Interested Article - Национальная медаль США в области технологий и инноваций

Национальная медаль в области технологий и инноваций ( англ. National Medal of Technology and Innovation ; до 2007 года называлась National Medal of Technology — Национальная медаль в области технологий ) — американская государственная награда «за выдающийся вклад в национальное экономическое, экологическое и общественное благосостояние за счёт развития и коммерциализации технологической продукции, технологических процессов и концепций, за счёт технологических инноваций и развития национальной технологической рабочей силы» .

Медаль может вручаться конкретному человеку, группе людей (не более 4 человек), компании или отделу компании . Медаль присуждается только американским гражданам и американским компаниям. Медаль присуждается президентом США по рекомендации специального комитета и Секретаря Министерства торговли и является высшей американской наградой за вклад в технологический прогресс. За 1985—2008 годы медаль получили 161 человек и 26 компаний и отделов, то есть выдаётся в среднем около 8 медалей в год .

История

Национальная медаль в области технологий была учреждена в 1980 году Законом о технологической инновации Стивенсона-Уайдлера ( Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act ) . Законопроект поддержали обе партии; он был направлен на поддержку технологической инновации и на повышение технологической конкурентоспособности США на мировой арене. Медаль впервые была присуждена в 1985 году , президент Рональд Рейган наградил ей 12 человек и одну компанию. Среди первых лауреатов были исследовательский центр Bell Labs и основатели Apple Стив Джобс и Стивен Возняк . С тех пор медаль присуждается ежегодно . С 1991 года медаль поддерживается совместно фондом The National Science & Technology Medals Foundation (Национальный фонд по медалям в области науки и технологий). 9 августа 2007 года президент Джордж Буш подписал закон America COMPETES ( Creating Opportunities to Meaningfully Promote Excellence in Technology, Education, and Science ), который, среди прочего, переименовал награду в «Национальную медаль в области технологий и инноваций» .

Вид медали

Вид медали был разработан скульптором и дизайнером медалей Мико Кауфманом ( англ. Mico Kaufman ) из города Тьюксбери , штат Массачусетс , и был выбран из нескольких предложенных работ в 1984 году . Медаль бронзовая, круглая, диаметром в 3 дюйма (7,62 см). На лицевой стороне изображён «технолог-волшебник», на ладонь которого падает луч света и отражается от неё, что символизирует «вход» и «выход» технологии и инновационного процесса. Вокруг — надпись «NATIONAL MEDAL OF TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION» (до 2007 года — «NATIONAL MEDAL OF TECHNOLOGY»). На обратной стороне медали изображён американский орёл, вокруг — слова «AWARDED BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO», за которыми следует имя лауреата .

Процесс награждения

Министерство торговли США ежегодно принимает номинации на медаль. Номинация должна содержать рекомендации не менее шести человек, лично знакомых с достижениями кандидата. Для отбора финалистов существует специальный комитет — National Medal of Technology and Innovation Evaluation Committee , — члены которого назначаются президентом на 3 года. Финалисты должны также пройти проверку ФБР на предмет безопасности. Наконец, Секретарь Министерства торговли рекомендует президенту тех финалистов, которые достойны медали. Церемония награждения происходит в Белом доме .

Лауреаты

Год	Лауреаты	Обоснование награды
1985	AT&T Bell Laboratories	За вклад в современные системы связи на протяжении десятилетий .
	Фред Брукс , Эрих Блох и Боб Эванс	За их вклад в развитие аппаратного, архитектурного и системного проектирования, связанного с IBM System/360 .
	Стив Джобс и Стивен Возняк	За их разработку и внедрение персонального компьютера, который вызвал рождение новой индустрии, расширяющей мощность компьютера для отдельных пользователей .
	Marvin M. Johnson	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his discovery and development of metal passivating agents for catalytic cracking catalysts which have become economically effective methods permitting refineries to process crude oils with higher metal contents, particularly heavy crude oil types, and have contributed to United States' competitiveness in this technological area.
		За его технические, руководящие и предпринимательские роли в разработке коммерчески успешных нефтехимических процессов, которые были лицензированы или совместно разработаны и помогли сохранить лидерство США в нефтехимической переработке. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his technical, leadership and entrepreneurial roles in the development of commercially successful petrochemical processes which have been licensed or jointly developed and have helped maintain U.S. leadership in petrochemical processing.
	Джон Т. Парсонс и	За их разработку и успешную демонстрацию станков с числовым программным управлением для производства трехмерных форм, которые были необходимы для производства коммерческих авиалайнеров и которые имеют важное значение для роста робототехники, CAD-CAM и автоматизированного производства. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For their development and successful demonstration of the numerically-controlled machine tool for the production of three-dimensional shapes, which has been essential for the production of commercial airliners and which is seminal for the growth of the robotics, CAD-CAM, and automated manufacturing industries.
	Хэролд А. Розен и Allen E. Puckett	За их технологический вклад и лидерство в создании и разработке геостационарных спутников связи , значительно улучшивших мировую связь и предоставивших Соединенным Штатам международное превосходство в создании коммерческих спутников. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For their technological contributions and leadership in the initiation and development of geostationary communications satellites, significantly improving worldwide communications and giving the United States international preeminence in the construction of commercial satellites.
	Джозеф Саттер	За его технический и управленческий вклад в разработку и внедрение нескольких поколений реактивных коммерческих самолетов, которые сделали Соединенные Штаты основным поставщиком пассажирских транспортных самолетов. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his technical and managerial contributions to the development and introduction of generations of jet-powered commercial aircraft which have made the United States the predominant supplier of passenger transport aircraft.
1986		Цифро-аналоговый преобразователь (ЦАП) и аналого-цифровой преобразователь (АЦП).
	Рейнолд Джонсон	Накопитель на магнитных дисках.
