Флагманский корабль
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Флагманский перевозчик ( англ. Flag carrier ) — транспортный термин, обозначающий судоходную или авиакомпанию , которая пользуется особыми правами или привилегиями, предоставляемыми правительством страны, в которой она зарегистрирована.
Исторически этот термин использовался для обозначения авиакомпаний, принадлежащих государству и связанных с национальной идентичностью страны . Такие авиакомпании также называют национальной авиакомпанией или национальным перевозчиком , хотя в некоторых странах это может иметь другое юридическое значение. Сегодня под этим термином подразумевается любая международная авиакомпания, тесно связанная со своей страной или представляющая её на международном уровне, независимо от того, принадлежит ли она государству .
Флагманские перевозчики также известны как перевозчики флага из-за законов, требующих, чтобы воздушные и морские суда несли государственный флаг страны их регистрации . Например, в соответствии с законодательством Соединенных Штатов авиаперевозчиком под флагом США является любая авиакомпания, имеющая сертификат в соответствии с разделом 401 (т. е. любая базирующаяся в США авиакомпания, работающая на международном уровне) , и любое воздушное судно, зарегистрированное в США, является судном под флагом США .
Термин «флагманский авиаперевозчик» является наследием того времени, когда страны создавали государственные авиакомпании. Компании создавались правительством из-за высоких затрат на их создание и эксплуатацию. Однако не все такие авиакомпании принадлежали государству; Pan Am , TWA , Cathay Pacific , Union de Transports Aériens , и Olympic Airlines находились в частной собственности. Большинство из них считались флагманскими авиаперевозчиками , поскольку они были «главной национальной авиакомпанией» и часто являлись признаком присутствия их страны за границей .
Жестко регулируемая авиационная отрасль также означает, что права на авиаперевозки часто обсуждаются между правительствами, что лишает частные авиакомпании доступа к рынку. Эти двусторонние соглашения о воздушном транспорте определяют права, предоставляемые только местным авиакомпаниям, что вынуждает некоторые правительства запускать авиакомпании, чтобы не оказаться в невыгодном положении перед лицом иностранной конкуренции. Некоторые страны также создают флагманских авиаперевозчиков, таких как израильская El Al или ливанская Middle East Airlines по националистическим причинам или для помощи экономике страны, особенно в сфере туризма .
Во многих случаях правительства напрямую способствуют росту своих флагманских перевозчиков, как правило, посредством субсидий и других фискальных стимулов. Создание других местных авиакомпаний может быть запрещено или жестко регулироваться во избежание прямой конкуренции . Даже в тех случаях, когда оно может быть разрешено, флагманские перевозчики могут по-прежнему иметь приоритет, особенно при распределении прав на авиаперевозки на местных или международных маршрутах .
Однако к концу двадцатого века многие из этих авиакомпаний были преобразованы в публичные компании или государственные предприятия , в то время как другие были полностью приватизированы . Авиационная отрасль также была постепенно дерегулирована и либерализована , что позволило обеспечить большую свободу полетов, особенно в Соединенных Штатах и Европейском Союзе , с подписанием соглашения об открытом небе . Одной из особенностей таких соглашений является право страны назначать несколько авиакомпаний для обслуживания международных маршрутов, в результате чего не существует единого «флагманского перевозчика» .
В приведенной ниже таблице перечислены авиакомпании, считающиеся «флагманскими авиаперевозчиками» на основании текущего или бывшего государственного владения или другого поддающегося проверке обозначения национальной авиакомпании.
Malaysia is the latest nation to see its flag carrier – a label that in times gone by indicated a government-owned airline, and one that embodied a country's national identity – teeter on the brink.
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Algeria's national airline Air Algerie is considering tie-ups...
The investment is beginning to pay dividends with flag carrier TAAG Angola Airlines increasing capacity by nearly 40% in the past year.
The Angolan government is the majority shareholder in TAAG.
At the same time, Argentina's state-owned flag carrier Aerolineas Argentinas is attempting to transition to a more commercially minded airline after years of bleeding cash and being propped by the former Argentinian government.
Kabul-based Safi is the country's No. 2 airline after national carrier Ariana Afghan Airlines.
Bahamasair, the national flag carrier of Bahamas, has placed a firm order for two 70- seat ATR 72-600s and three 50-seat ATR 42-600s.
Bangladesh Biman, the national carrier, was the sole airline that handled direct cargo flights to the UK.
This is the first direct purchase of Boeing aircraft for the Belarus flag carrier.
Belgian flag carrier Brussels Airlines has decided to replace seven of its 10 Airbus A330s, but is sticking with A330ceos for its fleet renewal and long-haul expansion.
Lufthansa took full control of Brussels Airlines through its parent SN Airholding in late 2016 and replaced top management Feb. 5, as the group revamps the airline to be more closely integrated with Lufthansa Group's Eurowings low-fare division.
As the national carrier of Bulgaria, Bulgaria Air is based at and operates scheduled services, ad hoc charter services and business jet transportation.
