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article title for Пояс астероидов on wafarin.com

Interested Article - Пояс астероидов

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????? ??????????? — ??????? ????????? ??????? , ????????????? ????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? , ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????, ??????????????? ???????????? ?????, ?????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????????.

??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? , ??????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????, ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? , ? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ? ?????? ????? .

????????? «???? ??????????» ????? ? ?????? ? ?????? 1850-? ????? . ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ? ??? ?????? « » (« Kosmos — Entwurf einer physischen Weltbeschreibung », 1845) .

????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? 4 % ????? ????, ?????? ???????? ?? ????????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ????????: ?????? , (4) ????? , (2) ??????? ? (10) ????? . ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? 400 ??, ? ????? ??????? ?? ???, ??????, ????? ??????? ????? 950 ??, ? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ? ????? . ?? ??????????? ??????????, ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????, ??????????? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????? . ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????, ??? ?? ???? ??????????? ???????, ??????????? ????? ??? ???????, ?? ??? ????????? ??? .

???????? ???????????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ? ???, ??? ?? ????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? , ??? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????????????? . ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????, ??? ?????????????? ?? ???????? ? ???????????? ? ?? ??????????? ?????????? .

? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????????? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????????, ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????, ?? ??????? ???, ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????, ???????????? ? ????????? ?????? ?????? ; ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? .

???????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ? ????? ????? ??????? , ??? ????????? ? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? — ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ? ?????????? ???????? , ? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ??????????, ? ????? ? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ????, ??????????? ???????????? ???? .

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??????? ????????????? ??????, ??????????????? ????????? ?????????, ???????? ?? ??????, ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????. ? ??????? ?????, ? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ???????, ???????? 3 ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? : ?????????? ( ????? C ), ?????????? ( ????? S ) ? ????????????? ( ????? M ) . ??? ?????? ??????????, ???????? ?????????????, ???????????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ? ????? ? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ????????? .

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???????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????, ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????, ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? — ????. ???? ??????? ??????????? ? ???, ??? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????

a i = 0 , 4 + 0 , 3 ? 2 i ? 2 , {\displaystyle a_{i}=0{,}4+0{,}3\cdot 2^{i-2},}

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??????? ??? ???? ?????????????? ? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ? 1766 ???? , ?? ???????? ?? ??, ??? ???, ? ?????????? ??????????, ????????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? (?? ???????? ?? ??????? ), ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????. ??? ???????????? ?? ??? ???, ???? ? 1781 ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? , ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ? ???????, ???????, ???????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????????? 2,8 ?.?. ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? . ???????? ?????? ? ?????? 1801 ????, ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??????, ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? — ???? ????? ??????????, ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? .

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???????? ?? ?????? «???????? ???????», ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????, ??????? ?? ??????? ? ????? — ??????????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????? , ??????????? ?? ? ???? ?? 1 ?????? 1801 ???? . ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? , ?? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????, ?????????? ?? ???? ?????. ??????????? ?????????? ???????????, ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???????, ? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????. ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????, ?? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? . ??? ?????????? ?? ?????????? 2,77 ?.?. ?? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? — ????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? , ? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????????????? ???????.

?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????. ?? ????????? ?????????? ???????????, ??????????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? 24-?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????, ?? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ( ????? ?????????? ????????? ), ??? ??????? ??????? ?????, ??? ?????? ???????, ??? ??? ? ???? ?????? ??????????.

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??????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????, ??????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? — «????????». ???????????? ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ? ????? (???? ? ????), ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???? ???????: ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????, ? ???? ?? ?????? «????????» ??? ????????? ?????????? ? ????????. ??????? ? ????? ?? ??? ? ?? ?????, ???? ??????? ?? ??????????? ? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? .

? 1807 ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???????, ?????????? ???????? ????? ? ????? . ?? ?? ???? ???????? ? ???????????. ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????????. ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????????, ? ??????????? ?????????? ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ???, ? ?????????? ????????????. ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????????, ? 1830 ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????????, ? ? 1845 ???? ????????? ?????? — ?????? ?? 38 ??? ????? ????????. ? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? . ????? ????? ? ??????? ???????????? ? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????, ? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ??????? — ?? ????? ?????? ? ???. ?? ???? ????????????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????, ? ??? ? ???????? 1868 ???? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????.