		Продвижение микроэлектроники и компьютерных технологий
	Франк Пясецкий

	Francis Versnyder
1987		За использование концепции геостационарных спутниковых систем связи в качестве основы для глобальной телекоммуникационной системы, установленной международным соглашением, и за его руководство в развитии и росте системы Intelsat , которая сегодня обслуживает более 150 стран и территорий. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For employment of the concept of the geosynchronous communications satellite systems as the basis for a global telecommunications system, established by international agreement, and for his guidance in the development and growth of the intelsat system, which today services over 150 nations and territories.
	Уильям Эдвардс Деминг	За его энергичное продвижение статистической методологии, за его вклад в теорию выборки и за его защиту корпорациям и странам общей философии управления, которая привела к повышению качества продукции с последующим улучшением продуктов, доступных для пользователей, а также более эффективной корпоративной деятельности. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his forceful promotion of statistical methodology, for his contributions to sampling theory and for his advocacy to corporations and nations of a general management philosophy that has resulted in improved product quality with consequent betterment of products available to users as well as more efficient corporate performance.
		За открытие гербицидных свойств глифосатов , которые оказали значительное влияние на производство сельскохозяйственных продуктов питания и волокна, а также на сельскохозяйственные методы во всем мире. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his discovery of the herbicidal properties of glyphosates which have had significant consequences upon the production of agricultural food and fiber as well as upon agricultural practices throughout the world.
	Роберт Нойс	За его изобретения в области полупроводниковых интегральных схем .
1988	John L. Atwood	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For distinguished leadership, technical competence and integrity in the technological advancement of aviation and space travel.
	Арнольд Бекман	За исключительное творчество в разработке аналитических инструментов ( спектрофотометрия ) .
		За его видение и предпринимательские усилия, его технические достижения, его деловое и техническое лидерство как ключевого участника в создании всемирной химической промышленности. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his vision and entrepreneurial efforts, his technical accomplishments and his business and technical leadership as the key contributor in creating a worldwide chemically based industry.
	Реймонд Дамадьян и Пол Лотербур	За их независимый вклад в создание и развитие применения магнитно-резонансной технологии в медицинских целях, включая сканирование всего тела и диагностическую визуализацию. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For their independent contributions in conceiving and developing the application of magnetic resonance technology to medical uses including whole body scanning and diagnostic imaging.
	Роберт Деннард	За изобретение базовой однотранзисторной ячейки динамической памяти , которую применяют во всём мире практически на всех современных компьютерах. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For invention of the basic one-transistor dynamic memory cell used worldwide in virtually all modern computers.
	Гарольд Юджин Эджертон	За изобретение электронной стробоскопической вспышки и за поиск множества её применений в науке, технике и промышленности. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the invention of the electronic stroboscopic flash and for finding a multitude of applications for it within science, technology and industry.
	Кларенс Джонсон	За выдающиеся достижения в разработке серии коммерческих, военных и разведывательных самолетов, включающих в себя широкий спектр технологических достижений, и за его новаторские методы управления, которые помогли разработать и произвести эти самолеты в рекордные сроки и с минимальными затратами. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his outstanding achievements in the design of a series of commercial, military, and reconnaissance aircraft that incorporated a wide range of technological advancements, and for his innovative management techniques which helped develop and produce these aircraft in record time and at a minimum cost.
	Эдвин Лэнд	Для изобретение, разработку и маркетинг мгновенной фотографии .
	Дэвид Паккард	Вклад в различные области технологии и в политику. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For extraordinary and unselfish leadership in both industry and government, particularly in widely diversified technological fields which strengthened the competitiveness and defense capabilities of the United States.
1989	Джей Форрестер и	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For their creative work in developing the technologies and applying computers to real-time applications. Their important contributions proved vital to national and free world defense and opened a new era of world business.
	, ( англ. Richard A. Lundy ), Дж. Ритчи Орр ( англ. J. Richie Orr ) и Элвин Толлеструп	Ускоритель Теватрон . Оригинальный текст (англ.) For their contributions to the design, construction and initial operation of the TEVATRON particle accelerator. The scientific instrument was designed to explore the fundamental properties of matter. The innovative design and successful operation of the TEVATRON has been crucial to the design of the Superconducting Super Collider, the planned next generation particle accelerator.
	Герберт Бойер и Стэнли Норман Коэн	Генетическая инженерия , ^* . Оригинальный текст (англ.) For their fundamental invention of gene splicing techniques allowing replication in quantity of biomedically important new products, and beneficially transformed plant materials. This discovery of recombinant DNA technology has transformed the basic science of molecular biology and the biotechnology industry.
1990	Джон Атанасов	Изобретение компьютера Атанасова — Берри . Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his invention of the electronic digital computer and for contributions toward the development of a technically trained U.S. work force.
	^*	За развитие и коммерциализацию магнитной записи, что привело к созданию новой отрасли с более чем 125 лицензиями, производящей такие продукты, как аудио- и видеокассеты, звуковое видео для трансляции, ленты и диски для компьютерной памяти и магнитный звук для кинофильмов. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the development and commercialization of magnetic recording resulting in the creation of a new industry with over 125 licenses producing products such as audio and video cassettes, broadcast sound video, tapes and discs for computer memories, and magnetic sound for motion pictures.
	DuPont	За новаторство в разработке и коммерциализации высокоэффективных искусственных полимеров, таких как нейлон , неопрен , фторуглеродная смола «Тефлон» , а также широкого спектра новых волокон, пленок и инженерных пластиков, которые укрепи\|ли глобальную конкурентоспособность Америки и принесли пользу человечеству. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For pioneering the development and commercialization of high-performance man-made polymers such as nylon, neoprene rubber, "Teflon" fluorocarbon resin, and a wide spectrum of new fibers, films, and engineering plastics which have strengthened America's global competitiveness and benefited humankind.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his management of a wide range of commercial applications of new technology while serving as a senior executive in different industries; and for subsequent teaching and research, as a Professor of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, on the principles of technology commercialization.
