Interested Article - Армяне

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1-? ???: ??? • ??????? I • ?????? ??????? • ????? III • ???????? ????????????
2-? ???: ?????? ?????? • ?????? ????????? • ?????? ???????? • ?????? ???????? • ?????? ????????
3-? ???: ????? II • ????? ?????? • ????? • ???? ???? • ??????? ??????
4-? ???: ???? ??????????? • ???????? ?????? • ?????? ??????? • ??????? • ?????? ??????
5-? ???: ?????? ?????????? • ???????, ???? ?????????? • ????? ?????? • ????? ????? • ???, ??? ??????????
6-? ???: ??????, ????? ???????? • ???? ???????? • ?????????, ???? ????? • ?????? ?????????? • ????????, ?????? ??????????
7-? ???: ??????, ???????? ????????? • ???? ???????? • ?????? ?????????? • ?????? ?????? • ????? ???????
8-? ???: ?????? I • ????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????? • ??? • ????? ???????? • ???? ??????

??????? ( ???. ????? , hayer [h??j??] ) — ?????, ??????????? ???????????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ??????? . ??????? ?? ????????? ????? , ????????????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ????? , ? ?????? ??????? (???? ??????) ?? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? .

???????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????? XIII ? VI ?????? ?? ?. ?. ? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????, ?????????? ????????? ??????? ? ????????? ???? , ?? ?????? ????????????? ? ????? II ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????????? ????? (????????? ??. ????????? ????? ). ???????????????? ?????? ????????? ? ???????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? , ????????? ???? ????, ?? ????? ???????? , ???????? ? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????? . ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????????? .

??????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? . ???????????? ?????? ???????????????? ????? ????? ? I ???? ? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? IV ????. ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ? ??????? ( ??????? , ???????????? ), ? ????? ?????????? ( ????????? ???????????? ??????? ), ????????????? ( ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ), ??????????? ????? ?????-??????????? (??????? ???????, ??????? ???????????? ??????? ).

? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????, ??????????????? ?????????? ???????? 1915 ???? , ????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ??????? . ?????? — ???????? ?????????????? ????? ? ??????? (? 1991—2023 ????? — ????? ? ???????????? ???????-??????????? ?????????? ), ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? , ???? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? , ?????? ? ?????? .

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???????? ???? ? ????? . ???????? ???????? ????? (1833—1889)

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???? ?????? ???????? ???? hay . ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????, ?????????? ??? ????? ? ???????????????? *poti- '??????, ????????, ???, ??????' .

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????????? ?????? ????????, ???????????? ????? hay ( ???. h?? ) ?????????? ?? ????????? ???????? Hatti . ???????? ??te ? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? . ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?. ??????. ???????? ?. ?. ????????? , ???????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? *h?tiyos > hay . ? ?????????, ?? ???????:

????????????, ????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????????? ???? ? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????? ??????, — ? ??????? ???, ????????, ????????? ???????????, — ???????? «?????» ????? ? ?? ????????????????. ??-????????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? * ?????? ??? * ??????? (???(?)???) - ? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? (???).

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????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? XVI - XIII ??. ?? ????? ???

?? ?????? ??????, ?????????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ( ?. ?. ???????? , ?.?. ?????? , ?. ?. ??????????? ), ??????? hay ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? , ? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? 1500—1290 ??. ?? ?. ?.; ??? ?????, ????? 1650—1500 ??. ?? ?. ?., ??? ?????? ??????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????????. ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????; ?????????? ???????? ???? ??, ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ? ???? ?????? ? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ??????? . ????? ? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????. ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????, ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? .

?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????, ??? ????????? ????? ?- (??? ? ????? ?aiaša- ) ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ?- (x-) , ? ?? ?- (h-) .

???????? ?????????? ?????, ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ???????? ? ????? « ??????? ??????? », ???????????? hay ?????????? ?? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ( Hayk ), ??????? «?????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????????» ? ??? ???????? «?????????? ??????» ???? ??? . ????????? ????????????? ^{[

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]} ??????? ? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? (??????? ? ????????) ? ???? ???? (????, ??).

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????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? armen (? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????????). ? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ? ???????, ????? ??? ????????? .

? ??????? ?????? ???? (?? ?????? ?????), ????? 2300—2200 ?????? ?? ?. ?., ??????????? ???????? ? ???, ??????????? ???????/?????? . ?????? ?????? ???????, ??? ??? ??????, ?????????????, ?????????? ?????????? ??????? . ? ?????, ???????, ?? ??? ???, ???????? ????? ?????? «??????» .

? ???????? ??????? ?VII-XVI ????? ?? ????? ???, ??????????? ??????? ?????? ? ??????????? «????????». ? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?V-XIII ????? ?? ????? ???, ?? ?? ????? ???????????, ??????????? ??? ????????? «??????» ? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????.

? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? III (1446 ??? ?? ????? ???), ??????????? ????? «???????», ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? (?????????? ???-????? ?????????? ??????? ? ????? ???????????) .

???????? ???????? , ? ??????? ????????? ?????? , ??????????? ? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? I , ??????????? ? 522 ?? ?. ?. , ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? « ?????? » ? « ?????? » ? ????????? ???????? «??????????» . ??? ???????? ???????? ? ????. Armi- — ???????? ???????, ??????? ? ????????? , ????????????? ? ????????? ????? . ?? ???? ????????? ??.-????. Armina- , ??.-????. ????????? ? ????. ?arm?n-?i? . ??? ???????? ??????? ? ?????????? ? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ??????????????? ???????? VI—V ????? ?? ?. ?. ??????? ????????? , ??????? ? ????????? .

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???????? ???????????? ???????? , ?????? ?????????????? ????? XIII ? VI ?????? ?? ?. ?. ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? . ???????? ??????????????? ????? ( ????? ) ??? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? (? XIII ???? ?? ?. ?.) ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ? ????? ? ???????, ????????? ??? ???????? . ?????????????? ?????????, ???????????? ? ???????????, ????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? , ???????? ? ???????? , ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????, ????????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ?????? . ?? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????????, ????????? ??????????????? ?????, ? ??????? ???????, ???????? ? ???????? (????????? ????? ???? ???????????????) ? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????. ???????? ?. ?. ????????? , ???????, ??? ????? ??????????????, ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????????????, ? ???????????, ? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????.

????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????, ? ?????? ??????? ???????, ???????? ? ????????, ? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ????? . ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????.

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?? ?????? ??????, ????????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ? ?????????, ??? ? ? ???????????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????-?????-???????????? ????????. ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????, ??? ?????????????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? . ??? ?????? ??????????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?. ?. ??????????? ? ?. ?. ??????? (1995), ? ????? ?. ?. ????????? ? ?. ?. ?????????? .

???????? ???? ????? ??????, ????????? ????? ????????????? ? ??????? ?????? . ??? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ???? (XXIII—XXII ???? ?? ?. ?.) ?????????? ??????? , ? ???????? (XVII—XVI ???? ?? ?. ?.) ???????? — ???????? , ? ??????? (XV—XIII ???? ?? ?. ?.) — ?????? . ?? ?????? ???? ?????????, «???????», «????????», «??????» ? «???????» — ??? ???? ? ?? ?? ?????? ? ?????, ??-??????? ???????????? ????????? ????????. ??? ??????, ??????, ?????????? ???????????? ??????? .

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1. ???????, ??????? ???? ????????????? ????. ?????? ?? ????????? , VI—V ??. ?? ?. ?. 2. ??????? ????? , ???? ????????, ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ? 521 ???? ?? ?. ?.