????? ????? ????, ???, ????? ??????, ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???, ????? ???-?? ????????? ??? ? ??????? ??????? ??????? — ????, ???? ????????? ???????? ? ???????, ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? , ?????????????? ??????? ?????? , ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???, ??? ?? ????????? ????? ?????????, ?????????????? ???? ??????????. ???????????? ??? ???????? ???? ????????????, ????????? ??????????, ??? ??-?? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????-?????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?? ?????.

? ????????? ?? ??????? ? 1846 ???? ??????? ??????? — ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ? ?????? ??????, ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ???????? .

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????? ???? ? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ? 1891 ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? . ?? ?????????? ? ???, ??? ?? ??????????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????, ? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????, ??? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????. ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ? ????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????: ???? ????? ? ???????? ????????? 248 ??????????, ??????? ? ????????? (323) ?????? , ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? 300.

?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ? ??????? 1921 ???? , 10 000 ? 1981 , ? 2000 ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? 100 000, ? ?? ????????? ?? 6 ???????? 2011 ???? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? 285 075 .

? 1993 ???? ? ????????? (243) ??? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????? «???????» ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? .

????????, ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????????, ??? ???????? ?????? (??? ??????? ?? ????, ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????????). ??????, ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????????, ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????, ??????? ????????? «??????????? ???????», ?????????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????, ???????????? ??????? ??? ?????. ??? ?????????? ???????????, ????????????? ? ?????? , ? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????? ????????, ? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ? ?????????? .

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????? ???????????? ???????? Dawn ? ?????????? (4) ????? (?????) ? ?????? (??????)

?????? ??????????? ?????????, ??????????? ????? ???? ??????????, ???? « ??????-10 », ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? 16 ???? 1972 ???? . ? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ? ????? ?? ????????? ??????????, ?????? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??? 9 ??????????? ?????????.

???????? « ??????-11 », « ???????-1 » ? « ???????-2 », ? ????? ???? « ????? » ????????? ????? ???? ??? ??????????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ? ???????????. ??????? « ??????? » ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????. ??????? ??????????????????? ????????? ????? ???????? (951) ?????? ? 1991 ???? ? ???????? (243) ??? ? 1993 ????. ????? ????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????, ???????? ??????? ????? ???????, ??????????? ????? ???? ??????????, ??????, ?? ???????????, ????????? ???? ??????-???? ?????????. ? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????, ????? ??? (253) ???????? ? 1997 ???? ? ???????? NEAR Shoemaker , (2685) ????????? ? 2000 ???? ? « ??????? », (5535) ????????? ? 2002 ???? ?? « ???????? », (132524) APL ? 2006 ? ????? « ????? ????????? », (2867) ?????? ? 2008 ???? ? (21) ??????? ? 2010 ???? ? « ??????? » .

??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????, ?????????? ???????????? ??????????, ???????? ? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ? ???????? ???? ?????? — ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????????: NEAR Shoemaker , ??????? ?????????? (433) ???? ? ???????? , ? ????? « ??????? », ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? (25143) ??????? . ??????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ? ????, ??????? ? ???????, ???????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ??????????? .

27 ???????? 2007 ???? ? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????? Dawn . ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ? 16 ???? 2011 ???? ?? 12 ???????? 2012 ????, ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ? ??????, ?? ?????? ??????? ????? 6 ????? 2015 ????. ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ? 2016 ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????? . ??????, ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????, ??????? ??????????? ? ?????? 2018 ???? ? ???? ?????????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????.

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?????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ? XIX ???? ??????? ? ????????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????, ???????????? ? 1802 ???? , ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????, ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ?? ???????????, ??? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? , ?????-?? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ? ??????????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? .