	Fred W. Garry	За разработку, производство и коммерциализацию высокоэффективных реактивных двигателей, ведущих в мире по характеристикам, эффективности, стоимости жизненного цикла и минимальному воздействию на окружающую среду.А также за его лидерство в установлении обмена технической информацией и производственных союзов, гарантирующих Соединенным Штатам постоянное мировое лидерство в области двигателей для коммерческих и военных самолетов. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the design, manufacture and commercialization of high performance jet engines that lead the world in performance, efficiency, life-cycle cost, and minimal environmental impact; and for his leadership in establishing a technical information exchange and manufacturing alliances assuring the United States continuing global leadership in both commercial and military aircraft engines.
	Уилсон Грэйтбатч	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For invention, development and introduction into clinical usage of the implantable cardiac pacemaker resulting in saving over two million lives. This subsequently led to the development and commercialization of lithium batteries which greatly enhanced longevity and reliability of pacemakers and implantable devices.
	Джек Килби	Изобретение интегральной схемы, калькулятора и базового матричного кристалла (БМК). Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his invention and contributions to the commercialization of the integrated circuit and the silicon thermal print-head; for his contributions to the development of the first computer using integrated circuits; and for the invention of the hand-held calculator, and gate array.
		Для обеспечения технологической основы для связи в век информации и для наблюдения за преобразованием национальной коммутируемой телефонной сети с аналоговой на цифровую технологию практически для всех междугородных звонков как по всей стране, так и между континентами. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For providing the technological foundation for information-age communications, and for overseeing the conversion of the national switched telephone network from analog to a digital-based technology for virtually all long-distance calls both nationwide and between continents.
	Гордон Мур	Компьютерная память, микропроцессор. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his seminal leadership in bringing American industry the two major postwar innovations in microelectronics - large-scale integrated memory and the microprocessor - that have fueled the information revolution.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For patenting and commercializing over 100 filtration and other fluid clarification products which have contributed significantly to society in safety of flight, upgrading of industrial products and processes and improved safety of blood transfusions; and for building Pall Corporation into a global company with 60 percent of sales outside the United States, primarily in Europe and Japan.
		За его оригинальный вклад в производство энергии и политику; за новаторство в атомной энергетике; за разработки концепций оценки рисков и управления рисками; за организацию консорциума «Научно-исследовательский институт электроэнергетики»; за лидерство в инженерном образовании и вклад в технически подготовленную рабочую силу США. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his original contributions to energy production and policy; for pioneering in nuclear power; for developing risk assessment and risk management concepts; for organizing the Electric Power Research Institute, a consortium; for leadership in engineering education and contributions to a technically trained U.S. work force.
1991		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his outstanding leadership in the engineering profession with special recognition for his contributions to the development and application of advanced management techniques to world-class industrial projects.
	Гордон Белл	За его постоянные интеллектуальные и промышленные достижения в области компьютерного дизайна; и за его ведущую роль в создании экономичных, мощных компьютеров, которые служат важным инструментом для инженерии, науки и промышленности. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his continuing intellectual and industrial achievements in the field of computer design; and for his leading role in establishing cost-effective, powerful computers which serve as a significant tool for engineering, science and industry.
	Geoffrey Boothroyd и Peter Dewhurst	За их концепцию, разработку и коммерциализацию Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA), которая резко снизила затраты, улучшила качество продукции и повысила конку рентоспособность основных производителей США. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For their concept, development and commercialization of Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DFMA), which has dramatically reduced costs, improved product quality and enhanced the competitiveness of major U.S. manufacturers.
	Джон Кок	За разработку и внедрение архитектуры компьютера с сокращенным набором команд ( RISC ), которая значительно увеличила скорость и эффективность компьютеров, тем самым повысив технологическую конкурентоспособность США. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his development and implementation of Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture that significantly increased the speed and efficiency of computers, thereby enhancing U.S. technological competitiveness.
	Карл Джерасси	За большой технологический вклад в решение экологических проблем; за инициативы в развитии новых, практических подходов к препаратам по борьбе с насекомыми, имеющих свойства биоразлагаемости и безвредности .
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his excellence in the development and implementation of strategies for engineering education; and for his successes in bringing women and minorities into the Nation's technological work force.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For advancement of the American electronics industry through continuous technological innovation, establishing Motorola as a world-class electronics manufacturer.
	Грейс Хоппер	Развитие первых языков программирования. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For her pioneering accomplishments in the development of computer programming languages that simplified computer technology and opened the door to a significantly larger universe of users.
		За его концепцию производства стали на мини-заводах с использованием революционной технологии литья слябов , которая оживила американскую сталелитейную промышленность. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his concept of producing steel in minimills using revolutionary slabcasting technology that has revitalized the American steel industry.
	и Joseph A. Numero	За разработку холодильной техники для грузовиков, трейлеров, товарных вагонов, кораблей и самолетов, которая произвела революцию в хранении и распределении продуктов питания и других скоропортящихся продуктов. И за вклад в развитие всемирной сети продаж и обслуживания. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For their development of refrigeration technology for trucks, trailers, boxcars, ships and planes which revolutionized the preservation and distribution of food and other perishables; and for their development of a worldwide sales and service network.
	David W. Thompson, Antonio L. Elias, David S. Hollingsworth и Robert R. Lovell	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For their invention, development, and production of the Pegasus rocket, the world's first privately developed space launch vehicle, that has opened the door to greater commercial, scientific and defense uses.