????????? ???????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? (I ???), ??????? ??????? ????? (1850)

? ?????? VII ???? ?? ?. ?. ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???????? , ?????????? ? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? . ?????? ?????????? ????? ? VII ???? ?? ?. ?. ????????? ????????-???????????? ????, ????? ????? ???? ????? , ??????????? ???? ?????? , ???? ??? ? ????? , ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ; ?? ?????? ??? ???????????????? ?? ???? ???? .

?????? ?????????? ??????? «???????» ??????????? ??? ? ?????? ????????? ?????????? VI—V ????? ?? ?. ?., ????? ??? ??????? ????????? , ??????? ? ????????? , ? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? 522 ???? ?? ?. ?., ??? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????, ???? ? ???????????????? ??????, ???????????? ? ???????? ????? ??????? . ? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? «??????» ?????? « ^LU ú-ra-áš-?a-a-a» , ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? ? ? ??????? .

????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ? ?????? VI ???? ?? ?. ?. ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????. ?????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ? ?????? ???????? VI ???? ?? ?. ?. ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? . ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? . ? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? VI ???? ?? ?. ?. ?? ?????? ???????? IV ???? ?? ?. ?. ??????????? ?? ??? ???????? — XIII (???????? ?????, ?? ???????? ? ???????? ) ? XVIII (??????-????????? ?????) .

???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????? . ????????? ?????. 62 ??? ?? ?. ?. ????????? ???????? ??????

??????? ????????????????? ????? ??????????? ????? 2,5 ???????????, ???? ??????? ????????? ????????????????? ?????? ??? ?????? . ? 480 ???? ?? ?. ?. ?????? ??????????? ? ????????? ?????? ??????? I . ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? , ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????. ??? ?????????? ? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? , ?? ??? ? 322—321 ????? ?? ?. ?. ????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? , ? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ? 316 ???? ?? ?. ?., ? ?????? ???? ????? , ???????????? ??? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? — ??????????? ??????? , ? ?????, ? III ???? ?? ?. ?. — ????????? ??????? . ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????????, ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? . ???????????? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????????? . ??? ? III—II ????? ?? ?. ?. ????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ?????? .

????? ????????? ??????? III ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? I ? 189 ???? ?? ?. ?. ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? , ???????????? ???? ????????????? ???????????? ? ??????. ? 163—162 ???? ?? ?. ?. , ? ???-?????? ?? ??????? ???????, ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????, ????????? , ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? . ??? ??????? II ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ??????? , ?????????????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?? ????????? ? ?????? . ??? ?? ?????? I ???? ?? ?. ?. — I ???? ?. ?. ??????? ???????? , ??? ??? ????????? ??????? (?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ) ??????? ?? ????? ????? — ????????? .

??????? ??????? ? I—IV ????? . ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????, ????????? ?? ??? ? ???????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ? 387 ????

? 1 ???? ?. ?., ????? ???????? ???? ??????? IV ? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? , ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ? ? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????. ?? ???????? I ???? ? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ???????????. ?? ????????? ???????? ????????, ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ? « ???????? ? ??????? ????? ????? » . ? 58—63 ????? ??????????? ??????-?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????. ????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? , ? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? . ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???????? I ????? I . ? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? . ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? . ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? III ???? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ? ????? ?????????? ?????? , ?????????, ??? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ? ?????????????? ????????? . ? ???????????? ?????????, ??????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? , ? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ? I ???? ?. ?. ? 20-? ????? III ????, ????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ?????, ?????????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?? ????????? ? ?????. ???????? ? 252 ????, ????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ?????, ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? I. ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ? ??????? — Vazurg Š?h Armin?n — ??????? ???? ????? . ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????????? ???? ? 298 ???? ?? ???????????? ???????? .

?????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? IV ????. ? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? 370 ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????. ? 387 ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ? ???????. ?????? ???????, ??????, ?? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ????????????????? ?????????? ?????? . ? IV—V ?????, ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ???? , ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ????? ???????????????? ?????????-???????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ? 405 ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? , ???? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? . ??? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? . ? 428 ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ? ????????? ????? ???????, ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????????? . ??? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ?????????? .

????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ? ???????? ? ???????? V ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? . ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? . ? ??? 451 ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????? , ????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????, ?? ?? ????????? ? ????????????? ?? ????????? ???????????????? ????? — « ????????? ????, ????????? ??????, ????????? ????, ?????????????? ?? ???? ???????? (?????), ??? ?????? ? ???? ???? ? ?????????, ????????? ? ???????; … ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????????, ??? ??? ????? ? ?????????. » — ????? ??????? V ???? ?????? ???????? . ???????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? , ?? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? .

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?????? (478—573 ??.)
????? (380-450 ??.)
?????? ????????? (388-451 ??.), ??????? ?. ?. ????????????
????? ????????? (440-505 ??.)
???? ?????? (338—439 ??.)
????? ????????? (??. ????? 490 ????)
?????? ???????? (610-685 ??.)
??????? I (610-641 ??.)

? ????? V ????, ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????, ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? , ?????? ??????????. ??? ?? ????? ? 484 ????, ????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ???????????, ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? , ????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????????? ???????? . ??? ????????????????? ????? ?????????? ? 554 ????, ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????????, ??????? ????? ?? ??????, ? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? . ????? ????? ????????, ? 572 ????, ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? , ? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????. ? ????? VI ???? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? . ? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ?????. ?????, ? 578 ????, ?? ????? 10 ???. ????? ???? ????????????? ? ???? . ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????, ???, ? ???????? ?????, ?? ?????????? ???? ????????. ? ?????? ? ???????????? ????????? ??????? II ?? ?????, ??? « ????? ?????????? ? ??????????; ????? ????? ???? » ? « ???? ??? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? » .

? ???????? VII ???? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? . ? 653 ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ? ?????????, ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ????? ??????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????? . ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????????? . ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? , ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ? ??????, ? ??????? ? ????????? ?????? ???? . ? ??????? VIII—IX ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???

?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ? ???????? , ??? ???????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ( ??????? I , ???????? , ???????? , ??? V ??????? , ??????? I , ????? I ??????? , ????? I ???????? ? ??????) ? ?????????? ?????????? ( ????? VII ????????? , ????? I ??????? , ??????? ?????? ? ??????). ? ?? ?? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ? IV—V ????? (????? ???, ????????, ??????? ????????? , ??????? ?????????? ?????? ). ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? (??. ????? ?????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ).

????? ?????? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ??? ? 860 ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? . ??????? ????????????? ??????? , ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ? ????????? ??????? ?????????? 885 ???, ????? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ???-???????? ? ???????????? ??????? ? ???? ?????????? ??????? I ???????? ????????????? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? — « …??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????. ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????????» — ????? ??????? X ???? ?????? ???????????? . ?? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? X—XI ????? ???????? ???????? « ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????? » . ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? . ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? I . ? 1020 ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ? 1045 ????. ? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?. ?. ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????? ???? ????????.

??????? ?????????????

???? II ???????? (914—928)
????????? ??????? (815—867)
?????? ??? (1120-1213)
????? I (1025—1095)
????? II (1150—1219)
???????? ??????? (1217-1252)

? ?????? XI ???? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????-???????????? ??????, ????????? ? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? . ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ???????????? ?????? . ? ?????????? ? 1080 ???? ? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????, ??????? ? 1198 ???? ??? ?????? II ??????????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ??????? — « ??? ?????? ??????????, ??? ??? ? ???? ??????, ????????????? ? ???????????? ???? ??????????, ??????? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ???????????. » — ????? ??????? XIII ???? . ? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????-???????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ?????? (?????????), ?????? ? ???????? ???????? . ? ????? XII—?????? XIII ???? ??????-?????????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???? ????????? , ???????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????????? , ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ??????????, ???, ??? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? , ???? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? . ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ? ????????. ?????? ??? ? 1236—1243 ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ? ????????? ????????????????? ???? ????????????? . ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ? ?????????? ??????. ???????????? ? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? .