?????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ????????. ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????, ???????????, ????? ????????? ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ?????????? ???? 4 % ????? ???? , ? ???????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ????????? ??????? , ???????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?? ???????. ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ????????????? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????? ?????, ???? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????????, ? ????????, ??????? ??? ? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ?, ? ??????? ???????, ?????? ??????-????????.

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? ????? ???????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ???????? ? ?????????? ???????? , ???????? ??????? 4,5 ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? , ? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ?????. ? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????, ?????????? ???????????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ???????, ? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? . ???????? ????????? ????????????, ?????? ? ???????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? ? ????? ?????????????? ???????????????, ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ? ???, ? ????? ?????? ???????, ??????????? ? ????????????? , ?? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? .

? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????, ?, ??????????????, ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????. ????????? ???? ??????????????? ?????, ?? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ??????????, ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????, ? ?????????, ???????? ????. ?????? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????. ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??????? , ????????????? ????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? , ????? , ???????? ? ?? ??????????, ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???????.

?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????????? ? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???? . ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ? ??? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????? (????? 500—1000 ??), ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????????? , ?????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????????? ????????? (?? 0,1 ?? 5 ??/?) . ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????????? , ? ??????, ? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????? , ??????????????? ???????, ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? (4:1, 3:1, 5:2) .

?? ????? ??????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????, ??????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????. ????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????????, ????? ??? ????? ???????. ?? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????? , ? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? . ??? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????, ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????, ?? ? ? ??????, ????????????? ? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ???????, ??????? ? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????. ?? ????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????????????? ????????? (?? 0,5 ??/?), ????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ?? ????????????, ? ?? ??????????. ?????????? ?? ?????? ???, ???????????? ? ???? ?????????? ???????? ? ????????, ??????? ? ????, ??? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? (?? 3—5 ??/?) ? ????? ????? ????????????, ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???????????. ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ??? ???????? ?????????????, ? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? .

??????????????, ??? ? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ? ??????? ??? ???????????, ??????? ????? 0,1 % ???????? ?? ?????????????? ?????, ???????, ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????????, ????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? . ?????? ????????, ??? ????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? , ?? ???????????? ?????, ????????, ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????.

????????

? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????, ???????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ???????????, ?????????????? ???? ? ??????? ?????????????? ? ????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????, ????????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????? ? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? , ????????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? . ???????? ?? ???, ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????????? ? ???????? ????? ? ??? ????????? ????????, ?? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ??????????? ? ??????? ?????????? , ?????? ???????, ??? ? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? .

??? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????, ?? ??????? ???????????? ?????????, ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????, ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ???????, ? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????: ? ????????? ?? ?????? (? ??????? ?? 2,0 ?? 3,5 ?.?.) ????????????? ?????????? ? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???????, ? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????, ? ?????????, ????, ????????, ??????????. ??? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ?????????. ?? ??????? ????, ?? ?? ???, ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ????? ? ??????, ??? ???? ????????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???? (?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ? ????? ???????), ? ????????? ?? ??? ? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????????, ????????? ????? ?? ????. ?????????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????????? ????????, ???? ???????? ???????????? ????? , ?????????? ? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ????????? ??????.

????????????? ?????? ?????????? (????????????????), ?? ?????-?? ???????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ????, ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ? (4) ????? . ? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????, ?????????? ??????????, ??????????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????????? ????????, ? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????, ? ? ????????? ??????? (????????, ? ?????) ???? ??????????? ????, ??? ? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??????, ????????? ???????? ? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ??????. ??? ???? ???????? ? ??????? ??????????????? ????????????? ? ????????? ????????, ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ? ????????? 500—1000 °C. ????? ?????? ??????????? ? ????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????, ? ?????, ???????? ????????, ?????? ???????????? ???? ??? ??? ???????????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??? . ???????? ?????????? ????????, ????????? ? ??????? 2007 ???? ? ?????????????? ??????????, ???????????????? ????????????? ? ?????, ????????????, ??? ?? ???????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ?????? .