	Charles E. Reed	За его управление рисками в постоянных инновациях, что привело компанию General Electric к производству передовых инженерных материалов мирового класса. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his management risk-taking in continuous innovation leading General Electric Company to world-class production of advanced engineering materials.
		За исследования воздействия механической силы на живые ткани, ведущие к разработкам в области безопасности технологий защиты от столкновений для автомобилей, самолетов, поездов, пилотируемых космических полетов и других видов транспорта. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his research on the effects of mechanical force on living tissues leading to safety developments in crash protection technology for automobiles, aircraft, trains, manned space flight and other modes of transportation.
1992	Билл Гейтс	Вклад в повсеместное распространение компьютерной техники. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his early vision of universal computing at home and in the office; for his technical and business management skills in creating a world-wide technology company; and for his contribution to the development of the personal computer industry.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his invention and contribution to the commercialization of long-lived plastic coatings for communications cable that has saved billions of dollars for telephone companies around the world; and for his leadership in encouraging minorities to pursue science and engineering careers.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his lifetime work of providing the key principles and methods by which enterprises manage the quality of their products and processes, enhancing their ability to compete in the global marketplace.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his innovations in cataract surgical technology resulting in reduced rehabilitation time for millions of Americans, significant savings, and the creation of a new industry.
	Merck & Co., Inc.	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For sustained innovation focusing on the discovery, development and worldwide commercialization of superior human and animal health products while maintaining proper concern for the environment.
	Delbert H. Meyer	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his discovery of the process for making purified terephthalic acid (PTA), the key building block in the production of polyester, which resulted in greatly accelerated growth of polyester products such as fabrics, recording tape, tire cord, food packaging and bottles.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his basic discoveries and management in the field of zeolite catalysis, in conjunction with his colleagues at Mobil Corporation, leading to chemical and petroleum technologies now producing products valued at billions of dollars per year.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his invention and contribution to the commercialization of bar code technology which improved productivity in every industrial sector and gave rise to the bar code industry.
1993		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his vision, inventiveness and perseverance in introducing technological advances in telecommunications, particularly in switching, that have had a major impact on the evolution of the telecommunications industry in the U.S. and worldwide.
	William H. Joyce	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his vision and entrepreneurial talents, along with his technology and business leadership, in creating and commercializing a process (UNIPOL) that revolutionized the production of plastics.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his commercialization of various technologies through the establishment and development of over one hundred technology-based companies that employ tens of thousands of people and export over one billion dollars worldwide.
	George Levitt и Marinus Los	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For their independent contribution to the discovery and commercialization of environmentally friendly herbicides to help ensure an abundant food supply for a growing world population.
	Ханс Липман	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his outstanding research contributions to the field of fluid mechanics and for his devotion for over 40 years to the education of the world's leaders in aeronautical engineering.
	William D. Manly	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his outstanding success in the development and processing of advanced high-temperature and high-performance materials, and the transfer of this technology to a variety of American industries.
	Кен Олсен	Вклад в развитие компьютерной техники. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his contributions to the development and use of computer technology; and for his entrepreneurial contribution to American business.
	Walter L. Robb	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his leadership in the development and commercialization of new medical imaging technologies and related manufacturing initiatives both of which have improved people's health and contributed to U.S. global leadership in a high-technology industry.
1994	Amgen	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For its leadership in developing innovative and important commercial therapeutics based on advances in cellular and molecular biology for delivery to critically ill patients throughout the world.
	Corning Inc.	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For a series of technological innovations yielding a wide range of extraordinary products, from pollution control materials to space shuttle windows. For life changing and life enhancing inventions which made possible entire new industries - lighting, television and optical communications.
	и	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his fundamental contributions to the theory, design and development of cellular mobile communications systems.
	Джозеф Гербер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his past and continuing technical leadership in the invention, development and commercialization of manufacturing automation systems for a wide variety of industries - most notably apparel - which have made those industries more efficient and cost effective in today's worldwide competitive environment.
	Ирвин Джейкобс	CDMA . Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his vision, innovation and leadership in the field of digital wireless communications over the past 25 years; and for his development of Code Division Multiple Access as a commercial technology adopted as a U.S. digital cellular standard providing increased capacity, quality and services and greatly enhancing the U.S. position in the international telecommunications marketplace.
1995		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his groundbreaking work in the areas of affordable 3D visual computing and super computing technologies; and for his technical and leadership skills in building Silicon Graphics, Inc., into a global advanced technology company.
	, Jerome J. Cuomo и	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the discovery and development of a new class of materials-the amorphous magnetic materials-that are the basis of erasable, read-write, optical storage technology, now the foundation of the worldwide magnetic-optic disk industry.
	Procter & Gamble	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For creating, developing and applying advanced technologies to consumer products which have strengthened the American economy while helping to improve the quality of life for millions of consumers worldwide.
	3M	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For its many innovations over decades, producing thousands of successfully commercialized products, from the unique optical film that revolutionized the design of laptop computer screens to breakthrough technologies that make possible the ubiquitous "Post-It¨ Repositionable Notes. For aggressive international expansion producing nearly half of 3M's $14 billion in sales, including $1.5 billion in U.S. exports. And for creating 86,000 jobs worldwide, including 48,000 in the U.S.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his unequaled achievements as a gifted inventor, tenacious entrepreneur, risk-taker and engineering genius in making the USA number one in small gas turbine engine technology and competitiveness, and for his leadership and vision in revitalizing the U.S. general aviation business jet and trainer jet aircraft industry.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his pioneering accomplishments in the field of drug discovery, commercializing novel technologies for drug discovery and drug delivery; for his visionary leadership in combining diverse disciplines to develop technologies and products to provide a new dimension to individual health and the changing needs of the pharmaceutical industry.
1996	^* (посмертно)	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his vision of American global technological leadership, his tireless advocacy of research and development for economic growth and higher living standards for all, and his energetic efforts to champion the innovative spirit of the American people.
