????????? ????????: ????? ?????? ????, ?????? ????????, ??? ???????, ? ?????????? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ????????????, ???? ???????, ????????????? , ???? ??????, ?????????? .

???????????? (??? ??????????, ??? ?????????????????????) ???? ?????????????? ? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????? . ??????????? ????????: ????? ?????? ????, ??????? ???? ??????, ???? ? ????? ?? ????, ??????? ? ???????? ??? ? ??????? ?????????? ? ????? ???????? ???????, ???????????? ?????? ???? .

??????????????? (??????????, ?????????) ???? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? . ??????????? ????????: ?????? ????, ??????? ????, ????????? ?????? ???????, ????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????, ??? ?????, ????????? ???????, ?????? ????????? , ???????????? ??????? ?????????-????? ????, ?????????-??????? ??????, ??????????? ? ??????, ?????? ???? ?????? ? ????. ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????.

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?????????????? ???? — ????, ?????????????? ? ???????? ? ????? ??????? . ????????? ???????????? ????? ? ????????, ???? ???????? ???? ? ?????. ??????????? ?????: ??????? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ????????, ??????????? , ??????? ??? ??????? ???, ?????? «???????» ?????, ? ??????? ??????????, ??????? ???, ??????? ???? ????, ??? ? ????????? ???????????, ???????????? ???? ??????, ??? ? ???????????, ?? ??????, ??? ? ?????? ???, ???? ?????? ? ???? ??????. ????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ? ????????-????????????. ????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ?????????? ??????? ? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ????????????????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ? ?????????.

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? ????????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? . ??????????? ????????: ??????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????, ??????? ?????????? ???? , ??????? ?????????? ???????, ??????? ????, ???????? ???, ?????? ??????????? ????, ??????? ??? ? ???????? ??????????, ???? ?????? ? ???? ???????. ???????? ?????? ? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ? ????????????? ????, ? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ? ????????-?????????? ???? .

?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ? ??????????? ? ????? ????? , ?? ???-????? , ? ???-????????? ???? ? ????????? . ??????????? ????????: ?????????? ????????????, ??????????? ???, ?????? ????, ????? ??????? ???, ??????? ????, ???? ?????? ? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????????. ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ????, ? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ? ????????-?????????? ???? . ?? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ????, ??????? ????????????, ????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ??????. ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ? ????????????, ???????????? ? ???????????? ????? .

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??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ? ??????? ??????????? , ????????, ? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? « ????????????? ???? » ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????????????? ? ? ????????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? . ??? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ? ?????? ???? — Homo sapiens . ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????, ??????? ????? ?? ????????????????? ? ?????????????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ????????????? ?????. ????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????????. ??????????? ????????? ??????? (????????, ?. ?. ????????? ) ?? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ? ?????????????? ?????? ??? (? ??? ????? ????? «??????????» ???? ?? ?????) ???????????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ( ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????), ??? ? ????? ??????????? ?????? . ???, ? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????????, ???????????? ????????????? ?????? « ??????? ». ?????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????, ???????? ( ???????? ? ??????????? ), ? ????? ????? ? ???????? . ??????????? ??????????????? «???????» ?????????? ????? 4,5 ??? ??????? . ????????? ?????????? ?. ?. ????????? (1953) ???????, ??? ? ?????? XX ???? ?? ?????? ????? «???????» ??????????? ? ??????? ?????? ????? . ?? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? (2009), «???????» ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? . ? ???? ???????????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? (????????, ? ???? ?? 65 %) . ??????? ????????, ??? ??? ????, ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????????????, ?? ????? ????????? ? ???????? ???? ?? ?????, ?? ??????????? ??????, ????????? ????????? ??? . ??? Homo sapiens ?????????? ????? 200 ????? ??? . ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? 50—70 ????? ??? ???????? .

????????? ?????, ???? ? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ? ???????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ??????????, ??????????? ??????????? «??????? ????». ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ? ??????? ????????? , ??? «????????????????????? ????????????» ????????????. ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????, ???? ?? ? ???, ??? ??????? ????? ????????????????????? ????? ???? ??? «???????????? ????????????????» ??? «?? ?? ????? ??????????????», ? ? ???, ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? — ?? ????, ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????????? «?????????????????????» ????????????, ?, ????????, ??? ??????? ??????????? (?????????????), ?? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????. ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????-???????????, ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????, ?? ???? ????????-?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????, ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????, ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? .

? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? — ????? ????????, ??? ??????????, ??????????? ?? ?????????, ?????? «???????» ? ???????????? ?????????, ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? . ????????, ?????? ???? ? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????????, ???????? ??????, ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????, ?? ??????? ??????, ? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????????? «??????? ????». ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ?? ?????????, ?????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ? ???????????? ????????, ????????????? ??????????, ????????????, ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?? ? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ???????????? ????????? «??????????» ??? ????? ?????????? («?????????????») ?? ????????? ? «???????? ??????». ???????? — ? ??????? ???????, ??????? ? ????????????? ??????????, ???????????? ????????? ????? ??????, ?????????? ????????? ? ?? ???????????, ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????. ????????????? ???????? ????? ? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?????????, ???? ? ?? ???????????? ??????. ? ?? ?? ????? ?????????????, ????????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????, ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????, ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????, ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????????????????, ??? ? ?????????, ??????????? ? ???????????? ?????????, ?? ??????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ??????, ???????? .

???, «???????????» (??????????? ????????) ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????, ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????, ? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? «??????????????» (???????????). ??????, ???? ?? ?????? ??????????, ? ???????????? ???????? (????????????) ????? ????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? — ? ??????? ????????????, ????????, ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ? ?? ?? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ? ????? ???????? (? ??? ????? ? ? ?????????? ???????????), ????????? ???????? ???? «?????? ????????» — ?????????????? ??????????? , ??????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ????????? ????????, ???????????? ???????????? ????? ? ??? ???????????????. ? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????????, ???????, ????? «?????????????» ? «??????????», ??? ?????????, ??????? ???????????? ??????? (? ???????????? ????????) ????????? ????? ??? ?????????????????? (?? ????, ????????????? ? ???????????? ????? ??????) ????.

???????, ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???????????????? — ???, ???? ??????????, ??????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?????, ? ?????? ???????? ????? (?????? ???????? XX ????) ????????????? ? ???????? ???????? ??????. ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????????????????? ? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? — ???????? ???? ??, ??? ???? ?????????? ? ????? ???????? ???, ?? ????, ?? ???????????? ???????????? ? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ? ????????????? ??????? (?????? ????????????, ??? ?? ???? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????). ???? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ? ???????????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ????????????? ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ? ?????????????? ? ????????????????? ?????, ? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????????, ??????????????? ????????? ? ?????????????? ?????? .

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?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???-?????????? ? ?????????? . ??? ????? ????????????????? ?????, ?????? ? ?????????? ????????. ??? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????????????? ????? ????? ? ?????????. ????? ??????????????????? ??????? ?????????? «?????????? ???», «????????? ???», «?????????? ???», ????? ?????????, ??? ???????????. ????????????????????? ?????? ?? ?????, ???-????????? ???? ? ????????? ????? ?? ???????????? ??????????????, ?? ?????????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ? ???? ???????????? ??? «?????-???????????» ??? «????????-????????????? ???». ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ? ???????? ? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????????, ??? ? ????????????, ?????, ????????? ???????? ???? (??? ?????? ), ????????? ???????? ? ?????? ????? .

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??????? ???????????? ????????? (????.) (, ???????????? ??????????? ????? ? ???? ??????????

? ????????? ??? ??? ?????????, ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ????????. ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ? ????? ???????????? ?????. ? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????????. ? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????????? ???? ??? ????? ???? (?????????????, ????????????? ? ??????) .

??? ????????? ???? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????, ???? ???????? ????????????? ??????????, ????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ??????????, «?? ???????» ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ? ??????? ???????? .

? ?????????? ????????? ?????? (? ????????? ??????) ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????????, ? ? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? — ????? ?????????? ????, ?????????? ???????? ?? ????????????? ??????. ??? ??? ? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????. ???, ?????? — ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ????, ?????? — ???????????? ? ??????????????/????????????, ? ????? — ?????????? ? ??????????????. ? ????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????????, ????????, ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ? ????? ???????. ? ?????? ???????, ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????? ?? ??? ??????????????? ????? ????, ??????????? ? ???????? ????????????.

???? ????????? ????????? ????????????, ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????. ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? .

??????

???? ? ????????????? ????? ??? (??? ??????? ?????) ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ? XIX — ???????? XX ???? ? ???? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? . ????????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????????????? ? ??????? ????????????: ?? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????.

??. ?????

