Латинская церковь
- 1 year ago
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Interested Article - Латинская империя
amity
- 2020-04-27
- 1
????????? ??????? ( ???. Imperium Latinum , ????. ???????? ???????????? ; ???????????????????? ??????? , ???. Imperium Constantinopolitanum , ??. Empire latin de Constantinople ; ??????? , ???. Romania , ????. ???????) — ????????????? ??????????? , ???????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??????? . ?? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ( ???. Imperium Romaniae). ? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????, ? ????? ???????????? ???????, ?? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ??? ???????? ?????????? . ????????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ????????????. ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? I ???????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ??????????????? ????, ? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????. ???????? ???? ? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????, ???? ?????? ??? ?????-??????????? ??????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? « ????????????? ».
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????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????????????. ??? ????? ??? 13 ?????? 1204 ???? ? ????????? ???????????? ?????????. ????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????, ??? ?????????? ? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ??????.
?? ????????, ???????????? ??? ? ????? 1204 ???? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????? , ?????? ????????? ?????????? , ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ? ??????? ?????????????? ????????????, ???? ???????????, ??? ?? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????, ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ; ?? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????, ? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ? ?????????????; ????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????, ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????.
?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? 9 ??? 1204 ???? ?????? ???????? (? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???????????) ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????? , ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ???????; ???????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? , ????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????????? III .
?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ? ??????????????? ????????????? ?? ??? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????-???? ???????? ?????????. ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ? ??? ????? ?????????????. ????????, ????????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? . ???? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? — ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????????????? . ??? ????????? ??????? I ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????: ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????, ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????, ? ????? ???????? ?? ???????, ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ?????: «???????, ??????», ? ?? ??????: «???????, ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????, ????????? ??????, ?????? ??????» .
?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????. ??? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????, ??????? ?? ??????? ?? 12 ??????? (?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????). ?????? ? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????????? ???????? . ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ????????????? (???????), ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????????, ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ??????? . ? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????, ??? ?????????????, ??? ? ??????????????????? ?????????????. ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ???????????, ?????????, ???????????????? .
?????? ?????? (?? ????? ??????????????) ??????, ? ????? ??????, ? ?????????? ????????????? ????????. ???????, ????? ????? ???????????????, ??????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????? , ?????? , ???? , ????? ? ??? .
??????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ? ????????? , ????????? ???????????? ??????????? , ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ??????? — ????????? ????????????? .
?????????? ???????? ????? ???????????????, ???? , ????? , ?????????? ??????? , ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????????, ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????????, ????? ????????? ??????????? ? ?????????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? . ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ? ?? ?? ?????????? ???????????, ?????????????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ???????. ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????, ??????????? ?? ????? ???????????? ???????. ??????????, ?????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????????, ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????, ??????? ??????? ?????? .
????????? ????????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????, ??????? ??????????????? ?????? , ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????, ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ??????????? ????? ??????? ? ? ????? ???? . ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????, ? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ? ????????? ?? ???, ????? ????? ?????????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ????? ? ??? ???????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ???????????, ????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????. ???????????? ?????????, ??????, ?????????, ? ??????????? ???????, ???? ?????? ? ??????, ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????? ???????. ???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ????????????, ???????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????, ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???????. ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ????, ? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????. ??? ?????????? ?????, ?????????????, ??? ???????, ???????????? ?? ??? ???, ???? ??? ????????? ????????. ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ? ??? ??????, ???? ?? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????????. ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????????? ? ???????????. ? ????????, ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????. ????????? ???????? ????, ??????????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????, ?????????? ? ????? ??? ????????? . ?????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ? ??????????? ? ??????????????? ????????. ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ? ?????????, ??????????? ? ???? ??? ??????????????????, ??? ? ???????????? ????????, ?? ? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????. ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????? . ????????? ????????? ????????? ? ?????? ????????????? ?????????. ????????, ????????? ?????? I, ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????, ???????? ??, ???????? ?? ???????????????????? ??? ?????. ????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ? ?????? ? ????????? ?????? .
???????? ?. ?. ???????, ?. ?. ??????, ?. ?. ?????????? ????????????, ??? ????? ???????????? «??????» ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ? ??? ????????????? ??????????, ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? .
????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????. ???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ? ??????, ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ? ??????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ????????? (????????????) ?????????? ? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? .
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? ???? ??????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ????????, ??? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ? ????????? ???????????, ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ???????? (? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? 33 500 ????????????).