??????? ?????????????

???????? ?????? VI - ?????????? ?????? ???????, 1393 ???, ???-???? ???????? , ???????
?????? ???????? (1346-1409)
?????? ?????? (1350-1425)
?????? ????? (???? ? 1592 ????)
????? ?????? (1630-1704)

? 1375 ???? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????. ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? .

? ????? XIV ???? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????, ? ????? ?????????. ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ? ????????? ? 1441 ????. ? XV ???? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????-?????? ? ??-??????. ??? ????? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? , ???????? ???????????? ????????? ? ???????????? . ??? ? ???????? XVI ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ? ????? ???????????? ??????? ? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? . ? XVI—XVII ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ????????? . ? 1604—1605 ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????, ? ???? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? 250 ???. ??????? — «…???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ? ?????? ? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ??????, ????????? [???????????] ?????? ?????????? ? ????????? — ???????????.» — ????? ??????????? . ??????? ????? ? ??????? ??? « ??? ?????? » — ??????? ????????, ? ??????? ? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? . ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ? ? ???????? ????????? ???????. ???, ????????, ??????, ??? ????? , ? ????? XVI ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????, ?????????? ?? ?? ?????????. ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????????-??????????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ? ???????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????????.

?????? ? ????????? ??????? ??????? (????????)

?????? IV ???????
????????? ??? V ??????? (813-820)
????????? ?????? III (840-867)
????????? ??? VI ?????? (886 — 912)
????????? ?????????
????????? ???????? III ???????? (1328 — 1341)
????????? ??????? I ?????? (1081-1118)

???????? ???????? , "???????? ??????? ", ????? X—?????? XI ???? :

? ?? ?????, ????? ???? ???? ????????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????, ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ?????, ???????????? ??? ??? ????????????, ? ?????????, [???? ????????? ??] ?????? ???????? [? ???? ?? ??????????? ????????] ??????????? ??????. ?????????? ???? ?? ? ??????? ???? ?????? [?????]. ?????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?? ????.

????????? ???????????? ??????????? , ??????????? , ?????????? , ?????????????? ?????????? , ????????????? ? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ????????. ????? VI—XI ??????, ?? ????? ??? 50 ???????????, ????? 30 (60 %) ??????????? ????? ????????? ????????????? . ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????, ??? ?? ??? ? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? . ?????? ??????????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ?????? III ??????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? . ????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????????? ????, ????? ??????? ???????? , ???????? , ??????? , ?????? ? ?. ?. ????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? I ?? ??????? II (867—1025) .

??????? ? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????, ? ??-?? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????, ???????? ????? ??????????? ? ????? ????????? ????????????????? ? ???????? ?? ?????????????. ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????, ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????, ??????????????? ?? ?????? , ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????-????????? , ? ? ?????????? ? ?????-?????????? . ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? . ???? ????????? ? ???? ??????????? ????????, ????????? ??????????????????? ?????????, ????? ??? ??????? ????? I ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????, ???????????? ????????????? ? ???????????? . ????????, ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? (??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????????, ?? ????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????) ? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? . ??? ?? «?????????????» ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? I ?? ????????? ???????????? ????? ? ????????? ????? ????????? . ??? ???, ??????? I ??????????? , ???????? ???????????? ???? ? 867 ???? , ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? , ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? . ??????? ???????? ? ???? ?? ??????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? . ? ?????????????, ? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????, ???????????? ?? ????????????? ? ????????? ?????????, ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ????????. ?????????????, ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ? ?????????. ????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ????????, ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ? ????????, ??? ??????? ??????? II . ????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? . ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ( ??????? ), ? ?????? ? ??????? . ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???????????, ? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????, ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????— ???????? .

????? ?????

??????? ??? (1658-1711)
?????? ???????? (1723-1798)
?????? ??????? (1735-1801)
?????? ?????-??????? (1824-1888)
???????? ??????? (1782-1829)
?????? ???????????-?????????? (1797-1855)
?????? ????? (1892-1907)
???? ????????? ???????? (1814-1889)

? ????? XVII—?????? XVIII ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ????? ? ??????. ? 1722 ???? ?????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????. ????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ? ???? ?????-???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????? . ? ???????? XVIII ???? ??????????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ? ???? ???????? ????? , ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????? XVIII ???? « ? ??????? ???????????, ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????????? ????… » . ????????? ???????????-??????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? XVIII ????????. ? 1763 ???? ? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????-????????? ??? ????? ???? . ??? ? 1773 ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????, ????????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????, ???????????? ??????????????? ???????? ? ????????????? ????????? . ???? ????? ? 1788 ???? ?????? ???????? ? ????? «??????? ??????????» ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? . ? ????? «??????» ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????, ? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ? ??????? .

????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ? ?????? ? ?????? XIX ????. ???, ? 1801 ???? ???? ???????????? ???? ? ????????? ?????? ??????????, ? 1805 ???? ????? ???????, ???????? ? ????? . ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ? 1828 ???? ??????????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ??????? . ? 1829 ????, ????? ??????-???????? ????? , ??? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ? ???????? ???????. ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ( ???????? , ???????????-?????????? ) ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????????, ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? .

? ???????? XIX ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????????-???????????? ?????, ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? . ????? ???????-????????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ???????????, ??????? ????? ????? ?????????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????, ? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????. ? 1860 ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? (?????????????, ??? ? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????????). ??? ? 1880 ????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?????-?????? II, ??? ???? ????????. ????? ??????-???????? ????? 1877—1878 ????? , ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????, ???? ? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ? ??????. ??????????? ???-??????????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? . ????????? ?????? ??????????? ? ? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? 1878 ????. ?????? ?????? ?????-????? II, ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????, ??????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ??????. ??? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????. ? 1885 ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? , ? 1887 ???? ??????-??????????????? ?????? ??????? ? ? 1890 ???? ??????????? . ? 1894—1896 ????? ? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? II ??????????? ???????? ???????? , ??????? ????? ?? 50 ?? 300 ????? ???????.

???? ????????? ?????????? (?????????? ???????) ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????, ?? ? ????? ? ????? XIX ???????? ?????? ????????? ? ???? ????????????? ???????????? ??? ? ???-?? ?????? ? ?????????????? . ???, ????????, ? ????? 1880-??. ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????. ? 1885 ???? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?????, a ? 1889 ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ? ????????? ???????. ? 1903 ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ??????.

? 1908 ???? ? ????????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????????? , ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????????. ????? ??? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????. ? 1909 ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ? ??????? , ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????.

?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????. ? ??????? 1915 — 1918 ????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ???? , ?? ????????? ??????? ? ? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ????? — ??? ?????, ? ???? ????????, ?? ?????????????? ??????, ??????? ?? 1 ?? 1,5 ??? ?????. ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????, ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????????, ?????????? ???????????? ? ?????? ?????? ????, ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? .

???????? ?????

????? ??????? ?????????? ???????, ? ??? 1918 ???? ? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? . ??????????????? ????????? ????????????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ??????????? , ???-??????? ? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????, ?????????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????????. ? ?????? 1920 ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? , ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ???? , ????? ????, ??? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ????. ???????? ???????, ??????, ?????????? ??? ? ?? ??????? ? ???? (????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ???????????). ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ? ????? 1920 ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ??????????? .

???????????? ??? ?????????????, ??????? ?????????? , 2015 ???

