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?????? ??-?? ????????? — ??? ?????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ??-?? ?????? ? ???????? . ?????? ??-?? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ? ?????, ?????????, ????????? ? ????? . ? ????? ? 2010 ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??-?? ????????? (8 391 ???????, 1,4 ?????? ?? 100 000 ??????). ?????????? ?????? ??-?? ????????? ?????????? ?? 40 ?? 50 % ???? ??????? ??????, ???????? ?????????????? ? ?????, ??? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ? 1999 ?? 2016 ??? ? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????, ????????, ??? ???????? ?????????????? 2000 ????? ???????, ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????????— 2,45 ?? 100 000 ?????? .

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?????? ?????? ??-?? ????????? — ??? ??????????? ????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? . ??????????? ??????? ??-?? ????????? — ???????????? (??????? ???????, ?? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????, ??????? ????? ?????????????). ??????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????, ?????????? ??? ??????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????????? ???? ( ???????? ??????? ) ? ????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??????. ?????? ? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ? ??????????? ??-?? ????????? . ?????????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ????? ?????? .

? ????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ?????????? ???????, ????????? ? ????????. ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? 1,4 ??????? ? ??? ?? 100 000 ?????? ? ????? .

????????? ??????? ?? 1996 ???, ???????? ????? 2500 ????????? ? ???????? ?????? .

?????????? ??????? ?????? ??-?? ????????? ? 2008 ???? (8172) ??????????? ?? 14,4 % ?? ????????? ? ??????? 1998 ???? (7146) , ? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? 17,6 % ?? 10-?????? ?????? . ? 2011 ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????????????? 8 331 ??????? ??-?? ?????????, ? 2012 ???? —8 233 ?????? ? ??????? ??-?? ????????? ????????? ???????? . ?????? ??-?? ????????? ? ????? ?? ?????????????? ?????-???? ?????????? ???????? .

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????????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? 40 ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????, ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ??-?? ?????????.

«????? ? ??????? ????????? 1961 ????» ????????? ??????, ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? «? ???????? ?????????????? ?? ????», ??? «????????» ???????????? ??? ???????, ????????? ??? ???????????? ? ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????. ?? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????. ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????, ??????????? ????????, ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? . ???????? ? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????????? ? ????????? ??????? ?????.

? 1983 ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? 498a ?????????? ??????? ?????.

????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? 2005 ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ?? ????????, ??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????. ?????? ???? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????????????, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????????? ??????????. ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ? ???? ??????????? ??????, ????? ?????????????? ??????????, ?????, ??????????????? ?????????, ??????? ??? ????????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ????????, ? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????" .

????????? ??????, ????????? ?? ??????????????? . ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ??-?? ????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? .

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? ????????? ???????? ????????? ( ?????? ) ???????? ?????? ????????: ????? 95 % ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? .

?????????? ??-?? ????????? ? ????????? ?????? , ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? . ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??-?? ????????? ?? 100 000 ?????? ? ????: ????? 2000 ???????, ????????? ? ????????, ? ??? ? ????????? ??????????, ??????????? 2,45 ??????? ?? 100 000 ?????? .

??????????????, ??? ??????????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??-?? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ??????????? ????. ????????, ???? ?????? ? ???, ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? 33 ?? 100 000 ???????????? ??????, ?? ??????? 49 % ???? ???????????????, ?? ???? ????????????? ??????? ??????? 16 ?? 100 000 ?????? .

???????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ???????? (????????????) 2008 ???? ???????????? ?????? ????????? 30 000 ???????????? ????? (~ 300 ???????? ???), ? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? 50 000 ???????????? ????? . ?????? ???? ? ??????????? ?????? 1967, 1976 ? 1998 ?????, ??????????? ????????, ? ????? ????? ? ???? ?? ???????? ????? 1964 ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????. ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ? ???????????? ????????? ? ???????? ???????, ????????? ? ????????, ? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????? .

