Interested Article - Атеизм
jan
- 2020-09-29
- 1
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????? ??????, ??? ???? ????????? ?????????, ????????? ???????????? ??????? (?????? ? ???????????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ? ??????? ??????, ??. tabula rasa ). ?? XVIII ???????? ????????????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????????? ? ???????? ????, ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ????????????? «?????????» ??????? ??????????. ???????? ? ???, ??? ??? ???? ????? ? ???? ? ????????, ?????????? «???????????? ??????? ? ???????????? ». ???????? ????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? . ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????, ??? ?? ?????????? «???????? ?? ??????? ????» ? ? ??????????? ?????????, ????????, ?? ???????? ????, ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ????. (??. « ?? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ??? ????? »). ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????, ??????? ??????? «???????? ?? ??????? ????» . ????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????????? . ? ?????? ???????, ???? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ? ???, ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????. ? ?????????, ???????????? ????????-??????? ?????? ?????? ? 2001 ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????:
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???????, ?????????????? ???????????? ??????, ??? ????????? «?????????? ????????: ?????? ? ????????» ?? ????? Picta poesis ????? Barthélemy Aneau, 1552 ???
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?? ????????, ?????? ????? — ? ????????? ???????, ?????? ???????? , ??????? ???????, ??? ??????????? ???????????????? ?? ??????????? ? ??????????, ?????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????. ??? ??????????, ??? ??????????, ?????????? ? ????????? ??? ?? ????????? ? ?????, ? ??????? ???? ??? ? ????????? , ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? . ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? , ?????????? ???????? .
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??????????????? , ??? ?????????????? , ?????? ????????????? ? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????, ? ???????????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ? ???????????? ?????????, ? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ????????. ????? , ????? , ????? ? ????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ??????, ????????????? ???? ????????????, ???????????? ? ??????????????? ??????? .
???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? — ??? ????????? ????????????? ????????????? ???? ????? ? ?????????? ???????????, ????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? , ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????????? . ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? 1669 ???? . ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? XIX—XX ??. ?. ?. ?????????? , ?????????? ????????????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ? ??????????? .
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???????????? ????? (??.)La dévotion … est un opium pour l’ame; elle égaye, anime & soutient quand on en prend peu; une trop forte dose endort, ou rend furieux, ou tue
XX ????????
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? ??????????????? ???????? , ? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????? , ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????????????? . ? 1975 ?? 1979 ??? ?? ??????????? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ????? ????? 180 ????? ?????????, ???????? ? ????????? .
??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ? ???????, ???????? ? ??????????? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ???????????????????? ??????????, ???????? ?? ??, ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????????????? ???????? . ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????. ? 2006 ???? ?????? ??? ?? Pew Research Center ???????: «??????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????: ????????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????????, ????????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ? ???????????» . ???? ??????? ? ??? ???????? ????????, ??? ??? ???, ? ??????????, ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? .
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????????????, ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ? 2005 ????, ????????, ??? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? 11,9 % ?????, ? ????????? — ??????? 2,3 %. ??? ?????????? ?? ???????? ? ???? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???????, ?????, ??? ??????? .
????? ? 2005 ???? Pew Research Center ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ? ?????????????? ????????? ????????? (?????????????). ???? ???????????, ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????. 35 % ??????????? ????????? ? ??? ????????????, 53 % — ???????????? . ?? ??????????? ?????? Pew Research Center, ???????????? ? 2012 ????, ?? ????????? 5 ??? ???? ??????? ???, ?? ??????????? ???? ?? ? ????? ????????, ???????? ? 15 ?? 20 %. ???? ???????? ? ?????? 2007—2012 ???????? ? 1,6 ?? 2,4 %, ?????????? — ? 2,1 ?? 3,3 %. ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????, ??? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? .
? ?????? — ??????? 2006 ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ? ???? ??????????? ?????, ?????????????? ? Financial Times , ???????, ??? ?????????? ?????, ??? ?????????, ??????? ?????? ?? ???-???? ?????????????????? (73 %). ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? (62 %), ? ???????? — ???????? ?????????? (27 %). ?? ??????? 32 % ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ? ??? 32 % — ??????????? . ??????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????????: 18 % ????????? ?? ?? ????? ? ????, 27 % ????????? ????????????? ?????????????????? «???????? ????????? ????», ? ?? ????? ??? 52 % ????? ? ??????-???? ??????????? ????. ????? ???, ??? ????????? ???????? ? ?????, ?? ????????? ???????????????, ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? 65 %; ?? ?? ??????????, ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????, ????? ??????? ?????? ? ????, ?????? ??, ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? .