? ?????? 1920 ???? ? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????? . ? 1921 ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? , ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ? ???????????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ?????? — ? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ??????? . ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??????????????? ???. ? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ? 94%-??? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????? ????????????. ? 1920—1940-??. ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????????, ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????. ???? ????????????? ? ??????? ???? 25 ???. ????? , ?????????????? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????. ? 1941—1945 ??. 450 ???. ????? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ????????????? ????? , ?? ??? 106 , ? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????? 60 ?????????-????? ? ????? 4 ???????. ? 1965 ???? ? 50-? ????????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ? ??????? ?????????? ???????, ? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????????????? ???????? ????????????. ???????? ? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????, ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????.

? 1988 ???? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? — ????????????? ????????? ???????? ? ????????. ? ????? ??????? 1988 ???? ? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????? , ??????? ?????, ?? ??????????? ??????, ????? 30 ???????. ? ?????? 1990 ???? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ? ???? , ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????. 2 ???????? 1991 ????, ????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ? ????????? ?????????????, ???????? ??????? ( ???? ) ??????? ? ????? ?????????????, ???????????? ???????-??????????? ?????????? . 21 ???????? 1991 ????, ?? ??????????? ???????????, ???? ????????????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ????. ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? 1918—1920-??. ? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???-???????? . ? ?????? 1991 ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????????????? ????? , ???????????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ????????????? ? ??? 1994 ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ? ???? ??????????? ? 2020 ???? 44-??????? ????? ???????-??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ??????????, ????? ???? ????????? ??????????????? ??? ??? ????, ?? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? . ? ?????? ??????? 2023 ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? .

???????? ?????

?? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????? , ????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ? ???????????? (??????), ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ? 3 ???. ?? ?. ?., ? ?????? ????????????? ??????, ????????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????. ???????? ????????????, ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????, ??????? ? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? 29 % — ??????, ??? ? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ???????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ????? 1200 ?. ?? ?. ?., ????? ? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ? ????????? ??????????????? (????? ????????? ????? ) .

?????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????<ref
??????? ? ???????????? Y-??????????? ?????????? ?????.
???????????????? ????? Y-??????????? ?????????? ????? ? ?? ???????.

?? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? FTDNA ????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? Y-??????????? ??????????? R1b1a2 (26,5 %), J2a (19,1 %), G2a (9,5 %), J1 (?? J1c3d) (8,3 %), E1b1b1 (6,8 %), J1c3d (5,5 %), T1 (5,5 %) .

???????????? ?????

??????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????????????? ?????????????, ??? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? (?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????, ???????? ? ????????? ?????).

?? ????? ???????????????? ????? ????? ????????????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??? , ????????? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? «???????????», «????????» ??? «????????????????» ???, ? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????. ???????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ????????? , ? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? . ?? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ? ????????? ???????, ?????????, ?????????? ? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? . ???????????? ?????????? ?. ??? , ??????, ??????, ??? ???????? ??????????? ? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ????????????? ????????? — ????????? ???????????. ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ? ????????????????? ??????, ????????? ? ????????? 2:1.

????????? ????

??????? ????????? ??????????, ???????? ? 1675 ???? ? ????

????????? ???? ????????? ? ??????????????? ???????? ????? , ????? ??????? ?????????? ? ????????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ?? ???????????????? .

?? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ?????: ???????? (? ???????? ???????????? ? ???????? ) ? ????????? (???? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ). ??????? ?????? ? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ? ????????? — ??????????? ??????.

? ???????? 6 ??????? ? 30 ????????? ????? .

????????? 7 ??????? (????????????, ???????????, ?????????, ???????????, ????????????, ?????????????, ??????? — ?????? ? ?????????????????) ? 8 ????? ????????? (6 ??????? ? 2 ??????????, ????????????, ??????????????, ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????).

?? ?????? ????? XX ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? 150 000 ???? . «?????????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????» ???????? ? ???? ????? 100 000 ?????????? ???? . ??????????? ???? ? ??????????????? ????? ?????????? ????? 60 000 ???? .

? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ??????????? .

????????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? . ??????? ??? ?????? ? 405 ???? ?????? ? ??????????? ???????? . ?????????? ??????? ?? 36 ????, ?? ??????? 7 ?????????? ??????? ?????, ? 29 ???? — ?????????. ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????????

? ????????? ????? ????????? ????? 40 ?????????.

?? ??????????? ???????, ??????????? ????? 30 ????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????, ????????? ? ??????? V — XVIII ????? , ? ????? ????? 4 ????? ?????????????? ????????????.

?? V ???? ? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ? ?????????? ????????. ? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??????, ???????? ???????? ??? ? III—I ??. ?? ?. ?. ? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????? «????????? ????????», ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ? ???????? . ? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ? ?????? IV ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???????????? — ??? .

?? ????? ?? ???????????? ? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????.

????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? (?????? ? ?????????) ????? ?????? ????. ? 1512 ???? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? — « ?????????? ». ??? ?? ?????, ? 1475 ????, ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????????. ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? — ?????? « ??????? », ????? ? ????? ? 1794—1796 ????? .

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?????????????????? ???? (????????) (5000-2500 ??. ?? ?. ?.)
?????????-???????? (XV—XIII ??. ?? ?. ?.)
?????????????? ???? (XIII ?? ?. ?.—VI ??. ?? ?. ?)
??????????????? (VI ??? ?? ?. ?. — V ??. ?. ?.)
?????? (V—XI ??)
??????????????? ???? (XI—XVII ??.)
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? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? (????????) ? ??????????? ^{[

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]} ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????, ? ????????? — ??? ??????. ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ????.

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???????? ?????????? ??????. ???. ?. ?. ???????????

????????? ???????????? ??????? — ???? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? . ???????? ????????, ??????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ?????????? . ? ?????? IV ???? (???????????? ???? — 301 ???) ??? ???? ?????? III ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????????????? ? ???????????? ???????, ????, ????? ???????, ?????? ? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? . ??? ? 366 ????, ????? ??????????????? ??????, ???????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ? ??????? . ???????? ? 404 ???? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? , ????????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ????????? ? ????????? ????????????. ??? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ? 405/406 ???? ???????? ???????? . ? 506 ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ? ????? ????????????? . ?????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????, ???????????? ? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ??????? .

????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? , ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? . ????? ????????????? ?????? 451 ???? (??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????), ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????????. ??? ??? ??????????????, ??? ? ???? ?????????? ????? ? ????????? ???????, ????????? ? ?? ????????, ? ?? ???????, ? ?? ?????, ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ????? .

??????????? ???????? ????? — ????????? , ??????????? ? ????????? ???????????? ??????. ???? ????? ??????-???????? ? ??????-??????????? . ?????????????? ????? ????? ? ???????????????????? ??????????? ^{[

???????? ?? ?????? 77 ????

]} . ?????, ????????? ?????-???????????, ?? ?????????-???????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? . ? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????, ??????, ?????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ^{[

???????? ??????? 493 ???

]} . ???????????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????? — ????????? , ??????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????. ???? ??????- ??????? .

????????

??? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? « ?????????? », ??????? — ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? .

? IX—VI ??. ?? ?. ?. ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????????? — ??????????? ?????? . ???????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????, ????? ???????????? ?????????????, ???? ???? ???? , ? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? . ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ? VI—V ??. ?? ?. ?. ?????????? ???????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????, ? ????? ???????? . ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ? ????? ????????? ?????, ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????, ????????? ??????? ? ?????? , ? ????? ? ???????? . ?????? ? ??? ?????? ? ??????????????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ? ??????????????? . ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ?. ?. ? ?????? ????? ?. ?. ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? , ? ??? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? . ???????? ?? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????, ????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? V—VII ???????? . ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ????? IX ????, ? ??????? ??? ? ??????????????? ? 885 ???? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? , ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ? ????????? ??????? . ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? XIII ???? ???????????? ? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????????? .

??????????