?????????? ????? ???????????? ? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?, ??? ?????????, ????????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ? ????, ??? ?????? ??? ???????????????? ? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ? ???????????? ????? ?????. ??? ????????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ???????????? ???, ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? (??? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????, ??? ????? ??? ???????), ????????? ? «????????» ? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????????, ? ?????? ???????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????, ??? ??????? ? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????, ?? ??????? ??????? ????????.

?????? ??????? ??? ?????????, ???, ???????, ? ????? ??????? ????, ? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????????, ? ???? ????????? ?, ?? ??????? ?????, ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????. ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ? ????????. ????????? 4:1 ? 2:1 ?? ??????????? 2,06 ? 3,27 ?.?. ????? ???????, ??????????????, ?????????? ? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????, ?? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ?????????, ?????????? ?????? ?????????????, ??????? ????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ? ???? ????? ? ????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????. ??????????? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????, ???? ???????? ???? ??????, ???? ???????? . ????????? ????????? ??????? , ??????????????? ?????? ????????? 4:1, ? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? .

???????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????????, ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ????????????????, ?? ???? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????, ? ??? ????? ???????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????, ? ?????????? « ????? ?????????? ».

???????? ???????????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ??????????? ? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ? ???? ????????? ?????????. ??? ????????, ???? ? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ? ???????, ???? ????????????, ? ?????????, ???????????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????, ? ????? ? ????????, ?? ??????? ????????? (243) ??? . ? ??????? ???????????? ???????? «???????» 28 ??????? 1993 ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ? ??? ????????? (??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ). ?????? ??? 58 × 23 ??, ??????? — 1,5 ??, ?????????? ????? ???? 85 ??.

????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????????, ????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????????, ? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? .

?????????, ???, ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????, ?? ?????????? 2,7 ?.?. ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? «???????? ?????», ??? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????. ? ?????????? ?? ??????????, ??????????????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????, ?????? ???????????????? ???? ? ???? ????, ??? ??????? ? ????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?? ??????????? .

????? ?? ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? , ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ? 2006 ????. ??? ????????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????. ?????? ????????, ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ? ?????? ???????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????????, ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????????????? ????????????? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ?????????? .

?????? ? ????????

????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?? ??????????????? ? ??????? ??????? (????? ????? ??????? ???????, ????????? — ?????)

????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ?? ???????????, ??? ? ???????, ? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????, ?? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?? 3,5 ?? 6 ???. ??????????? ??????????, ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??????, ???????? ?? ??????? ? ???????????????? ?? ????? 0,4, ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????????, ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ? ???????????????? ?? 0,6, ????????, ??? ? ????????? (944) ??????? , ? ????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????????? 30°, ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????????: ???????? (945) ????????? , ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? 32,8°. ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? 4° ? ??????????????? ????? 0,07 .

??????? ????????????, ??????????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? 4:1 ? 2:1, ??? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????? 2,06 ? 3,27 ?.?., ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?? 93,4 % ???? ???????????? ??????????. ??? ???????? ? ???? ????????? ? ???????????????? ?? ????? 0,33 ? ???????? ????? 20°, ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ????????? ???? ???????? .

??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? 100 ?, ????????, ??????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ? ????, ?????????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? . ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????, ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? 100 ?, ??????? ?????????? 2,2 ????. ? ??????????, ??????????? ???????, ???? ???????, ??????????? ? ?????????? ????????, ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? , ??-?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ???? ? ??????, ??????????? ?? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????????, ????? ?? ????????????? ? ?????????? ????????????. ?????? ????????, ?????????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????, ? ?? ?????? ????? ????? , ??-?? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????, ? ????????, ????? ????????? ? ? ??????? ?????????.

??????? ??????? ??????????

?????? ??????????:
1. ???????? ????????? ?????????
2. ???????? ?????????
2.1 ???????????, ?????????? ????
3. ?????? ?????????
4. ???????? ????????? ??????

???? ??????????? ????????? ? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????????, ?????????? ? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?? ?????????????? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? .

?? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? XIX ???? ?. ?. ????????? ? ??????? ? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????. ?? ???????? ?????????????, ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? , ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????. ? ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????????, ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? .

??? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????, ????????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ???, ??? ? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????. ???????? ???? ??????????? ? ???, ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ???????????, ? ????????????? ? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????. ??? ??????? ??????? ???? (???????? ??????? ????), ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????, ? ?????? ???????, ??? ???????? ??????????? (???????? ??????? ????), ??? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????? ? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ? ???? ? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????: ? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????, ? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???, ????? ??? ???????????????, ?? ???? ?????, ? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?????????, ?????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????, ? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???? ? ?????? .

????? ???????? YORP-??????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ?????

?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????. ? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????????, ????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ?????????, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????, ?? ? ?????? ????? ???, ? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ? ?????????. ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? YORP-?????? , ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ????. ??-?? ????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ? ??? ????? ?????????, ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????, ??? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????, ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? .

???? ????????

???? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????????, ??? ??????????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????????

???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?, ?????? ? ????????????????, ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????. ? 1866 ???? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ? ????????????? ? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????, ??? ??? ????? ????????? ???????????. ?????? ????????? ?????????? ? ???? ????????, ?????????? ???????? «????? ????????» , ????????? ? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ???????, ??? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ????????-????????, ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? . ??? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????, ??? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??????????????? ?, ??? ?????????, ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?, ? ???????? ?????, ???????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? . ?? ?? ?????????, ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ? ???? ????????, ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??? («???????») , ???? ???? ????????? ???? ? ?????????? ???????? ????????????.

??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? (9:2, 10:3, 11:6 ? ??????), ????? ????????? ? ???????? ???? ? ?????????, ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????, — ? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ? ??????? ??????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????????? , — ? ???????? (4:1, 3:1, 5:2, 2:1), ????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????, ??? ? ????????? ???, — ??? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????. ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ????.

  • «???? I» (??????????) — ????????????? ?? ?????????? ?? 2,06 ?? 2,5 ?.?. ? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? 4:1 ? 3:1
  • «???? II» (???????) — ????????????? ?? ?????????? ?? 2,5 ?? 2,82 ?.?. ? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? 3:1 ? 5:2
  • «???? III» (???????) — ????????????? ?? ?????????? ?? 2,82 ?? 3,27 ?.?. ? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? 5:2 ? 2:1 .

??????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????: ?????????? ? ??????? . ? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????, ??????? ????????????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ???????????? ????????? 3:1 ?? ?????????? 2,5 ?.?., ? ? ??????? — ?????????, ??????????????? ????? ? ??????? , ??? ????? ?????? ??????? (????????? ??????, ???????, ???????? ?? ?? ?????????? 3,3 ?.?., ??? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? 2:1).

? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ??????? ??????? , ??????? ? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????, ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????. ??????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????? .

????????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ??? ? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???????????? ???????????? ?????????, ? ?????? ? ???????? ???????????? ? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? (???? ????????) , ??? ????? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ????????? ? ??????? ??????????.

????????? ? ?????? ??????????

?? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ( i p ) ?????? ?? ??????????????? ( e p ) ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????

????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ? 1918 ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? , ??????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????, ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ? ????????? ?? ??? .

?? ??????????? ???? ????????, ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????-???? ?????????. ????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????, ????? ??? ??????? ???????, ?????????????? ? ?????? ??????, ? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????, ????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????, ?????????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????. ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?? ??????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????, ??????????? ?? ????????????? ?????????.

?????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????, ??????????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????????, ??? ? ?? ?? ??????????, ?? ???? ? ????? ??????? ?????????. ? ????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????, ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????. ?? ????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? . ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????????.

??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????, ??????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????????: ????????? ????? , ????????? ??????? , ????????? ???????? , ????????? ??? ? ????????? ?????? . ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????????????, ? ???? ?????? ?????? 800 ??????????, ????????, ??? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? . ???????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????, ?? ???? ????? ??? ? ????? ???????. ?????????? ??????????, ?????????? ?????? ?????????, ???????? ???????? (4) ????? , ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? . ?????????, ??? ??? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????, ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????????, ??????? ??????????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ???? (????.) ( .