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«It may be doubted whether any character can be named which is distinctive of a race and is constant… they graduate into each other, and.. it is hardly possible to discover clear distinctive characters between them… As it is improbable that the numerous and unimportant points of resemblance between the several races of man in bodily structure and mental faculties (I do not here refer to similar customs) should all have been independently acquired, they must have been inherited from progenitors who had these same characters.», Charles Darwin, ?? 27 ???????? 2007 ?? Wayback Machine
(?????.) . Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press. — « 1. Each of the major division of humankind, having distinct physical characteristics [example elided]. 1.1. mass noun The fact or condition of belonging to a racial division or group; the qualities or characteristics associated with this. 1.2. A group of people sharing the same culture, history, language, etc.; an ethnic group [example elided].» ???? ?????????: 5 ??????? 2012. 11 ???? 2012 ????. Provides 8 definitions, from biological to literary; only the most pertinent have been quoted.
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(?????.) . The American Journal of Human Genetics. — «The relationship between self-reported identity and genetic African ancestry, as well as the low numbers of self-reported African Americans with minor levels of African ancestry, provide insight into the complexity of genetic and social consequences of racial categorization, assortative mating, and the impact of notions of "race" on patterns of mating and self-identity in the US. Our results provide empirical support that, over recent centuries, many individuals with partial African and Native American ancestry have "passed" into the white community, with multiple lines of evidence establishing African and Native American ancestry in self-reported European Americans.» ???? ?????????: 22 ??????? 2014. 10 ??? 2022 ????.
Carl Zimmer . . 15 ?????? 2020 ????. ???? ?????????: 6 ???? 2021. «On average, the scientists found, people who identified as African-American had genes that were only 73.2 percent African. European genes accounted for 24 percent of their DNA, while .8 percent came from Native Americans. Latinos, on the other hand, had genes that were on average 65.1 percent European, 18 percent Native American, and 6.2 percent African. The researchers found that European-Americans had genomes that were on average 98.6 percent European, .19 percent African, and .18 Native American. These broad estimates masked wide variation among individuals.».
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? Templeton, A. (2016). Evolution and Notions of Human Race. In Losos J. & Lenski R. (Eds.), How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society (pp. 346–361). Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press . doi : . That this view reflects the consensus among American anthropologists is stated in: Wagner, Jennifer K.; Yu, Joon-Ho; Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O.; Harrell, Tanya M.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Royal, Charmaine D. (February 2017). . American Journal of Physical Anthropology . 162 (2): 318—327. DOI : . PMC . PMID . See also: American Association of Physical Anthropologists. (?????.) . (????.) ( (27 ????? 2019). ???? ?????????: 19 ???? 2020. 25 ?????? 2022 ????.
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- Bamshad, Michael; Olson, Steve E (10 November 2003). (PDF) . Scientific American . 289 (6): 78—85. Bibcode : . DOI : . PMID . ???????????? ?? (PDF) 14 June 2007. ???????????? ?????????? ???????? |url-status= ( ??????? )
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: «We caution against making the naive leap to a genetic explanation for group differences in complex traits, especially for human behavioral traits such as IQ scores»
(?????.) . AAAnet.org . American Anthropological Association (AAA) (17 ??? 1998). ???? ?????????: 18 ?????? 2009. 27 ???? 2013 ????. : "For example, 'Evidence from the analysis of genetics (e.g., DNA) indicates that most physical variation, about 94 %, lies within so-called racial groups. Conventional geographic «racial» groupings differ from one another only in about 6 % of their genes. This means that there is greater variation within 'racial' groups than between them.'"
Keita, S O Y; Kittles, R A; Royal, C D M; Bonney, G E; Furbert-Harris, P; Dunston, G M; Rotimi, C N (2004). “Conceptualizing human variation”. Nature Genetics . 36 (11s): S17—S20. DOI : . PMID . Modern human biological variation is not structured into phylogenetic subspecies ('races'), nor are the taxa of the standard anthropological 'racial' classifications breeding populations. The 'racial taxa' do not meet the phylogenetic criteria. 'Race' denotes socially constructed units as a function of the incorrect usage of the term.
Harrison, Guy. . — Amherst : Prometheus Books, 2010. — «Race is a poor empirical description of the patterns of difference that we encounter within our species. The billions of humans alive today simply do not fit into neat and tidy biological boxes called races. Science has proven this conclusively. The concept of race (...) is not scientific and goes against what is known about our ever-changing and complex biological diversity.».
Roberts, Dorothy. . — London, New York : The New Press, 2011. — «The genetic differences that exist among populations are characterized by gradual changes across geographic regions, not sharp, categorical distinctions. Groups of people across the globe have varying frequencies of polymorphic genes, which are genes with any of several differing nucleotide sequences. There is no such thing as a set of genes that belongs exclusively to one group and not to another. The clinal, gradually changing nature of geographic genetic difference is complicated further by the migration and mixing that human groups have engaged in since prehistory. Human beings do not fit the zoological definition of race. A mountain of evidence assembled by historians, anthropologists, and biologists proves that race is not and cannot be a natural division of human beings.».
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