?????? ?????? (361-362). ??????? ????????? ???????? , XVIII ???
?????? ???????? (951-1003).
?????? ?????????? (1153-1198)
???? (1234-1315)
??????? ?????? (1809-1848)

? ?????????????? ????? ? III—I ????? ?? ?. ?. ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ? ?????? ? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ? ???????? . ? I—II ??. ?. ?. ??? ????? «???????? ???????» ????? . ?????? ? ????????? ???????????? ? ?????? IV ???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? . ???????? ? 406 ???? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? , ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? . V ??? ??????? ???????? «??????? ?????» ? ??????? ????????? ?????????? . ? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????? , ??????? ?????? , ?????? ??????? , ?????? ???????? , ????? , ????????? ????? ??????? , ????? ????????? ? ??????. ???? ????????? ?????? — ???????????, ???????? ??? ? ????? V ????, ?? ? VII ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? , ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? . ??????? ????????? ?????? VI—IX ????? — ????? ????? , ?????? , ?????? . ? VII—X ????? ???????? ???? « ????? ????????? », ???????????? ? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????????.

???????????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? . ???????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? . ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? X ???? ? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? . ? XII ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????. ????????? ??????? ????? — ?????? ????????? , ?????? ??????? , ?????? ??? , ?????? ?????????? . ??????? ???????????? XII—XIII ????? ???? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ??????? . ? ????? XII ???? ?????? ??? ???????? « ???????? » — ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????. ? XIII ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????? ??? ? ?????????????. ? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????, ????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ? ???? , ???????????? ??????? ?????????? , ?????? ???????? ? ??. ? ????????????? XIV—XVI ????? ????????????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ?????????? ??????? ???????? , ??????? ?????????? , ??????? ?????? , ????????? ????????? , ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? .

? XVII—XVIII ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????, ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????????: ???????? ???????????? ????? , ??????????-?????????????? ??????, ???????? ????? ??????? . XVIII ??? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ????????????????? ???????????. ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? XVIII—?????? XIX ?????. ??? ???????? ????????????? (???.) ( , ?. ?????????, ?. ????????? , ?. ????????? , ?. ???????, ?. ???????, ? ??. ?????????? ???????????? ????????????, ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???.

? ?????? ???????? XIX ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????????????? ????????????? ??????????. ????????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????. ? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? .

? ????? 1920 ???? ? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??????, ??? ??????? ? ????? ????? ???? ? ??????? ????????? ??????????, ????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ??????-???????????? ??????. ? 1920—1930-??. ??? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? , ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ? 1910-?. ??? ?????? ????? («????????? ?????», 1919 ? ?. ?.) ? ???????? («????? ????» 1933, ? ?. ?.) ??????? ????????, ??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??????.

??????

????????? ?????????? (1871-1928)
???? ????????? (1903-1978)
????? ????????
?????? ???????? (1837-1898)
????? ??????? (1924-2018)

????????? ????? — ???? , ???????? ????? XI ????

? III ?. ?? ?. ?. ??? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? . ???????? ????????? ??????, ??? ?????????? ??????? , ?????????? ??? ?? ?. ?. ? V ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????, ????????? ????????? . ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????????, ????????? , ??????????????, ????? ? ?????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???????? , ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????, ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? . ??? ?? ?????? VIII—IX ????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????? — ???? . ? X ???? ??????????? ????????? ????? . ? XVI ???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? . ????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ??????? , ???????? ???? ? ????-???? . ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? — ????? , ???? , ????? , ????? ? ??. ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? .

? ???????? XIX ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ?????? . ? 1857 ???? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????. ? 1861 ???? ?. ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ??????? . ? 1868 ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? « ????? II », ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? . ????????? ????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?. ???????? ? ?. ?????????? . ? 1880-? ????? ? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????????????? ?????????????. ?? ?????? XIX—XX ????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? .

? XX ???????? ???????????? ???? ????????? , ?????? ??????????? , ???? ?????????? , ???? ???????? , ??????? ??????? , ????? ???????? ? ??.

?????

???????????

??????????????? ????????? ???? ????? , I ???

? VI ???? ?? ?. ?. ? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????. ????????? ????????, ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? . ???????? ???????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? — ???? ????? , ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? I ? 70-? ???? ?. ?. ?? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ??????????? — ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ???????? ??????? «????????? ?????????? » .

? ?????? IV ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????. ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? (IV ?.) ? ??????????? ???????? (V ?.), ?????? ?????? (V ?.) ? ??????? (V ?.), ????????? ???????? (VI ?.), ? ??. ???????? ????????? ??????????? VII ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? , ??????????? ????? 641—661 ??. ??????????? ?????? ????????? ? ?? ????????? ???????. ???, ???????? ? VI—VII ????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? , ? X ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ??????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????, ?? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? — ????? (1489—1588), ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????????? ? ????????, ??????? ? ?????? ? ??. ? XVIII—XIX ????? ? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? , ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????. ??????? — ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? (? ?? ????? ?????????? (?????????? ????????), ?????????? (?????? ?????????? ????????), ??????? ? ??????), ???????, ???????, ???????????? ?????? ? ??.

? ????? IX ????, ????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????, ?????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ??????. ? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????, ??????, ? ??????? 989—1001 ??. ?????? ??????? I ? ??????? II ????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ????? , ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????? . ????? ??????????? ???????, ????????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ???, ? 915—921 ??. ????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? (?????? ??????), ???????????? ??????????? ?????????. ? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? (895—905 ??.), ?????????? (911 ?.), ???????? (930 ?.) ? ??. ??????. ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????-??????? ??????? — ?????? (957—962 ??.) ? ????? (976—991 ??.). ? ??? ?? ????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????????, ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? , ?????? ? ????????? ??. ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ? XII—XIII ????????? — ???????? ?????????, ?????????, ??????????????, ???????-????? . ????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? — ?????? -????????. ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????? XII—XIII ????? ?????? ? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? . ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????????, ? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????????????? ????? . ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????: ????????? (1201), ?????????? (1205), ????? (1213—1232), ???????? , (1214), ?????? (1215), ??????????? (1215—1235), ????????? (1216), ????????? (1216—1238), ??????? (1281) ? ????????? ??.

????????? ????? , VII ?.
????? ??????????? ???????? IV—V ??.
??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???, 915—921 ????
????? ????????? ?????? , 989—1001 ??.
????? ? ??????? , XII—XIII ??.
??????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????
??????? ????? , ????? V ????

??????????????? ?????????

?????

????????? ????? — ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ? ???? ? ????? ??????? ? ??????????. ?? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???, ?? ??????? ????, ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????????? .

??????? ??? ????? — ????? (? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? — ???????? ?????? ???????, ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ? ????????? ???????), ? ????? ???????? ??????, ???????? ????????????? ? ?????, ???????????????? ?? ????? ??????????. ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ? ???????? ?????????, ??? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ??????, ? ? ????????? ??????, ? ??????? ?? ????????????. ??????, ????????, ?????, ????, ????? — ??? ??? ???????????? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ????. ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ? ? ??????? ????? — ???????? ? ?????????????? .

? XVII — ?????? XIX ??. ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ? ?????? (??. ???????? ??????? , ????????? ??????? ). ???????? ?? ??, ??? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ???????, ?? ??????? ? ???????????? ???????, ???????? ? ???????????? ???????? ?? ??????????, ?? ??????? ? ????????? ?????. ????????, ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ? ????? ?????-?????????? , ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????, ??? ???????? ????? , ????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? .

????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????, ?????????? ??????????????? ?? ????? ??????????, ???????? ?????? ??? ??? .

???? ?? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? — ????? , ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? , ??? ????? ?????? ? ????????? ?????? ??????. ??????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? .

???????