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BoA Regional, a new joint venture in Paraguay with Bolivia's national carrier Boliviana de Aviacion, is "going well" and the airline is busy "developing new routes and working on new traffic rights to Brazil", says Oliver.
Even though BoA now has a monopoly on domestic trunk routes, it is unlikely the government owned carrier will abuse its new dominant position.
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UK flag carrier British Airways (BA) continued to be the most profitable unit, with a 9.9% operating margin, followed by Iberia (1%).
In May the airline reported a sharp rise in profits and revealed that it was making more money from each customer than it has done since it was privatised in 1987.
The board of beleaguered carrier Caribbean Airlines, the national airline of Trinidad and Tobago, has reportedly undertaken an evaluation of the airline's routes as its long-haul operation to London continues to underperform.
German flag-carrier Lufthansa appears to have cancelled orders for three Airbus A380s .
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For the Hong Kong flag carrier, retiring 747-400s are being replaced largely by 777-300ERs.
Air Greenland has joined the European Regions Airline Association (ERA), bringing the number of airlines in membership to 53. The flag carrier of Greenland is the third airline to join ERA this year.
Greek flag carrier Aegean Airlines recorded a net loss of €21.5 million ($24 million) for 1Q 2016, widened from a €8.3 million net loss for the year-ago quarter.
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Effective November 1, the state-owned national carrier of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) plans to operate a multiple-weekly service between Kinshasa N'Djili and Johannesburg O.R. Tambo, South Africa using A320-200 equipment.
African flag carrier Air Djibouti has taken delivery of its first Boeing 737 as it prepares to launch commercial operations.
The state-owned carrier is initiating a major transformation strategy to increase revenues, develop new revenue streams by June 2016 and improve efficiencies.
Government-owned flag carrier Air Zimbabwe currently operates only two international routes although it has been trying for some time to resume more international services.
The Yemen national carrier said it was suspending flight operations "until further notice due to the prevalent unfavorable operational situation and restriction imposed on Yemen airspace".
Israeli flag carrier El Al received its 50th aircraft, a Next-Generation 737-900ER.
With 102 aircraft in service, the state-owned flag carrier is still a big beast, but with just 11 on order it looks set to slip down the fleet size table.
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Indonesian flag carrier Garuda Indonesia may be forced to add a stopover to its recently introduced Jakarta-Amsterdam nonstop service as a result of runway certification problems at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport in Jakarta.
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The aircraft was handed over to the Iranian flag carrier at Airbus's final assembly line site at Toulouse, France on March 10.
The threat of a potentially lengthy strike hung over Iceland's national airline, Icelandair, on Friday after the company's mechanics announced plans for industrial action.
Air Astana is a joint venture between Kazakhstan's national wealth fund Samruk Kazyna and BAE Systems, with respective shares of 51% and 49%.
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The Canadian flag carrier took delivery of its first Dreamliner in May 2014 and will receive a total of 29 new 787-9s by 2019, in addition to eight 787-8 aircraft already in operation.
will become the Kenyan flag carrier's second destination, alongside capital city .
Chinese flag-carrier Air China has reached an agreement to acquire six Boeing 777-300ERs.
If sightings of the Ilyushin Il-18, a Cold War era Russian large turboprop that first flew in 1957 and had its heyday in the 1960s, are fairly scarce these days – with 11 examples in service – ticking off the one example flown by Air Koryo must rank high on any planespotter's wishlist. North Korean travel agencies offer trips to enthusiasts to fly on aircraft belonging to the flag-carrier, described by one unkind journalist as the "world's only one-star airline".
Boeing delivered the 500th 787 Dreamliner, a 787-8 to Colombia flag carrier Avianca, during the week of Dec. 22, 2016.
Bombardier also said Ivory Coast's national airline, Air Cote d'Ivoire, has agreed to buy two Q400 NextGen aircraft.
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Flag carrier Cubana de Aviación is resuming direct flights to Brazil with a Havana-São Paulo route on July 10, the tourism ministry said in a press release.
Kuwaiti national carrier Kuwait Airways is to complete switching over its booking, ticketing and reservations system to the Amadeus Altéa Suite of products within the next six months.
The state-owned carrier, which had been in the doldrums for much of the 1990s and 2000s, is undergoing a major re-fleeting exercise.
Lao Airlines, the national carrier of Laos, will add a new route to its 19-destination network across the landlocked Southeast Asian country.
Latvian national carrier airBaltic will be the launch customer for the CS300 version of Bombardier's CSeries, the manufacturer announced at the Dubai Air Show Nov. 8.
Libyan flag carrier Afriqiyah Airways unveiled its new livery at an event in the Rixos Al Nasr Hotel, Tripoli on 19 December.
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The country's two state-owned airlines, and Afriqiyah Airlines, which both suffered extensive damage to aircraft, resumed operations late 2011 and are gradually reestablishing their pre-war networks as aircraft return to service.