	Johnson & Johnson	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For a century of continuous innovation in research, development and commercialization of products that are critical in the management of disease, improvement of quality of life, reduction of health care costs and fostering of U.S. global competitiveness.
	Чарльз Каман	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his pioneering work in the field of rotary-wing flight, his unique capacity for successful technology transfer from defense to commercial use, and for fostering a corporate environment in which diverse technological achievements flourish and new businesses are created.
	Стефани Кволек	Кевлар . Оригинальный текст (англ.) For her contributions to the discovery, development and liquid crytstal processing of high-performance aramid fibers which provide new products worldwide to save lives and benefit humankind.
	James C. Morgan	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his leadership of 20 years developing the U.S. semiconductor manufacturing equipment industry, and for his vision in building Applied Materials, Inc. into the leading equipment company in the world, a major exporter and a global technology pioneer which helps enable Information Age technologies for the benefit of society.
	Peter H. Rose	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his vision and outstanding leadership in the development and commercialization of ion implantation products that make possible the manufacture of modern semiconductors; and for his success in establishing and maintaining U.S. global leadership in the implantation equipment industry.
1997		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For visionary leadership of the aerospace industry, for championing technical and managerial solutions to the many challenges in civil and defense systems, and for contributions to the United States world preeminence in aerospace
	Рэй Долби	Изобретения в области звукозаписи и их коммерциализация. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For inventing technologies that have dramatically improved sound recording and reproduction, fostering their adoption worldwide, and maintaining a vision that for more than 30 years has kept the world listening.
	Роберт Ледли	Обработка данных и внедрение вычислительной техники в биомедицине Оригинальный текст (англ.) For pioneering contributions to biomedical computing and engineering, including inventing the whole-body CT scanner which revolutionized the practice of radiology, and for his role in developing automated chromosome analysis for prenatal diagnosis of birth defects.
	Винтон Серф и Роберт Кан	Internet Protocol (IP). Оригинальный текст (англ.) For creating and sustaining development of Internet Protocols and continuing to provide leadership in the emerging industry of internetworking.
1998	Дентон Кули	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his inspirational skill, leadership, and technical accomplishments during six decades practicing cardiovascular surgery, including performing the first successful human heart transplant in the United States and the world's first implantation of an artificial heart in man as a bridge to heart transplantation; and for founding the Texas Heart Institute, which has served more heart patients than any other institution in the world.
	, Robert Horsch, Ernest Jaworski и Stephen Rogers	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For their pioneering achievements in plant biology and agricultural biotechnology, and for global leadership in the development and commercialization of genetically modified crops to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
	Кен Томпсон и Деннис Ритчи	Операционная система UNIX , язык программирования C . Оригинальный текст (англ.) For their invention of UNIX® operating system and the C programming language, which together have led to enormous growth of an entire industry, thereby enhancing American leadership in the Information Age.
	Biogen Inc.	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For its leadership in applying breakthroughs in biology to the development of lifesaving and life-enhancing pharmaceutical products designed to treat large, previously underserved patient populations throughout the world, including development of hepatitis B vaccines, the first vaccines using recominant DNA technology.
	Bristol-Myers Squibb	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For extending and enhancing human life through innovative pharmaceutical research and development, and for redefining the science of clinical study through groundbreaking and hugely complex clinical trials that are recognized models in the industry.
1999		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For pioneering innovations in multiple branches of computing, including early efforts in digital speech processing, invention of the first on-line system for interactive graphical mathematics computing and pioneering work on the ARPAnet.
	Рэймонд Курцвейл	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For pioneering and innovative achievements in computer science such as voice recognition, which have overcome many barriers and enriched the lives of disabled persons and all Americans.
	(посмертно)	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his foresight and leadership in recognizing the commercial promise of recombinant DNA technology and his seminal role in the establishment and development of the biotechnology industry.
	Роберт Тейлор	Вклад в создание компьютерных сетей, персонального компьютера, графического пользовательского интерфейса. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For visionary leadership in the development of modern computing technology, including computer networks, the personal computer and the graphical user interface.
	Symbol Technologies	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For creating the global market for laser bar code scanning and for technical innovation and practical application of mobile computing and wireless local area network technologies.
2000	Дуглас Энгельбарт	Изобретение компьютерной мыши , работа над гипертекстом . Оригинальный текст (англ.) For creating the foundations of personal computing including continuous, real-time interaction based on cathode-ray tube displays and the mouse, hypertext linking, text editing, on-line journals, shared-screen teleconferencing, and remote collaborative work. More than any other person, he created the personal computing component of the computer revolution.
	Дин Кеймен	Медицинские изобретения, популяризация технологии. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For inventions that have advanced medical care worldwide, and for innovative and imaginative leadership in awakening America to the excitement of science and technology. At age 49 this self-made inventor has founded three medical device companies and earned more than 100 U.S. and foreign patents. And he still has found time to start and run a national youth organization and robotics competition to catch young imaginations and start their inventive potential humming.
	, и
	IBM
2001	John A. Ewen	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his basic discoveries and inventions in the field of metallocene catalysis which have revolutionized the production of polyethylene and polypropylene plastics, thereby enhancing American leadership and stimulating the growth of the entire industry.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his leadership in the field of communication systems; for pioneering contributions that transformed TV from analog to digital, enabling numerous integrated circuits, systems and services in broadcast TV, CATV, DBS, HDTV, and multimedia over the Internet; and for technical expertise and leadership, which have kept Bell Labs at the forefront in communications technology.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For pioneering achievements that led to the development of the biotechnology industry, to the first recombinant interferons for the therapy of cancers, leukemias, viral diseases such as hepatitis B and C, and multiple sclerosis, to fundamental technologies leading to other biotherapeutics; and for basic scientific discoveries in chemistry, biochemistry, genetic engineering and molecular biology from protein biosynthesis to receptors and cell signaling.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his pioneeriong role in the research and development of compound semiconductor materials and devices; for the invention and development of technologically and commercially important compound semiconductor heterojunction materials, processes, and related devices, such as light-emitting diodes, lasers, ultra-fast transistors, and solar cells.