??????????? ? ??????????

**?????????????? ????????????? ?????.** ?????????? ????????? ????? ? ?????? XXI ????. ?????????? ????????? ????? ? ?????? XX ????: ????? 50 % 25-50% ?????? 25 %

?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ? ???? ?????????? ?? 12—14 ????????? ???????, ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ? ?????????? ??????? (????? 3 ??? ???., 98,1 % ????????? ?????????? ) .

????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? . ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????? (????? 1,5 ??? ???.), ??????? (????? 0,8 ??? ???.), ????? (?? 0,5 ??? ???.), ??? (?? 0,5 ?? 1,5 ??? ???.), ? ?????? (250 ???. ???., ????????? ??? 5,7 % ????????? ? 2002 ?., ??? ????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ), ?? ??????? (100 ???.), ? ?????? (????? 100 ???. ?? ?????????????), ? ??????? ???????? ??????? (?? 0,5 ???), ?????? (?? 100 ???.), ????????? (?? 130 ?? 180 ???.), ???????? , ????????? . ???????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ????? (?? ???????? 2005 ???? ????? 137,4 ???. ??? ., ????????? ??? ?? 99 % ?????????). ????? ?????, ? ???????? ???????????????? ? ???????????????? ( ??. ??????? ? ???????????? ), ????????? ? ?????? , ??????????????? ? ???????? , ? ????? ? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? (?? 1 — 2 ??? ???. ??????) ????????? ???????? ? ???? ???????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????.

????????????????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? :

« ?????????? ??????, ??? ???? ???????????????? ?? ???? ? ?????????? ? ?????????????, ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ? ???????? ????????? ? ???????????????. ???????????? ??????? ? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????????????? ????????, ????? ??????? (?????????) ????????? ? ???????? ?????????? (?????????). ??????????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ? ????????????, ? ????????? — ????? ????????????? ????????? ? ???????????????. ????????? ????? ???????????????? ? ?????????? ? ???????? ????????, ????????? ?????? ???????????????? ????? ??? ?????????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ????, ???????????? ????? ????????? ???????? (? ??????????? ???????) ????????? ? ?????? ????????????? ?? ??? ???????????. »

????? ???? ? ????? ????? «Armenia: Cradle of Civilization» («???????: ???????? ???????????») ????????:

????? ????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ?? ????????? ? ?? ???????????? .

??? ???????? ??????????? ????? ? ???????? (??-???????? «?????») ???????????? ????????? ??????, ???????? ? ????????? ???????. ?? ?????, ??????????? ?????????? ?????, ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ? ??????, ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????, ??????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????????, ?????????? ?? ?????. ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???, ??? ? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????-???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????. ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ????????? ???????????, ???????????? ? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????????? ??????. ?? ??????? ???? ??????????, ??????, ?????????? ??????????? ???????????, ?????????????? ? ?? ????????????? ????????????????.

????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ???, «?????????? ?????????? ????????», «?? ??????????? ???? ????????? ?????», «?? ??????????? ???? ?????????????» ? «?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????» ????? ????????? ???????, ? ????????? ??? ????????????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ? ????????.

?????? ? ???????? ??????

??????? ??????? (1668—1707), ??????????? ???? ? ??????

????????? ?????? ?????? — ???? ?? ?????????? ? ??????? ????????? ????????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????? ? VI ????. ? IX—X ????? ? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? — ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? . ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ? XII—XIII ????????, ? ??? ????? ? ? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ????????-???????????? ????? , ??????? ? ???? . ? XIII ???? ??????????? ????? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ??-?? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????, ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????. ? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????-??????????? ??????? . ? 1423 ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ? ???? . ?????? ? ?????? ? 1512 ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? . ? XV—XVI ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ????? ? ?? ????????? ???????????. ????????? ???????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ? 1717 ???? ?????????????? ????????? ? ???????, ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? .

?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? . ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????????. ???, ?????????? ? ????? ???????? ??????, ??????? ? 591 ???? ??????? ????? ??? . ? ?????? ??. ????? ? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ? ? ? , ??? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?? XIII ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ? ?????? ????????? ??????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? , ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????? . ? XV—XVI ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ? ???????, ??????, ?????. ????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? .

?????? ?? ???? ? ? ????????? ??????

????????? ???????????? ????? ??????, 1363—1370 ??.

?????-????????? ??????? ,XIII ??? :

« ????? ?? ? ?? ????? ? ????? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ? ????? ???????, ???? ???? ?? ??????????, ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????????. »

?????????? ????????????????? ???????, ?????-?????????, 1847—1855 :

« ?????? ????????? ? ???????, ??????? ??????????, ???????????? ? ?????? ??????? ? ????????. »

?????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ? XI ???? . ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ? ???????????? ??????? — ?????????? ????????????? ????? ????. ??? ? ??????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ? ????? ? ?????? . ????? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ? XIII ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? (??. ????? ????????????? ?????#?????? ). ? 1363—1370 ??. ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ????? . ? 1367 ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????????. ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????? ? ????? XIV ????. ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ????? ? ?????? ????????? ? 1390 ???? . ? XIV—XV ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???? ? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? . ? 1555 ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ? 1779 ???? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????????-??-???? . ? 1815 ???? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? .

??? ? 1344 ? 1356 ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? III ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????. ??????????? ????? ? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? . ? 1519 ???? ???????? ??????? ??????????? I ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? .

??? ?????????? ??????? II ? ????? X ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ? ????????? «… ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ?????, ???????????? ??? ??? ????????????, ? ?????????, [???? ????????? ??] ?????? ???????? [? ???? ?? ??????????? ????????] ??????????? ??????.» — ????? ??????? ?????? X—XI ????? .

? ??????? ???? ? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????????, ??? ???????? ????? ????????? (?????????????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????????), ????????? ????? ????????? , ?????? ???????? , ????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ? ?????? ??????.

?????????????? ??????????? ???????? (Ormianin) ????? ?????????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? , 1655 ???
??????? ?? ?????? , ???????
????????? ?????????, ???. ??. ?????
?????? ?????????? , ??????????, ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? XX ????
??????? ???????? ????????, ???. ?. ???????
????? ????????? , ???????? ????, ??????? ? ??????? ????????, XVI ???

?????? ? ??????? ????

????????? ?????? ? ??????-????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ? ??????????

??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? . ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????????, ? ?????? XX ???? ? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? 2 100 000 ?????, ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? 1 295 000 ???????. ???????? ? 1885 ???? ?????? ?????????? 17 % ????????? ????????. ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? . ?? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ????? 60 000 ?????.

?????? ?? ?????? . «??????????? ? ????????? ??????», 1253—1255 ???? :

« ? ?????? ??????, ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????, ? ??? ??? — ?????? ? ????? »

?????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????? VI—??????? VII ???? ^{[

???????? ?? ?????? 2768 ????

]} . ? ?????? XIX ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??????? .

?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ? I ???? ?? ?. ?., ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ? ???????. ??????????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????????????. ??? ? VII ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? «? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????????», ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ? ?? ?????????????? ? ??????????. ? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????????????. ? ????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? , ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? . ???? ????? ???????? , ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????, ??????????? ????? ????????? ??????. ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? , ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? .

????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? . ??? ? ???????? IV ???? ????? II ?????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ? ??????. ?????? ? VII ???? ???????? , ??? ? VI ???????? « ????? ????????? ???????????? ? ???????? , ??????? ??? ?????, ???????? ???? ????, ? ????????? ?? ????????? ????? » . ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ? ?????? XVII ????????, ????? ??? ????? I ???????????? ???? ?? ???????????? ??????? 250 ???. ?????. 4 ????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????