?????? ?????, ? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????, ???????, ???? ?? ??????????? ??????????, ????? ???? ?????????? ? ???? ?????????? ??????????: ???, ???????? ? ?????? .

????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????

??? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? , ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????? (????? 1,78 ? 2,0 ?.?., ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? 1,9 ?.?.). ??? ????????? ????????? ?? 52 ?????????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? — ????????? (434) ??????? . ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????, ??????????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? 4:1, ? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????. ?????? ??-?? ???????????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?, ??? ?????????, ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ? ??? ???????, ???, ????????, ???????? ????????, ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? .

?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????, ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ???????? ????????? ????? . ??????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ????????? ? ???????? ????????????? ?????? S, ? ?? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? E . ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ????? 2,25 ? 2,5 ?.?. ?? ??????.

? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????. ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? , ??????? ????????? ? ?????????? ????? 3,3 ? 3,5 ?.?. ?? ?????? ? ? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ? ???????? 7:4, ? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? 3,5 ? 4,2 ?.?., ??????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ? ???????? 3:2. ?? ????????? ?????????? ? 4,2 ?.?. ? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????, ?? ??????????? ????, ??? ? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????, ?????????? ???????? ????????? , ??????? ?????????? ? ???? ?????? ???????? L4 ? L5 . ???????, ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ? ???????, ?? ? ? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? .

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????????? ?? ???????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? , ??????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????, 5,7 ??? ??? ?????, ? ?????????? ????????????????? ???????????? ???? ??? ????????? 30 ? 5 ?? . ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????, ????????? ??????? , ???????????? 8,3 ??? ??? ?????, ???? ? ?????????? ????????????; ??? ???????? ? ???? 62 ?????????, ? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? .

??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? , ??????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????? 450 ???. ??? ?????, ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????. ??? ????? ??????? ?????????, ????????? ?????? ???????????, ???????? ??????? ????????? (4652) ??????? , ???????, ????????, ??????????? ?? 1 ?? 5 ??? ??? ????? .

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???????????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????, ? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ???????????. ???, ???????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????? 10 ?? ?????????? ??? ? 10 ??? ??? . ??? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????????, ??? ????? ???????? ? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????????. ???????, ???? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ?????????, ??? ????? ???????? ?? ? ????????? ??????????, ?, ????????, ? ?? ??????????? ? ???? ????? ??????? ????. ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????? 4 ???? ??? ?????. ? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????????, ? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ??????????????? ? ???????.

????????? ??????????? ???????????? ? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ? ??????? ????????? « ????? », ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ? ????????? (596) ????? ? ?????? ? 11 ?????? ?? 3 ??????? 2010 ????. ?????? ????????????, ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? 35 ?, ?? ???????? ????? 5 ??/? .

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?????? ? ???????????, ? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????, ????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ? ????????? ????? ???????????, ??????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ? ?? ????????????? ????????????????. ??????, ? ????? ? ???????? ??????? ????????? — ?????????? , ??? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? .

????????? ??????????? ???? ? ????, ????????????? ????????, ???? ??????? ????????????? ????? . ??? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ? ????????? ????????? ? ???? ????????????, ? ??? ????? ??????? ? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????. ??????? ??????, ??????? ??? ????????, ? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? 40 ???, ? ????? ?? ????????????? ?? ????????? 700 ???. ???. ????? ???????, ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ? ???, ??? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? .

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???????, ??????????? ??? ???????????? ??????????, ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????, ? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ?? ??????????? ? ???? ?????????? . ??????????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????????? (99,8 %), ??????? ?? ??????????? ???? ????????????? ????? 30 000, ? ???? ????? ????????? ? ????? ?????????? . ? ???????? 2007 ???? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ??????-????????????? ????????????, ???????? ???????, ? ?????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? (298) ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????, ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? — ????. ? ?????????, ?????????, ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? , ??????????????? ??? ??????? ?????????, ?? ????????? ???????, ??????????? ?????????? 65 ??? ??? ????? . ???????, ?? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? — ????? ??????????, ???? ? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????????.