??????? I ? ?????????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????????. ????????? ????????????, ??????????? ????????? ???? ??????????, ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ????. ? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????, ? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????. ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????????, ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????. ???, ????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????????, ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? III ?????? . ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????: ? ????? ?????????? ?????? I ?????? ???? , ? ???????? ????? , ?????? ? ???? ?????? ??? ???? .
? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? — ????????????? ??????? , ??? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? , ? ????????? ??????? , ??? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? III , ?????? I ???????? . ?? ?????? ? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????? . ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? , ?? ??? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ????????????? , ???????????? ???????.
? ??????? ?? ????????, ????????? ???? ??????????? ? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????????. ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????????, ?? ??????????? ?? ??????????????????? ???????, ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????????. ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????????, ? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ??-?? ??? ?????? ? ???????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? . ? 1204 ???? ?????????, ?????? ??????????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ????, ??????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ? ????? ????????. ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????. ?? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ? ????????? ??????? I. ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????, ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????????. ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ????????? I ? ?????????? .
?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? , ???????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????, ????? ???? ?????????, ?????? ? ????? ????????, ??????? ???? ????? ? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ? ???????. ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? I. ? ???? ???????, ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????????, ? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? .
????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ? ????????? ?????????????, ? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????????.
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????? ?????? ?????????? (???? ????????) ? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ? ????? ????. ?????????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ? ????????, ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? . ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????. ?????? 1205 ???? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????. ? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????????; ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????????. ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????????? ???? ?????? .
??????? , ?? ????????? ????????? ? ?????? ????? ???????, ???????? ? ??????????? ? 14 ?????? 1205 ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? , ???????????? ?? ?????? , ??????? , ???????? ? ?????? ; ??????? ?????????, ?????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ?????. ??? ??????? ??? ???? ? ????; ? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????; ???????? ????????, ??? ?? ???? ? ??????? .
?? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? — ??????? ??? ??????, ? ? 1206 ???? ??? ????????? — ???? ????????, ???? ?????? ?????????? , ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????, ?????????????? ? ??? ???????????.
????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? I ????????????? ??? ???? ? ????? ? ????????? (4 ???????? 1207 ????) ? ????? ????? ????? . ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ? ??????? . ? ???????????? ??? ?????????? 2-?????? ??? ?? ????? ? ?????? ?????????? — ???????? , ? ????????? ??????? ??????? — ????????? .
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????????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ????????????. ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? I ? ????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ??????????????? ???? (?????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????). ??? ?????????? ??????? I ???????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ????????????, ????? ???????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ????????, ????????????? ????????? ????????? ????????. ????????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? I. ? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????????? «?????? ?????» .
?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ? ??????????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ???????, ? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ??????? ????? (????????????? ???????, ????????????? ?????????? ??????????), ???????? ?? ??????, ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????. ??? ???? ???????. ????? ??????, ????? ????????? ??????, ????????? ? ??????????, ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ????????? ?????? ? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????; ?? ? 1207 ???? ?????????, ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ???.
?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????, ?????? ????????, ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????, ????????? ?????? ? ???? ????????? ?? ?????, ????????, ? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????????, ?????????? ??????????????. ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????.
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????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????, ?????? 2 ??? 1210 ???? , ? ?????? ?????????, ? ?????? ??????? (?????), ?????? «??????? ????» ??? «?????????», ???? ??????? ????????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????? ?????????, ? 1204 ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ???? ????????.
? ??? ?? 1210 ???? ??? ????????? ? ???? ??????????, ?? ???????? ?? ??????????, ??? ????????? ????, ???????????? ??? ??? ?????, ?????? ? ????????? ????????????? ?? ???????????, ????????? ? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????; ????????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ????????? ???????: ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ??????????? ? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ? ???? ??????, ? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????. ???????? ?????????, ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????, ???? ??????? «????????????????? ?????????» ??????????. ?????? ??? ???????????? ?????????????, ???????? ? ?????? ?????????, ???? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ? ????????????? ??????????? . ????? ???????? ????????, ????????? ? ???, ??? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????, ????????? ?????? I ??????? ??????????? 1/15 ?????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???????????????. ??????????? ?????? ? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? .
? 1213 ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????, ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????; ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????, ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????????. ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????????????? . ???????, ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???????????? ? ????????? ???????. ????? ????, ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ? ???????????, ??? ????????????, ??????? ? ?????????? ??????? ????? .