	Dow Chemical	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For leadership in science and technology, for the vision to create great science and innovative technology in the chemical industry, and for the positive impact that commercialization of this technology has had on society.
2002	Calvin H. Carter	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his exceptional contributions to the development of silicon carbide wafers, leading to new industries in wide bandgap semiconductors and enabling other new industries in efficient blue, green, and white light, full-color displays, high-power solid-state microwave amplifiers, more efficient/compact power supplies, higher efficiency power distribution/transmission systems, and gemstones.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his research, development, and commercialization of automotive exhaust catalyst technology, shaping the industry from its very beginning and continually pushing to improve the quality of the air we breathe. Also for leading the automotive industry in ensuring the judicious use of precious metals, including conservation measures such as recycling of spent converters and technological advances in precious metal utilization.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his pioneering contributions to microelectronics that include spearheading the development of tools and techniques for modern integrated-circuit design, laying the foundation for fabless semiconductor companies, catalyzing the electronic-design automation field, training generations of engineers that have made the United States the world leader in microelectronics technology, and founding more than twenty companies.
	и	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the invention, application to automobiles, and commercialization of the three-way catalytic converter. Through their persistent efforts, this technology is the key emission-control component in all new light-duty vehicles in the United States and throughout the world.
	Ник Холоньяк , и	Изобретение светодиода . Оригинальный текст (англ.) For contributions to the development and commercialization of light-emitting diode (LED) technology, with applications to digital displays, consumer electronics, automotive lighting, traffic signals, and general illumination.
	DuPont	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For policy and technology
2003	Ян Ахенбах	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his seminal contributions to engineering research and education and for pioneering ultrasonic methods for the detection of cracks and corrosion in aircraft, leading to improved safety for aircraft structures.
		Capability Maturity Model . Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his vision of a discipline for software engineering, for his work toward meeting that vision, and for the resultant impact on the U.S. Government, industry, and academic communities.
	Роберт Меткалф	Ethernet . Оригинальный текст (англ.) For leadership in the invention, standardization, and commercialization of the Ethernet.
	, и Ronald M. Lewis	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For their pioneering work resulting in the design and manufacture of the cellular ceramic substrate for catalytic converters that enabled auto manufacturers to develop the first commercially mass-produced automotive catalytic converter.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For more than 85 years of sustained technical leadership and innovation for the petroleum refining and petrochemical industries; and for the invention and commercialization of adsorbents, catalysts, process plants, and process technology
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For more than 75 years of support of the cycle of innovation, from research to invention to investment, by supporting faculty and student research at the University of Wisconsin and pioneering the transfer of university ideas to U.S. businesses.
2004	Ральф Бер	Изобретение игровой приставки . Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his groundbreaking and pioneering creation, development and commercialization of interactive video games, which spawned related uses, applications, and mega-industries in both the entertainment and education realms.
	Роджер Истон	Система GPS . Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his extensive pioneering achievements in spacecraft tracking, navigation, and timing technology that led to the development of the NAVSTAR-Global Positioning System.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the development and commercialization of new blood- testing technologies and systems for the direct detection of viral infections, including direct identification of West Nile Virus and simultaneous identification of HIV-1 and Hepatitis C virus in plasma of human blood and organ donors prior to transfusion.
	IBM-Microelectronics Division	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For four decades of innovation in semiconductor technology that has enabled explosive growth in both the information technology and consumer electronics industries through the development and fabrication of smaller, more powerful microelectronic devices.
	Industrial Light & Magic	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For 30 years of innovation in visual effects technology for the motion picture industry.
	Motorola	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For over 75 years of achievement and leadership in mobile communications, and for the development of innovative technologies that allow people to seamlessly connect with their world.
	Paccar	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For pioneering efforts and industry leadership in the development and commercialization of aerodynamic, lightweight trucks that have dramatically reduced fuel consumption and increased the productivity of U.S. freight transportation.
2005	Альфред Чо	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his contributions to the invention of the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) technology and the development of the MBE technology into an advanced electronic and photonic devices production tool, with applications to cellular phones, CD players, and high-speed communications.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his innovative design and development of roadside and race track safety technologies that safely dissipate the energy of high-speed crashes, helping prevent fatalities and injuries.
	Ronald J. Eby, Maya Koster, Dace Viceps Madore и Velupillai Puvanesarajah	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For their work in the discovery, development and commercialization of Prevnar, the first-ever vaccine to prevent the deadly and disabling consequences of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in children.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For pioneering dramatic improvements in the health of thousands of patients with rare diseases and harnessing the promise of biotechnology to develop innovative new therapies.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For building the world's largest and most successful university research force to support the rapid growth and advance of the semiconductor industry; for proving the concept of collaborative research as the first high-tech research consortium; and for creating the concept and methodology that evolved into the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors.
	Xerox	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For over 50 years of innovation in marking, materials, electronics, communications, and software that created the modern reprographics, digital printing, and print-on-demand industries.
2006		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his contributions to electrode design and tissue restoration, which have led to the widespread use of a wide variety of clinical devices. His discoveries and inventions have saved and enriched thousands of lives and have formed the cornerstone of much of the modern implantable medical device field.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his contributions to national security through the development of advanced, unconventional imaging from space, and for developing and fielding advanced systems with greatly enhanced survivability. He has made a profound difference in the national security posture and the global leadership of the United States.