Libya's national carrier and state-owned Libyan Airlines has taken delivery of its first Airbus A330-200 , a 259-seater plane that will be used on the carrier's longer-haul routes.
The Mauritanian flag carrier operates a fleet that includes one Boeing 737-700NG and two 737-500s.
In March 2016, the island's flag carrier Air Mauritius said it would move its Southeast Asian hub from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to Singapore's Changi.
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The flag carrier hopes it can eventually improve yields across both cabins, leveraging the improvements in its product and new membership in oneworld .
All carriers from Mozambique, including flag-carrier LAM, are being placed on the European Union's blacklist of airlines, in addition to a pair of Boeing 767s operating for Air Madagascar.
The Mongolian flag carrier is expected to operate the 737 MAX aircraft on existing routes to South Korea, China, Japan, Russia, Germany and future new routes.
Myanmar flag carrier Myanmar National Airlines has taken delivery of the first of six ATR 72-600s as part of a $296 million order for the regional turboprop aircraft.
The Dutch flag carrier also added a twice-weekly Amsterdam-Salt Lake City service on May 5, becoming 3X-weekly from July 4.
The New Zealand flag carrier will launch two new routes to Australia and will add frequencies elsewhere, boosting capacity by 15% in the Australia-New Zealand market.
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Since the Oman Government took majority ownership in early 2007, the airline has lost a staggering 295 million (USD766.9 million).
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The website of the UAE's other flag carrier, Emirates, says flights to remain operational.
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According to the Pakistan flag carrier, the A330s will be used primarily for a 6X-weekly premier service to London Heathrow, which is being launched Aug. 14.
Avmax leased one Bombardier Dash 8-Q315 to Air Niugini, the National Airline of Papua New Guinea.
LOT Polish Airlines has become the launch customer for aircraft seating newcomer LIFT by EnCore, with the company's first product entering service on the Polish flag carrier's Boeing 737 MAXs.
...La Reunion's national carrier, Air Austral, is planning to take a similar approach to some destinations in its long-haul network.
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Russian flag-carrier Aeroflot has agreed to take another 20 Sukhoi Superjet 100s, under a tentative agreement with the airframer.
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The government of Samoa said the South Pacific country's state-owned airline must remain financially self-sufficient, as it relaunches international services. Samoa Airways began scheduled services with a flight to Auckland, New Zealand, on Nov. 14, and also will offer service to Australia.
Air Senegal, the new Senegalese national airline, has signed a firm contract for two ATR 72-600s at the Paris Air Show.
The Serbia flag carrier said the full-year results were achieved on the back of "significant growth" in passenger numbers, which increased 11% to 2.55 million year-over-year (YOY).
The government of Serbia retains a 51% majority stake.
Singapore flag carrier Singapore Airlines (SIA) plans to participate in a $20 million government-led initiative to promote inbound travel to Singapore.
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Pacific island flag carrier Solomon Airlines will resume services following a grounding of its fleet over a payment dispute with its main funding partner, the Solomon Islands government.
State-owned carrier Sudan Airways, known for its delays, has lost out to new carriers offering better service.
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The country's flag carrier is Surinam Airways, a small airline with ambitions to carve out a profitable niche connecting this former Dutch colony with the world.
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The Thailand flag carrier ceased Moscow operations in March 2015 because of weak demand.
As a majority state-owned airline in North Africa, Tunisair has retained most of the flag carrier privileges that are cemented in the , but those protectionist practices run counter to the present realities of passengers wanting choice and low fares.
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The flag carrier of Turkmenistan operates scheduled flights on 15 routes in 11 European and Asian countries including Frankfurt , London , Moscow , Beijing and Istanbul .
The Istanbul-based flag carrier flies to 45 domestic and 226 international destinations in 109 countries and operates 274 aircraft, comprising 62 widebody, 202 narrowbody and 10 cargo aircraft.
The flag carrier of the Republic of Uzbekistan has trained 18 pilots and two pilot-instructors for the new aircraft type.
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While a relatively large country (both in land mass and population – it has about 45 million people), the Ukrainian market (like many other markets in Eastern Europe) cannot easily sustain two large flag carriers, particularly as low-cost competition continues to increase.
Faroese national carrier Atlantic Airways anticipates a move into the ACMI market as it attempts to offset the effect of new competition on its primary route.
Filipino flag carrier Philippine Airlines (PAL) plans to launch Cebu-Los Angeles (LAX) service from March 2016.
The two men masterminded Europe's first merger between two flag carriers in 2004.
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But most of all the flag carrier will need to get its financial situation under control.
This is the third time in the past five years that the small central European state has tried to find a way of divesting itself of a controlling interest in the national carrier.
This deal marks the second time that BOC has worked with Chile's flag carrier.
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SWISS, the national airline of Switzerland, has a fleet of A319s, A320s, A321s, A330s and A340s.
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The Japan flag carrier expects its net profit to slip to ¥110 billion in the fiscal year through March 2019.