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????????? ??????? ???? ????? ? ????????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ? ??????: ???????? I ???????? ????? , ??????????? ????? ? ?? ???????? , ?????? ????? ? ?????????? ????? ??????? , ? ????? ? ???????? ???????? ????? , ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????????. ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? , ?????????. ????? ??? ?????? ? ????????? . ? ????? ? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ? ????????????? ???????? ? 1206 - 1212 ?????, ? ????? ?? ???? ? ?????????? ???????? (???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?????). ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????, ??????????? ?? ??????-?????? ????? ????. ? ???????, ? 1211 ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? I ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? I ???????. ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????????. ? 1213 ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ? ????????? ????????, ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????????? .
?????? ? ???, ? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ???????. ??? ???????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? (???????????????? ???????????, ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????, ???????? ??????????, ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????, ???????? ??????, ???????? ???????? ? ??????) . ? ?????, ??? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????, ?????? ??-???????? ? ??????????? ? 1205 ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ? ??????? ??? ??????? (????????) ??? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????. ?????? ????????? ( 1209 ??? ) ???? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????, ???? ? ??? ?????? ?????; ??, ??? ? ????? ??-??-???, ? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????, ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????. ?????? ? ???? ? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? , ????????? ???????, ? 1206 ???? ????????????? ?? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????, ????????????? ?? ??????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? .
????????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ? ???????? ??????????, ? ????? ? ? ????????? ???????? .
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? 1216 ???? ?????? ???????? ????; ??? ?? ???? ??? 40 ???; ???? ????? ??????????? ??? ??? «??????? ?????». ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????. ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? , ???? ??????? , ???? ?????????, ???? ???????? ???????? ????????????, ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? III ????????????? ?????? ( 1217 ), ?? ????? ???????? ? ????? ? ??????? ????????? . ????????? ????? ???????; ? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ??-?? ??????? ? ???????????, ????????? ???????, ?????????? ????? ???????????? ? ?????????????, ?????? ????????? ? ???? ?? ??????????. ? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????????? .
? 1220 ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????, ???????? ?????? ?????????, ?? ?? ????????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? , ?????????????? ? ??????, ????????? ? ?????????. ? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????????, ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? III ???? ??????? , ???????????? ???? ???????. ? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????, ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ?????????????? ??????????? , ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ? ???????????, ? 1224 ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????, ? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????????? ???????????. ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????. ? 1224 ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? III ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ????????? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????, ?? ??????????? ????????? ? ?? ?????? . ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????, ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????????; ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ? ???? ? ????????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ??? ? ????. ?????? ????? ?? ???????????????, ??? ?????? ???? ????????, ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????, ??? ? 1228 ???? ????, ????? ???????????.
?????? ?????????? ???????? II , ????? ???????, ???? ???? 11 ???; ??? ???????? ? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? , ???????????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????.
?????-?????????? ????? ????????? ??? ? 1230 ????. ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? . ?????????? ???? ????? II ????? ????????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ?????????? ? 1230 ???? ? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????????? .
????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ? ?????????? ????????, ?. ?. ????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????, ? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ?? ????????? . ????? ????, ????? ? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????????, ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? , ??????? ?????? ??????????????; ?????, ???? ???, ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????, ? ??? ?? — ??????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ???????.
? 1231 ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????, ?? ? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????????, ?????????? ?????????. ????? 1233 ???? , ????????? ??????? ????, ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ? ???????????, ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????; ???? ? 1235 ???? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? . ? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????-??????-?????????? ????? (1233—1241) . ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????????? , ?????????? ????? ???????????????, ?? ????????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? . ????????????, ???????? ???? ??????????, ??? ??????? ? ??????????? ????? ??????????????? . ????? ??? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???????, ????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ??????? . ? 1246 ???? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????????, ????????? ?????? ?????? .
????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? (1237) ?????? ??????? ? ???? ???????? II, ???????, ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ? ??? ??????; ???????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ? ???????, ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????????, ? ??? ???????? ??????? IX ?????? .
?????????
??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????, ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????????. ????? ???????????, ??????????? ???????????, ???????????? ???????, ??????????? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????-?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ????????. ?????????? ????????? ???????, ??????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ? ?? ???????? ?????, ??????????? ????????? ?????. ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ???????? ???? ??????????????? ? ???????????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? — ?????? ? ?????????????, ? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????????. ?????? ? ???, ? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????, ?????????? ??????????????? ???? ????????. ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????? .
?????? ???????????????
?????????? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????, ?? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???????; ??????? ? ??? ????????? ????? ? ????? ?????????? ? ??????? ? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ? ??????: ??????????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????. ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ????, ????? ???????? ?????; ???? ? 1259 ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????.
? 1260 ???? ??????????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????????, ?????????????? ?????????? ????, ??? ??????? ???? ? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ; ? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ??????????????? ??? ???????? ? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ? ???? ? ??????????.