? 2007 ???? ?????, ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? (???), ???????, ??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? — 90 % ??????????, ??? ????? ? ????, 60 % ????????? ???????, 46 % ??????????? ???????? ???? ( ???????? ??? ?????? ). ???? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???? — 4 % ? ?????????????? , 8 % ?? ??????? , 7 % ? ?????? ? 4 % ? ?????? .
?? 2005 ??? ?????? ????? ? ?????? 50 ????? ????????????? ????? ????, ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????, ???????? ?????? (45—85 % ??????? ???????? ?????????). ?? ??? ??????? ??????? (81 %), ????? (43—80 %), ???????? (31—72 %), ?????? (64—65 %), ????? (54—61 %), ????????? (28—60 %), ??????? (43—54 %), ????? ????? (30—52 %) ? ??????? (49 %) .
??????? ???????????, IQ ? ??????
?????????????? ? 1998 ???? ? ??????? Nature ????? ???????, ??? ??????? ???????? ? ??????????? ????, ??????? «????????? ? ???????????????? ? ??????????? ????? ? ?????????????, ? ????? ???????? ?? ???????» ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???? — ?????? 7 % ?????????? . ?????? ???? ????????????? ????? ?? ????????. ????? ??????? ??????, ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?? ??????, ??? ? ? ?????????? ??????????? ??????, ????????????? ? 1914 ????, ? ????????? ????? 40 % . ? ??? ?? ???? ????????? MIT ????? ???????? ( ????. Frank Sulloway ) ? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????, ? ??????? 12 % ?????????? ??????? ???? ? 62 % — ?????????? ?????. ???????????? ????????, ??? 64 % ?????????? ?????? ? ???? (?? ???? ????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ????????????? ????????????). ????? ????, ???? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? .
?? ?????????? Mensa Magazine, ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ? ??????????????? ???? ??????????? ? 39 ?????????????, ??????????? ? 1927 ?? 2002 ???? .
??? ?????????? ? ????? ????????????? ??????????????? ????-??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? , ???????????? ? 1958 ????. ?? ??????????????? ???? ????????????????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????? ? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ????????????? ???. ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????: ??? ???? ?????????, ??? ???? ????????????? . ????????????? ?????????? ????? IQ ? ?????????????? ????? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ????????? .
???????? ?????? ????????????, ???????????? ?? ?????? ?????-????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?. ?. ???????? ? ??????? 1994—?????? 1995 ??. ????? ??????????? ?????? 1100 ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????, ????? ???????????? ? ?????? ? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? 52 %, ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????????? — 67 %, ????? ??? ? ???????? ??????? ???????????? — 88 %. ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? 25 ??? ?? ?????-??????????, ????????? ???? ??????? — 54 %, ? ? 2006 — 53 % .
???????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ????????????. ??????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????????? ? ??????????? ?? ???? ???????. ????????, ???????????? ??????????????? , ???????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????????, ??? ?????? ???? ???????? .
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…?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ????? ????. ?? ?? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ??????: «??? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????, ????? ????????? ? ??????? ????»? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ? ??????: «????, ???????, ??? ??? ????, ??? ????, ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? — ?????? ???, ????? ???? ????????????? ? ???? ????. ????, ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ????????????? ? ?????? ???????????!»
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????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ??-?? ?????????? ? ??? ???? ? ???????????????????? ???? (????????, ??????? ) .
?????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???? ? ?????????????????? ???? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ???????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ? ?????????????????? .
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?????? ?????? ???????, ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ????????????? ????, ? ???????, ??? ???????, ?? ?????????????? ???? ????? ?????? .
???????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ? ????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ? ????????? ????? , ??????? ???????, ? ??????????? ? ??????????????? . ????????? ??????????? ? ??????? ???????: ?? ?????????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? (????????, ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????????????? ) ?? ?????????, ??????? ??????????, ??? ????? ??????, ???????? ? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? . ? ?????????, ?????????? ???????? ? ?????? , ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????????, ??? ??????????? ??? ??????????????. ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????????? . ??? ??????????? ? ????????? ??????????? (?? ?????? ???????) ?? ???????, ??? ???????????? ???????? , ??? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????. ??? ?? ?????, ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ? ?????????????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? .