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????????????? ??????? ???? ? 10 ?????? ??????????, ????????????? ? ??????? ????????. 1 — ??????, 2 — ???????, 3 — ?????, 4 — ?????, 5 — ?????, 6 — ????, 7 — ????, 8 — ?????, 9 — ??????, 10 — ?????

??????? ????????????????? ??????, ?????????? ????? ????????? ? ????? ?????????? ??????. ???????? ?? ??, ??? ????? ???????? ?? 2011 ??? ?????????? ????????? 300 000, ? ????? ? ????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ? ????? (? ??????????? ?? ????, ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????) ????????, ????? ????????????, ?????????? ?????? ??????????, ???????, ?, ??? ?????????, ????????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ????. ??????? ??????????? ?? ?? ??? ????????????, ? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ?????????, ????????, ???????????? ???????? ? ?????-?????? ??????????, ?????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???? ? ????????? .

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??????????? ????????? ???? ? ????????? ????? 30 ?, ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? . ??????? ??? ? ????? ?????????? ????? ????, ???, ?????????? ? ????????? ????? 100 ?? ????????????? ????? 200 , ??? ???????? ????? 1000 ?????????? ? ????????? ????? 15 ??, ? ?????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????, ???, ?????? ???, ? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? 700 ???. ?? 1,7 ??? ?????????? ????????? ?? 1 ?? ? ????? . ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? 11 m ?? 19 m ? ??? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? 16 m .

????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ?? 3,0?10 21 ?? 3,6?10 21 ??, ??? ?????????? ????? 4 % ?? ????? ???? ??? 0,06 % ?? ????? ????? . ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? 4 ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????: ?????? , ????? , ??????? ? ????? , ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? .

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??????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????: ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? C , ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? S ? ????????????? ????????? ?????? M . ?????????? ????????? ? ??????, ????? ????????????? ???????, ?? ?? ?????????? ? ????? ?????? ?????????????.

(253) ???????? , ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? C

???????????? ????????? ?????? C , ????????? ??? ??-?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ?? ???????, ???????? ???????? ????????????????? ????????? ? ??????? ?????, ?? ??? ?????????? 75 % ???? ??????????, ???????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? . ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? (????? 0,03 ? 0,0938). ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????, ?? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ????????, ??? ? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????, ????????????? ? ????? ??????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ??-?? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ???????????? ????????? ??-?? ??????? ? ?? ??????? ????. ? ????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????????, ?? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???????, ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????????. ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????. ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? (10) ????? .

(433) ???? , ???????? ???????? ?????? S

?????? ?? ?????????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? S , ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????, ??????????????? ?? ?????????? 2,5 ?.?. ?? ?????? . ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ? ????????? ???????? (?????? ? ??????), ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????-???? ?????????? ??????????. ??? ????????? ?? ??, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????, ????????, ? ????? ? ????????? ?????????? ? ???????????????. ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? (????? 0,10 ? 0,2238) ? ?????????? 17 % ?? ???? ??????????. ???????? (3) ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ??????.

(216) ????????? , ???????? ???????? ?????? M (????????????? ?????????)

????????????? ????????? ?????? M , ??????? ??????? ? ???????, ?????????? 10 % ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? (????? 0,1 ? 0,1838). ??? ??????????? ??????????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? 2,7 ?.?. ?? ?????? ? ????? ???? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? , ????? ??????, ?????????????? ?? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????????????. ?????? ? ?????? ? ?????????????? ??????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????. ? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ???, ????? ????????? (22) ???????? , ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? M, ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? . ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????, ? ?????? ????????, ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ?????????? ?????? C ??? S .

(4) ????? , ???????? ???????? ?????? V

????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? V . ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????, ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ? ?????, ? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ????. ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ? ??????, ????????? ??????????????? ?? ??????????? ?????. ??? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ? ??????? . ?? ???? ?? ?????????, ??? 99 % ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ? ????? ?????????? . ?? 2001 ???? ?????????, ??? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ????? (?????? ? ???????? ????? V), ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? (1459) ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????????, ??? ???????????? ?? ????????? ????????????? . ???? ???? ??????? ????????????? ? ????? ? ????? ????????? ????????? ? 2007 ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????: (7472) ???????? ? (10537) 1991 RY 16 , ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????, ????????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? .