25 ???? 1261 ???? , ?? ????? ??????? ????????????? ??????, ??????????????? ????? ? ???? ??????; 15 ??????? ????????? ?????? VIII ???????? ???????????? ??????? ? ???????. ???????, ? ????????? ?????????? ???????????, ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????????? , ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????.
??????? ???????
????? ? ????????? ???????, ???? ??????? ????? IV ???? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????????????, ?????? ???, ??? ?????? ? ??? ???????, ????? ?? ???????? ???????, ??? ? ????????? ????????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????. ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????, ????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????, ????? ????????? ?? ???. ?????, ? 1266 ???? , ????, ???? ????????? , ???? ?????? ???????, ???? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ??????. ? ????? ????? ? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????. ? 1267 ???? ???? ?????????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? II, ????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? .
????? ? ?????? ?????, ?????? VIII ????????? ? ?????? ??????? ????? III ??????????? ? ???????? 60 000 ??????? , ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????, ???????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????????. ? ?? ?? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???????, ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ????? ?????????? ???????. 30 ????? 1282 ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????, ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? , — ? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ??????????????? ? ???????? ???? ???????????. ????????? ?? ??????????????? ???? ????????????? .
?????????? ???????
?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????????. ? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ????, ????? ?????????; ? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ??????????. ???? ? 1432 ???? ???????? ????????? ????, ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????.
??????? ????????, ? 1312 ???? ?? ???? ????, ????? ?? ???? ?????????, ??????????????? ?? 1460 ???? , ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? .
? ????? ????????????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? .
? ????????? ? ????? ????????? ??????????? ? 1357 ?? 1429 ??? .
??????? ?????? (? 1418 ????) ??????? ?????????? ? 1479 ???? ???? ???????? ???????. ?? ?????? ???????? XVI ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? «????? ???????».
?????????
??????????
- ? , ??? 3, ????? 2.
- // ??????? ?????????? ???????????? : [? 35 ?.] / ??. ???. ?. ?. ?????? . — ?. : ??????? ?????????? ????????????, 2004—2017.
- ? ?. ?. ?????? ?? 9 ??? 2021 ?? Wayback Machine // ???????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ? ???? ???? ???????, ?. 40, ?. 148-153.
- ??????? ????????? ???????, ????? ?????????? ??????, ???? ?????????? ?????????? «Imperator ? ????????: ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????» (2018). ??????? ????. ????? ???????????? ?????. — ?. 3.
- ? , ?????? VII, ????? 1.
- , ?. 620—621.
- ? ?. ?. ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????. - ?? 20 ?????? 2021 ?? Wayback Machine (2011)
- ? ??????? ????????? ???????, ????? ?????????? ??????, ???? ?????????? ?????????? «Imperator ? ????????: ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????» (2018). ??????? ????. ????? ???????????? ?????. — ?. 4.
- ??????? ?????? ?? ?????'?, 1179 ???
- Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society . Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 724.
- Perry, Guy (2013). John of Brienne: King of Jerusalem, Emperor of Constantinople, c. 1175–1237 . Cambridge University Press. p. 176.
- Perry, Guy (2013). John of Brienne: King of Jerusalem, Emperor of Constantinople, c. 1175–1237 . Cambridge University Press. p. 177.
- ??????? ?????????. ??????? / ???. ? ???? ? ????. ?. ?. ???????????. — ???. : ???????, 2005. — 415 ?. — (???????????? ??????????. ?????????). — 1 000 ???.
- ? , ?. 306.
??????????
- // ????????????????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? : ? 86 ?. (82 ?. ? 4 ???.). — ???. , 1890—1907.
- ???????? ??????. ????????. ??????? ??????????? ??????? = JONATHAN HARRIS. The Lost World of Byzantium. — ?. : ??????? ???-?????, 2017.
- ???????, ?????? ????????? . . — ??????: ?????, 1967. — ?. 3. — 508 ?.
- ????????????, ??????? ????????????? . . — 2011.
- ?????????, ????? ???????? . ??????? ???????????? ???????. ???????. ????????. — ??????: ???, 2011. — 1008 ?. — ISBN 978-5-17-072040-8 .
- Bowman, Steven. The Jews of Byzantium 1204—1453. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1985.
??????
- (?????.) . ??????-?????: ??????? ?????????????? . — ????????-?????????????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????????? . ???? ?????????: 29 ??????? 2009. 23 ??? 2010 ????.
amity
- 2020-04-27
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