? IX—XI ????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ? ?????????, ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ? ????????? . ?????? ???????-????????? ? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????-???? , ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????: ? 1878 ?? 1879 ????, ? 1884 ?? 1888 ???? ? ? 1894 ?? 1895 ????. ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????, ?????-??? ??????, ?????????? ??? ????????? ? 1826 ?? 1844 ????.

?????? ? ???????

1. ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ??????? , ??????
2 . ????? ??????? ? ????????

????????????? ????????? ????? ? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???????????????? ???????, ???????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????: ??-?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????-???????? ????? 1877—1878 ????? ?? 1920-? ????; ? ?????, ?????????? ??????? ????? ? ??????, ?????, ??????, ????? ? ????????? ??????? ????? 1965 ????. ?????? ???????????????? ? ????????? ???????????-???????????? ??????, ????????? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ????????????. ???????? ???????? ? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ??????????? ?? 1,5 ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? (?????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ) ?????????? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????, ? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???????????. ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????. ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ? ????????? ?????? ??????. ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ?????????, ???????? ? ??????? .

????? ????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ????????? ? 1618 ????, ? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??????? , ???????????? ? ??????????? ????????????? ?????. ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ? 1653 ? 1654 ?????. ? 1770-? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? 70 ?????.

?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ? «????? ????» (????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ? 1894—1896 ??. ) ? ???????, ? ?????? ? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ? ????????? ????? ???????, ??? ? ?????? XVII ???? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????, ?????????? ? ???????????. ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? 1800-?, ? ??????? ??? ? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ? ????????? ??????. ???????? ???????? ????? ? ?????????????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ?????, ??????, ????????, ?????????? ? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????. ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ? ???, ???? ? ??????? ??? ????????? ? ?????? ? ?????????????? ???????? ? ????????? ????? ?????????????????. ? ?????? 1880-? ????? ????? «???????» ????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????????????? ???????, ???????? ??????????? ???????, ?????? ???????????? ???????????, ????? ??????????????? ? ?????????? «??????????? ??? ???????», ? ? ??? «????? ???????????» ?????????? ???????????? ????? ????????, ???? ??????????? ? ???? ??????? ? ??????? .

?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ? ????? XIX ????. ??????????? ????? ? ??????????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ???????. ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ? 1890-? ?????, ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ? 1894—1896 ?????, ????? ????? ??????? ? 1909 ???? ? ???????? ?? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? , ????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ?, ? ?????????, ? ???????? ??????? , ??? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? .

?????? ? ?????????

? 1933 ???? ? ???? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ????? «?????? ????». ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???????.

???????? ????? ????, 1933 ???
???????? ????? ????, 1961 ???. ????????? ???????? ???????

???????

?????? I — ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????? , I ??? ?? ?. ?.
???????, ??????? XIX ???? (????? ????? ???????)
????????? ???? ?? ???????? , 1837 ???
??????? ?? ???????? , ??????? 1850 ????
??????, ???????? ??????? , ?????? XX ????

????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???????? ?????????? , 1906 ???
???????? ????????? ????? ? ???????????????, 1921 ???
????????? ??????? 1930-? ?????
???????????? ? ??????? , ? 91-? ????????? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ???????

???????????

??? ??????? , ??? ? ?????????? ???????????? ? «?????????????» ?????? ???????, ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ? VIII-?? ? XV ?????.
? ?????????? ??????, ? ???????????? ???????, ???? ??????????? 6 ?? 11 ???????? ? ????????????? ?????? ??????? — ??????? (?????? ???????), ?????????? , ??????? , ?????????? , ???? , ??????? , ? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? (302—484 ??.) ? ???? (484—931 ??.).
? ???? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? V ????, ???????? ???????, ?????? :« ?? ????????? ? ? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????, ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? » ( ?? 11 ?????? 2012 ?? Wayback Machine )
????? ??? ?????? ???????? (XIII—XIV ??.), ?????? ????? (XIV—XV ??.), ??????? ??????? (XVI ?.), ????? ??????? (XVI—XVII ??.), ???? ??????? (XVI—XVII ??.), ???????? ??????? (XVI—XVII ??.), ?????? ??????? (XVI—XVII ??.)

??. ?????

??????????

? ?? 2 ??????? 2014 ?? Wayback Machine (?????????? ?????????)
{{Cite web |url= |title=??? 5. «???????????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????». ?? 30 ?????? 2020 ?? Wayback Machine (?????????? ?????????)
. ?? ????????? 13 ???????? 2018 . ???? ?????????: 15 ???? 2011 .
The 10 ?????? 2012 ????. maintains 12 ?????? 2012 ????. that includes information about the ?? 14 ?????? 2011 ?? Wayback Machine . Their numbers generally agree with other sources when those are available; where we don’t have a more authoritative source, we are following their numbers.
. ???? ?????????: 21 ?????? 2007. 30 ????? 2012 ????.
.
. ???? ?????????: 7 ??????? 2019. 9 ??????? 2019 ????.
. ???? ?????????: 23 ???? 2019. 23 ???? 2019 ????.
. ???? ?????????: 25 ???????? 2014. ???????????? ?? 28 ??????? 2015 ????.
1 ??? 2010 ????.
PM Erdogan’s Armenian hostages . ???? ?????????: 21 ????? 2010. 5 ??? 2010 ????. .
Turay, Anna . . ???? ?????????: 4 ?????? 2007. 1 ????? 2012 ????.
?? ???????????, ?????????????? ? 2014 ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ????? ?????? , ???????? ?? ???????????.
. (????.) . ???????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????????: 28 ?????? 2016. 8 ??????? 2016 ????.
?? ???????????, ?????????????? ? 2002 ???? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ????? ?????? , ???????? ?? ???????????.
?? 3 ??????? 2012 ?? Wayback Machine (????.)
Georgia: ?? 18 ?????? 2008 ?? Wayback Machine : 248,900 represents 5,7 % ethnic Armenians in an estimated national population of 4,661,500 (The Official data of 2002). The World Factbook : 267,000 represents 5,7 % ethnic Armenians in an estimated national population of 4,693,892 (July 2004 est.). ?? 12 ??????? 2007 ?? Wayback Machine : 400,000 represents 8,1 % ethnic Armenians in an estimated national population of 4,934,413 (The Official data of 1989).
CIA The World Factbook . ???????? ?? 12 ???????? 2019 ?? Wayback Machine ????????? ?????? ?? ???? 2015 — 6 184 701 ???????, ??????, ???????? ???????????, ?????????? 4 % ????????? ??????, ? ?????? 247 388.
?? 15 ??? 2001 ?? Wayback Machine . ? ?????? Lebanon (? ??????? ?? 18 ???? 2015 ?? Wayback Machine ) ??????? ??? ??????????? ????? ? ?????? ?????????? 150,000 ???????, ???????? ?? ?????? ?? 14 ?????? 2016 ?? Wayback Machine ?? ???? ?? ?????????, ??????????? ????? ? ?????? ??????????? ? 300 000 ???????.
?? 7 ?????? 2019 ?? Wayback Machine .
The ?? 10 ??? 2011 ?? Wayback Machine states that 160,000 Apostolic Armenians and 30,000 Catholic Armenians live in Syria. That number together makes up 190,000.
?? 22 ?????? 2012 ?? Wayback Machine "Before the (1979 Islamic) revolution there were 300,000 Armenians in Iran. Very frankly, today there are no more than 150,000," said Archbishop Goriun Babian, prelate of the Armenians in Iran and India.
?????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? 24 ???????? 2015 ?? Wayback Machine . ?? Panorama.am 05/04/2014.
. ???? ?????????: 19 ????? 2011. 21 ??????? 2011 ????.
27 ??? 2013 ????. .
? ?? 24 ??????? 2018 ?? Wayback Machine .
?? 4 ????? 2016 ?? Wayback Machine , ?? ?????? ???????? 2006 ????.
. Australian Bureau of Statistics. ???? ?????????: 4 ??????? 2013.
23 ????? 2014 ????. .
? ???????? ??????????? ?????? , ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? . ??????????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? , ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????????????.
?? 7 ?????? 2020 ?? Wayback Machine .
?? 16 ??????? 2019 ?? Wayback Machine .
The 21 ???? 2006 ????. estimates 35,000.
?? 8 ??????? 2007 ?? Wayback Machine .
?? 27 ???? 2014 ?? Wayback Machine .
?? 3 ????? 2008 ?? Wayback Machine .
?? 12 ???? 2008 ?? Wayback Machine .
6 ???? 2011 ????. (????.)
?? 5 ???? 2020 ?? Wayback Machine .
. ???? ?????????: 23 ???? 2019. 23 ???? 2019 ????.
?? 7 ?????? 2012 ?? Wayback Machine .
?? 25 ??????? 2017 ?? Wayback Machine .
?? 5 ??????? 2014 ?? Wayback Machine .
?? 22 ???? 2011 ?? Wayback Machine (?????.)
. www.stat.kg . ???? ?????????: 4 ??????? 2023.
(????.) . BBC (21 ??????? 2007). ???? ?????????: 24 ??????? 2009. 8 ???? 2012 ????.
Astourian, Stephan H. (2007). «Armenian Demography, the Homeland, and the Diaspora: Trends and Consequences». in ed. Michel Bruneau. Arméniens et grecs en diaspora: approches comparatives. Athens: École française d’Athènes. pp. 191—210. ?? 14 ?????? 2012 ?? Wayback Machine .
. ???? ?????????: 7 ??????? 2019. 9 ??????? 2019 ????.
. ???? ?????????: 7 ??????? 2019. 9 ??????? 2019 ????.
. ???? ?????????: 7 ??????? 2019. 9 ??????? 2019 ????.
? , ?. 43.
? ?. ?. ???????? . . — ???????????? ?? ????????? ???, 1968. — ?. 237. 12 ??????? 2018 ????.
??? ????????? ????. . — Olma Media Group, 2007, 2007. — ?. 60. — ISBN 5373006548 , 9785373006545.
? ?. ?. ????????. . ? 4 . pp. 149-178. ISSN 0135-0536 . ????????-?????????????? ?????? (1983). ???? ?????????: 18 ??????? 2013. 8 ?????? 2014 ????.