		За новаторский вклад и лидерство в развитии технологии лазеров, оптоэлектроники, интегральной оптики и световых систем связи, которые способствовали улучшению роста оптоволоконных систем передачи для Национальной инфраструктуры связи .
	Чарльз Вест	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his visionary leadership in advancing America's technological workforce and capacity for innovation through revitalizing the national partnership among academia, government, and industry.
	Джеймс Уэст	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For co-inventing the electric microphone in 1962. Ninety percent of the two billion microphones produced annually and used in everyday items such as telephones, hearing aids, camcorders, and multimedia computers employ electret technology.
2007	Пол Бэран	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the invention and development of the fundamental architecture for packet switched communication networks which provided a paradigm shift from the circuit switched communication networks of the past and later was used to build the ARPANET and the Internet.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the discovery of the enzymatic defects in hereditary metabolic disorders such as Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Fabry disease and Tay-Sachs disease, devising widely used genetic counseling procedures and development of highly effective enzyme replacement therapy that provided the foundation for patient treatment; and for stimulating the creation of and fostering the success of many biotechnology companies that now produce the therapeutics for the treatment of these diseases.
	Дэйв Катлер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For having envisioned, designed and implemented world standards for real-time, personal and server-based operating systems for over 30 years, carrying these projects from conception through design, engineering and production for Digital Equipment Corporation’s RSX-11 and VAX/VMS and for Microsoft’s Windows NT-based computer operating systems, and for his fundamental contributions to computer architecture, compilers, operating systems and software engineering.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For leadership in the development of the economic relationship of quality costs, productivity improvement, and profitability and for his pioneering application of economics, general systems theory and technology, statistical methods and management principles that define the Total Quality Management approach for achieving performance excellence and global competitiveness.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For fundamental contributions to electrochemistry and bioelectrochemistry and the subsequent application of those fundamentals in the development of technological products that improved the quality of life of millions across the globe, most notably in the area of human health and well-being.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For creation of novel lithographic imaging materials and techniques that have enabled the manufacturing of smaller, faster and more efficient microelectronic components that better the quality of the lives of people worldwide and improve the competitiveness of the U.S. microelectronics industry.
	eBay	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For pioneering the technology that encouraged and supported online trade, enabling global entrepreneurship and the growth of the Internet worldwide.
	Lockheed Martin Skunk works	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For an exceptional 65-year record of developing cutting-edge aircraft, technologies, and systems solutions for the U.S. Government, including development of unique advanced aircraft technologies critical to the national defense; and for the introduction of operational “stealth” capability that has changed the landscape of U.S. war fighting capabilities.
2008		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his pioneering inventions in cardiopulmonary medicine, including the medical respirator; devices that helped launch modern-day medical evacuation capabilities; and intrapulmonary percussive ventilation (IPV) technologies, which have saved the lives of millions of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other conditions.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For her seminal development of the silver vanadium oxide battery that powers the majority of the world's lifesaving implantable cardiac defibrillators, and her innovations in other medical battery technologies that improve the health and quality of life of millions of people.
	и	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For their pioneering technological contributions that were central to spurring the desktop publishing revolution and for their role in changing the way people create and engage with information and entertainment across multiple mediums including print, video, and the Web.
	IBM	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the IBM Blue Gene supercomputer and its systems architecture, design, and software, which have delivered fundamental new science, unsurpassed speed, and unparalleled energy efficiency and have had a profound impact worldwide on the high-performance computing industry.
2009		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For his invention of cyanoacrylates — novel adhesives known widely to consumers as "super glues" — which today play significant roles in medicine and industry.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For her seminal contributions to diagnostic chemistry through development of dip-and-read urinalysis, which gave rise to a technological revolution in convenient, reliable, point-of-care tests and patient self-monitoring.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the invention of the digital camera, which has revolutionized the way images are captured, stored, and shared, creating new opportunities in commerce, education, and global communication.
	Федерико Фаджин , Тед Хофф и	За концепцию, дизайн и применение первого микропроцессора , который был коммерчески принят и стал универсальным строительным блоком цифровых электронных систем, значительно влияющих на мировую экономику и повседневную жизнь людей. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the conception, design and application of the first microprocessor, which was commercially adopted and became the universal building block of digital electronic systems, significantly impacting the global economy and people's day-to-day lives.
2010		За выдающийся рекорд инноваций в повышении энергоэффективности и снижении затрат на сжижение и разделение газа. Эти инновации оказали значительное положительное влияние на производство электронных устройств, производство сжиженного газа и поставки промышленных газов для различных отраслей промышленности. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For an extraordinary record of innovations in improving the energy efficiency and reducing the cost of gas liquefaction and separation. These innovations have had significant positive impacts on electronic device manufacturing, liquefied gas production, and the supply of industrial gases for diverse industries.
	Джаянт Балига	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For development and commercialization of the Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor and other power semiconductor devices that are extensively used in transportation, lighting, medicine, defense, and renewable energy generation systems.
	Чарльз Дональд Бейтмен	За разработку и улучшение систем безопасности полётов , теперь используемых на самолётах во всём мире, включая систему предупреждения о близости земли и систему обнаружения сдвига ветра
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For innovation in rocket propulsion systems for geosynchronous and low earth orbit communication satellites, which greatly improved the effectiveness of space propulsion systems.
		За новаторскую работу в области материалов и электронных технологий, включая проектирование и разработку первых устройств формирования изображений с зарядовой связью (ПЗС) Оригинальный текст (англ.) For pioneering work in materials and electronic technologies including the design and development of the first charge-coupled device (CCD) imagers.
2011	Фрэнсис Арнольд	За новаторские исследования биотоплива и химикатов, которые могут привести к замене материалов, вызывающих загрязнение. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For pioneering research on biofuels and chemicals that could lead to the replacement of pollution-generating materials.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For invention of the Far UV Electrographic Camera, which significantly improved our understanding of space and earth science.