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??????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ? ???????? ??? ???????. ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? 2,2 ?.?. ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ? 200 ? (?73 °C) ? ????, ? ?? ?????????? 3,2 ?.?. ??? ?? 165 ? (?108 °C) . ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????????, ????????? ??-?? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????????.

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?????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ?????????????? 950 ??, ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????, ??? ?????, ?????? 9,43?10 20 ??, ??? ?????????? ??? ???? 1,3 % ????? ????, ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????. ??? ????????? ?? ?????????? 2,766 ?.?., ??? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????, ?????????????? ?? ?????????? 2,8 ?.?. ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? 3,32 m , ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??????????? , ?? ???????? ?? ???, ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ???? 5 % ????????? ?????.

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???????? (4) ????? , ???????? ????????? ? 1807 ????, ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????, ?????? ????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ???????. ????? ??? ???????????? ????????, ? ???????? ??? ????????????? ??????? . ?? ??????????? ???????? 42 % ????????? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ??????, ??? ? ????? (37 %). ??? ??????? ???????? ? 530 ?? ??? ?????????? 9 % ????? ???????????? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??????????, ??? ? ??????. ????????? ????? ???????????? ?? ????????? «???????? ?????», ??? ??????????? ?????? ???? ? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ? ??????, ??????????? ?????? (? ???????? ?? ??????? ) ? ????? ??????, ????? ? ????????? ?????????? ????????, ????.

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???????? (2) ??????? — ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????, ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????, ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????. ??? ????? ????????, ??? ?????, ?? ?????????? 7 % ????? ???????? ?????. ??????? ????????? ???, ???, ??????? ?????, ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????, ?????? 34° , ? ?? ????? ??? ? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? 10°. ??? ??, ??? ? ??????, ??? ??????????? ? ?????? C , ???????? ????????? ? ????????, ??-?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? , ?????? 12 % . ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ????????????????, ?????? 0,32, ??-?? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????????: ?? 2,1 ?.?. ?? 3,4 ?.?.

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?????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????, ?? ????????? ???????, ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????, ??? ?????? , ???? , ????? , ??????? , ?????? , ????? , ?????? ? ???? , ????? ???? ????????? ??? ? 2060—2070 ????? , ? ????????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????.

? ????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ? ????????? ???????. ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ? ????? ? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????, ? ???? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????, ?? ? ????????? ???????? ???????? ? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????, ???, ????????, ???? (? ???? ????), ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ??? ???????????? ???????, ? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ????????, ????? ??? ?????? , ?????? , ????? , ??????? ? ??????? , ?, ? ??????? ??????????, ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? , ????????? , ????? ? ?. ?. ?? ????, ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ?????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ????? ???????, ???????? ????????? ??????????, ??????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? . ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????, ???, ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? M ????????? ? 1 ?? ????? ????????? ??????-????????? ???? ?? 2 ???? ????, ??? ? 2—3 ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? 2004 ??? . ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????, ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????? , ??????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ???????, ? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????.

??????????

  1. ??????? ???????. ??????. ?????????? ????? ????????? / ??????? ? ????. ?. ?. ????????. — ?. : ?????, 2007. — ISBN 978-5-699-11424-5 .
  2. ?. ?. ?????????, ?. ?. ?????. ????? ???? ??????????. ??????? ??? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? / ??? ???. ?. ?. ???????. — 2-? ???., ????????????. — ?. : ????????? ????, 2003. — ISBN 5-354-00866-2 .
  3. ?. ?. ???????????. ?????????? ???????? ?????????? / ??? ???. ?. ?. ??????? . — 5-? ???., ?????????????? ? ????????? ???????????. — ?. : ????????? ????, 2002. — ISBN 5-8360-0303-3 .
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