??????, ??????????? ? ??????????
? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? , ??????? ????? ????????????? ? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????. ????????? ???????? ? ???????? ? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? , ??? ? ??? ??????? — ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? . ???????????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ??? ????????????? ???? ??????? ? , ????????, ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????. ??? ????, ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????, ??????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????, — ??? « ? ?????, ??????, ? ????????? ». ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? . ????????? ??????? ?????????????, ????????, ?????????? ????? «???????» .
?????? ? ??????
?? ??????????? ????? ? ??????????? ?????????????? ? ???, ??? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ? «????????» ?????????, ?? ????????? ????????, ??? ??-?????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????????, ?? ??????????? ????????? ? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? , ? ?? ? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? (???? ??????? ????????, ??? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ? ?????????????????????). ????? ??????? ???????, ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ? ???????, ? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ? ? ??????????? ?? ????????? ? ????????????? .
??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? (????????, ???????? ???????? ) ? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ? ?????? — ?? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????-?? «?????», ? ??? ?????????, ??????? ????????????? ? ????????????? ??????????? ? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???? Homo sapiens , ??? ? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ? ??????????? (??????????) ?????????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????????? . ????? ?? ???????????? ???????????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ?????, ?????????? ?. ?. ?????????? , ???? ?????????????? ???????? ? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????????, ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????-????????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ????????. ? ??????????? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???????: « ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ????????. ?? ?????? ????? ??? ? ????? ????! ??? ???????? ????????? ????????. ??? ????????, ??????? ? ?????? — ?????? ????. ?? ??? ??? ???? „???????“ ???? ? ?????, ???????????????. ?????????? ???????????? ???? ? ???????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????; ???, ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????, ??? ?????????? — ?????, ? ???????? ??????????? — ??????. ?? ??? ???????? ??????????? ? ??????????-???????????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ??????, ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????. ??????? ? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ?????… » .
??. ?????
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??????????
- Liddell H. G., Scott R. // A Greek-English Lexicon / revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. — Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1940.
- ? ?????? / // ?????? — ??????. — ?. : ????????? ????????????, 1970. — ( ??????? ????????? ???????????? : [? 30 ?.] / ??. ???. ?. ?. ???????? ; 1969—1978, ?. 2).
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???????? ??????????? «???????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????????» (1956 ????)
? ??????????? «??????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????????» ?????????? ???????? ???? (2007)
§ 96. ??????? ? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ????????, ??????????? ? ??????? ??????? ? ?????????, ????????: ???????, ?????, ????, ??????, ?????, ?????, ?????. ??????????. ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????, ?????????????? ? ????? ?????????????, ??????? ?? ???????? ?????, ????????: ????? ????????????.
? ????????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? (? ???????????????? ????????)… ????? ??? ? ?????? ?????????????? ?????, ? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????, ????.: ???? ??????, ??? ???????, ??? ?????. ?????????? — ????????? ? ??????????: ??-????, ??? ????? ???, ? ??????? ? ?. ?.
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?????? (?????. athéisme ?? ????. ? ???? – ??? ????, ????????) – ????????? ???? (?????). ????????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????????, ??????? «??????» ????????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????-???????????.
-
?
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//
Encyclopædia Britannica
. — 2010.
Atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings… Instead of saying that an atheist is someone who believes that it is false or probably false that there is a God, a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for the following reasons (which reason is stressed depends on how God is being conceived)… Atheism, however, casts a wider net and rejects all belief in “spiritual beings,” and to the extent that belief in spiritual beings is definitive of what it means for a system to be religious, atheism rejects religion.
-
Atheism
// Encyclopedia of philosophy / ed. Donald M. Borchert. — 2nd ed. — New York: Thomson Gale, 2006. — Vol. 1. — 6200 p. —
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On our definition, an 'atheist' is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion.
- ? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????????. ??. ?? 30 ???????? 2007 ?? Wayback Machine ? OneLook Dictionary Search
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.
//
Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
/ ed. Edward Craig. — London, New York : Taylor & Francis, 1998. —
ISBN 9780415073103
.