	Роберт Лэнджер	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For inventions and discoveries that led to the development of controlled drug release systems, engineered tissues, angiogenesis inhibitors, and new biomaterials.
		За разработки и коммерциализацию адсорбционных систем подачи кислорода с переменным давлением с широким спектром медицинских и промышленных применений, которые привели к улучшению здоровья и значительному снижению затрат на здравоохранение. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the development and commercialization of pressure swing adsorption oxygen-supply systems with a wide range of medical and industrial applications that have led to improved health and substantially reduced health care costs.
		За изобретение хирургической техники LASIK , а также за развитие области внутриглазного введения лекарств и расширение области хирургии сетчатки. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For invention of the LASIK surgical technique, and for developing the field of intraocular drug administration and expanding the field of retinal surgery.
	Артур Розенфельд	За выдающееся лидерство в разработке энергоэффективных строительных технологий и соответствующих стандартов и политик. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For extraordinary leadership in the development of energy-efficient building technologies and related standards and policies.
		За новаторскую работу по интерферонам и ключевой вклад в разработку терапевтических моноклональных антител . Оригинальный текст (англ.) For pioneering work on interferons and key contributions to the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.
	, и	За новаторское открытие эксимер-лазерного абляционного фоторазложения тканей человека и животных, заложившее основу для ФРК и LASIK , лазерных рефракционных хирургических методов, которые произвели революцию в улучшении зрения. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the pioneering discovery of excimer laser ablative photodecomposition of human and animal tissue, laying the foundation for PRK and LASIK, laser refractive surgical techniques that have revolutionized vision enhancement.
		За инновации посредством разработки первых в своём роде практических систем в области акустики, обработки сигналов и информационных технологий. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For sustained innovation through the engineering of first-of-a-kind, practical systems in acoustics, signal processing, and information technology.
2012	Чарльз Уильям Бахман	За фундаментальные изобретения в области управления базами данных , обработки транзакций и разработки программного обеспечения. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For fundamental inventions in database management, transaction processing, and software engineering.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For innovations in the fields of silicate chemistry, the chemistry of zeolites, and molecular sieve materials.
		За инновации в малоинвазивных медицинских устройствах. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For innovations in minimally invasive medical devices.
	Eli Harari	За изобретение и коммерциализацию технологии флэш-памяти для повсеместного распространения данных в бытовой электронике, мобильных компьютерах и корпоративных хранилищах. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For invention and commercialization of Flash storage technology to enable ubiquitous data in consumer electronics, mobile computing, and enterprise storage.
	Артур Левинсон	За новаторский вклад в области биотехнологии и персонализированной медицины, ведущий к открытию и разработке новых терапевтических средств для лечения рака и других опасных для жизни заболеваний. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For pioneering contributions to the fields of biotechnology and personalized medicine, leading to the discovery and development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of cancer and other life-threatening diseases.
		За вклад в развитие устройств для телекоммуникаций, использование света для изучения материи и за лидерство в развитии науки, технологий, инженерии и математики ( STEM ) в Соединенных Штатах. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For contributions to the advancement of devices for telecommunications, the use of light for studying matter, and for leadership in the development of the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) workforce in the United States.
	Мэри Шоу	Оригинальный текст (англ.) For pioneering leadership in the development of innovative curricula in Computer Science.
	Дуглас Лоуи и Джон Шиллер	За разработку вирусоподобных частиц и связанных с ними технологий, которые привели к созданию эффективных вакцин, специально нацеленных на ВПЧ и родственные виды рака. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For developing the virus-like particles and related technologies that led to the generation of effective vaccines that specifically targeted HPV and related cancers.
2013	Джозеф ДеСимоне	За новаторские инновации в области материаловедения, которые привели к развитию технологий в различных областях от производства до медицины. А также за инновационное и инклюзивное лидерство в сфере высшего образования и предпринимательства. Оригинальный текст (англ.) For pioneering innovations in material science that led to the development of technologies in diverse fields from manufacturing to medicine; and for innovative and inclusive leadership in higher education and entrepreneurship.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For invention of novel medical devices used in the treatment of many illnesses thereby improving the health and saving the lives of millions of patients around the world.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the development of a yeast-based technology that is able to co-ferment sugars extracted from plants to produce ethanol, and for optimizing this technology for large-scale and cost-effective production of renewable biofuels and industrial chemicals.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For the invention, development, and application of bioelectronics in medicine, including a retinal prosthesis for restoring vision to the blind, thereby significantly improving patients’ quality of life.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For pioneering inventions and commercialization of next generation DNA sequencing technologies, making access to genomic information easier, faster, and more cost-effective for researchers around the world.
2014		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For innovation, development, and application of artificially structured quantum materials critical to ultrahigh performance semiconductor device technology used in today’s digital infrastructure.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For pioneering innovations in microelectronics including reliability technologies, the first industry-standard model for circuit design, and the first 3-dimensional transistors, which radically advanced semiconductor technology.
		Оригинальный текст (англ.) For seminal work in the engineering of musculoskeletal tissues, especially for revolutionary achievements in the design of bone matrices and ligament regeneration; and for extraordinary work in promoting diversity and excellence in science.

См. также

Примечания

↑ (англ.) . United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Дата обращения: 12 июля 2010. 12 марта 2012 года.
↑ (англ.) . United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). — Официальная страница Национальной медали США в области технологий и инноваций. Дата обращения: 12 июля 2010. 12 марта 2012 года.
. Дата обращения: 23 февраля 2018. 23 февраля 2018 года.
↑ от 16 июля 2010 на Wayback Machine — ручной подсчёт количества лауреатов.
(англ.) . United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Дата обращения: 12 июля 2010. 12 марта 2012 года.