???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ? ??????? ????????? ( ?????? ). ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? 1997 ????, ????????????? (XV) 1998 ???? ? ????????????? (III) 1999 ????. ?????? ???? ???????? ? ????????? ???? ????????? ? ???????????? ???? ??????? , ??????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? , ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ? ????????? ? ??? ???????. ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ????????????? ?????????????????? .

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???????? ? ????????? ?????????? ?????? (???????????: ?????), ? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????????? . ?? 0,6 ?? 2,8 ?????? ? ??? ?? 100 000 ?????? ??????? ??-?? ???????, ?????????? ? ???????? . ?????? ????????? ? ??????????? ????????????, ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????. ? 2013 ???? 4470 ?????? ????? ???????? ???????, ?????????? ? ????????, ?? 10-???????? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ??-?? ????????? ?????????? 7,2 ?????? ? ??? ?? 100 000 ?????? ? ?????????.

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???????? — ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? (?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ) . ? ??????? ? ??????? ??-?? ????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????? . ? ???????????? 2014 ???? ???????? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ? ????? . ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? «????????????» (2018) ?????????? ? ???????, ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ? ????? .

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??????????? ???????????? ????? (???) ??????? ???????? ???? ? ?????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ??-?? ?????????.

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??????????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ???????? ? 1945 ????.

? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ? ????????? ?????? ??? , ?? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????? (1948 ???), ? ????????????? ????? ? ??????????? ? ???????????? ?????? (1966 ???), ? ????????????? ????? ?? ?????????????, ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????? (1966 ???). (??? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? « ????????????? ????? ? ?????? » ), ? ????????? ? ?????????? ???? ???? ????????????? ? ????????? ?????? (2012 ???).

??????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ????? (??????) ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??-?? ?????????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??-?? ????????? ? ??????????????? ???????, ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? . ? 2009 ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????, ?? ??????? ? 2010 ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????????. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????? .

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Amnesty International , ???????? ?????????? ??????????????, ??????? ?????? ??-?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????? . ? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? Amnesty International ????????? ????? ?? ??????????????? ???????? .

? 2004 ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? «?????? ??? ???????» ? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????, ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????. ???? ??????? (?? 2007 ???) ? ???????????? ????? 7 ????????? ????????.

Human Rights Watch ????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????????? ? 2011 ???? .

??????????? V-Day ???????? ????? ???????????, ??? ?????????, ?????????????? ???????? ? ???????? ? ??????????? ? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???, ???????? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ????????? .

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? Kiani et al. (2014), A Survey on Spousal Abuse of 500 Victims in Iran, American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 35(1):50-54, March 2014
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Dowry Murder: The Imperial Origins of a Cultural Crime , by Veena Talwar Oldenburg. Published by Oxford University Press, 2002.
Dowry and Protection to Married Women , by Paras Diwan, Peeyushi Diwan. Published by Deep & Deep Publications, 1987.
Crime in Marriages, a Broad Spectrum , by Poornima Advani. Published by Gopushi Publishers, 1994.
Encyclopaedia of violence against women and dowry death in India , by Kalpana Roy. Published by Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., 1999. ISBN 81-261-0343-4 .
Dowry Death in India , by Geetanjali Mukherjee. Published by Indian Publishers Distributors, 1999. ISBN 81-7341-091-7 .
Dowry Death , by Kamakshya Prasad, Jawaid Ahmad Khan, Hari Nath Upadhyaya. Published by Modern Law Publications, 2000. ISBN 81-87629-04-5 .
Women in South Asia: Dowry Death and Human Rights Violations , by Pramod Kumar Mishra. Published by Authorspress, 2000. ISBN 81-7273-039-X .
Dowry murder: the imperial origins of a cultural crime , by Veena Talwar Oldenburg. Published by Oxford University Press US, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515071-6 .
Death by Fire: Sati, Dowry, Death, and Female Infanticide in Modern India , by Mala Sen. Published by Rutgers University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8135-3102-0 .