As commonly understood, atheism is the position that affirms the nonexistence of God. So an atheist is someone who disbelieves in God, whereas a theist is someone who believes in God. Another meaning of "atheism" is simply nonbelief in the existence of God, rather than positive belief in the nonexistence of God. …an atheist, in the broader sense of the term, is someone who disbelieves in every form of deity, not just the God of traditional Western theology.
-
(????.)
. //
. ???? ?????????: 8 ??????? 2021.
6 ??????? 2010 ????.
Atheist is either:
- A person who is without a belief in any deity. This definition would mainly include those who are simply unaware of the existence of any deity. It would also include a person who is either too young or who lacks the mental ability to conceive of a deity...
- A person who totally rejects the existence of any deity. Some may keep this belief to themselves; others may assert this belief to others.
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Blackburn S
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//
(????.)
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Oxford University Press
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ISBN 978-0-19-873530-4
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Atheism. Either the lack of belief in a god, or the belief that there is none.
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- (a) the belief that there is no God;
-
(b) Some philosophers have been called „atheistic“ because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means „not theistic“.
- The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought.
- . // Department of Religious Studies, University of Alabama. ???????????? ?? 11 ???? 2010 ????.
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Oxford English Dictionary
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belief in the existence of a god or gods
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????? «??????» ? «??????» ?????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ???????????. ??? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ?????????. ????? ???????????? ?????, ???????????? ????? — ????? ? ??????? , ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????????? ????? «?????????» ? «????????». ??????? ????? «?????????», ????? ?????????????? ??? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????. ??? ??? ?????????????? ??????????, ????????? ???????? ??????????.
-
?????
?????
?? ???????????? ?????? ?? ? ????? ???? ?? ?
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// Word Pictures in the New Testament
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Old Greek word, not in LXX, only here in N.T. Atheists in the original sense of being without God and also in the sense of hostility to God from failure to worship him. See Paul’s words in Ro 1:18-32
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The opinion which they conceaue of you, to be Atheists, or godlesse men.
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Cosen-germans to these men are many of our great Philosophers and Deists.
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To have said my office..twice a day..among Rebels, Theists, Atheists, Philologers, Wits, Masters of Reason, Puritanes [etc.]
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Nor indeed out of a meer Partiall Regard to that Cause of Theism neither, which we were engaged in.
- ????? — ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????????? .
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Dryden J.
Religio laici, or A laymans faith, a poem. — London, 1682. — ?. Preface.
…namely, that Deism, or the principles of natural worship, are only the faint remnants or dying flames of revealed religion in the posterity of Noah…
- ? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????, atheonism , ????????? ???????? ? 1534 ????. ????? ???????, ???????? ?? ???????????? ????? athean ? atheal ???????? ? 1611 ? 1612 ?????, ??????????????. The Oxford English Dictionary . — Second Edition. — Oxford University Press , USA, 1989. — ISBN 0-19-861186-2 .
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- ???????? ?. ?. / ???????? ????????? (?????????? ???????? ????). — ?. : ?? ??? , 2000. — ISBN 9785201020309 .
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- ??????? ?. ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????; ?????? ?????, ? ??????? ??? ??????????? ? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ? ???????? ??? ????????????? = The True Intellectual System of the Universe: the first part, wherein all the reason and philosophy of atheism is confuted and its impossibility demonstrated. — 1678.
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- ????????, ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????????: ?? 27 ???????? 2007 ?? Wayback Machine ? ?? 19 ?????? 2010 ?? Wayback Machine .
- Faith L. Justice. (????.) . // Strange Horizons (3 ??????? 2001). — «That maxim, 'There are no atheists in foxholes,' it's not an argument against atheism -- it's an argument against foxholes». ???? ?????????: 1 ??????? 2021. 13 ???????? 2019 ????.
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- ??????? ?. ?. // ????? ??????????? ???????????? / ??-? ????????? ??? ; ???. ???????.-????. ????; ?????. ??????-???. ?????? ?. ?. ?????? , ??????????? ?????.: ?. ?. ???????? , ?. ?. ??????? , ??. ????. ?. ?. ??????? . — 2-? ???., ????. ? ?????. — ?. : ????? , 2010. — ISBN 978-5-244-01115-9 .
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- ??????? ?. ??????????? ???????????? ? ?????? ? ????. — ?.: ????????????? , 1951. 67 ?.
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