???????????? ????? (???.)

????? ??????, ?????? — ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????, ????????? ??????????????? ????, ?? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? (??????????????? ???? ???, ?????? ??????? ??????, «??????»),— ?? ????? ??????? ????????, ???????? ?, ???????, ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????
? . ???? ?????????: 29 ???????? 2017. 19 ??? 2020 ????.
? Marc Haber, Massimo Mezzavilla, Yali Xue, David Comas, Paolo Gasparini, Pierre Zalloua, Chris Tyler-Smith. . — 2015. — doi : . 3 ??? 2015 ????.
// ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? 25 ??????? 2019 ?? Wayback Machine
?? 13 ???????? 2018 ?? Wayback Machine // ??? ???????, 16.12.2002
. ???? ?????????: 1 ?????? 2012. ???????????? ?? 30 ?????? 2020 ????.
Petrosyan A. Y. (2009) ?? 5 ????? 2022 ?? Wayback Machine . Journal of Indo-European Studies 37, 1 & 2: p. 155—163.
? Petrosyan A. Y. (2007) ?? 6 ???? 2019 ?? Wayback Machine Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies 16: 25-66.
?????? / ???. ???. ?. ?. ????????, ?. ?. ????????, ?. ?. ?????????; ??-? ????????? ? ???????????? ??. ?. ?. ???????-?????? ???; ??-? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??? ??. — ?.: ?????, 2012. 648 ?. (?????? ? ????????).— ISBN 978-5-02-037563-5 (?. 43 — hay)
?????? — ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????????? .
?????= ???????? ?. ?.:??????: ????????????, ????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????????? ???? ? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????? ??????, — ? ??????? ???, ????????, ????????? ???????????, — ???????? «?????» ????? ? ?? ????????????????. ??-????????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? * ?????? ??? * ??????? (???(?)???) — ? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???(?-)119).
?????= ???????? ?. ?.:??????: ? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??? ????.
Kitazumi, Tomoki. (???.) // Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. — Vol. 163. — P. 511–516. 28 ?????? 2022 ????.
???? ??????? ???? (????????????) . ??????: ?? 9 ?????? 2014 ?? Wayback Machine .
??????? ????????????????? ???????. ??????: [www.vedu.ru/bigencdic/67973/ ???? (????)] ?? 9 ?????? 2014 ?? Wayback Machine
??????? ???. ????????????????? ???????. ??????: ?. ?. ???????. ???? // ??????? ???. ????????????????? ??????? ? 2-? ?????. — ????????????? . — ?. , 1998.
Horace Abram Rigg. // Journal of the American Oriental Society. — 1937. — ?. 57 , ???. 4 . — ?. 416–418 . — ISSN . — doi : . 10 ?????? 2020 ????.
?. ???????. (???.??.) // ???????????? ???????, ???. 13(76). ???-?? ?? ????. — 1965. — ?. 64—66 . 10 ?????? 2020 ????.
Archi, Alfonso. // Orientalia. — 2016. — ?. 85 . — ?. 3 . 15 ??????? 2021 ????.
Martiros Kavoukjian, «The Genesis of Armenian People», Montreal, 1982.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, 1915 ?? 21 ??????? 2012 ?? Wayback Machine ; Eric H. Cline and David O’Connor (eds.) Thutmose III , University of Michigan, 2006; ISBN 978-0-472-11467-2 .
? — ?????? ?? Encyclopædia Iranica . M. L. Chaumont:

???????????? ????? (????.)

The peoples who were thus brought together in the kingdoms of Armenia and Sophene all spoke one and the same language: Armenian (Strabo, ibid.)
???????? ?.?. ????? ???? ? ??????? ????? 600 ?. ?? ?.?. ? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????? // ??????? ??????? ???????. — ??????: ?????, 1981. — ? 2 . — ?. 34—63 .
A.E. Redgate. . — Oxford: Blackwell, 1998. — 332 ?. — ISBN 0-631-14372-6 .
???????? ?. ?. . — ??????: ???????????? ?? ????????? ???, 1968.

???????????? ????? (???.)

?????????? ???????????????? ??????. ????, ? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ? ???????????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????? — ????????, ???????? ? ?????????? (?????? ?, ????????, ?????????). ??? ???? ???????, ??? ????? ??????????????, ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????????????, ? ???????????, ? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????.
???????? ?. ?. . — ??????: ???????????? ?? ????????? ???, 1968. — ?. 210—211. — 264 ?.

???????????? ????? (???.)

??? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????, ?? ??????, ??????????, ????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????, ? ?????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ? ????????; ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????, ????, ??????? ??? ?????. ? ???????? ?????? ??, ? ????????, ????? ????? ????, ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ???????, ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ? ????????? ????????
???????? ?. ?., ????????? ?. ?. ??????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????. ?., 2003.
???????? ?. ?. ?? 28 ???????? 2013 ?? Wayback Machine
?????? // ??????? ????????? ???????????? : [? 30 ?.] / ??. ???. ?. ?. ???????? . — 3-? ???. — ?. : ????????? ????????????, 1969—1978.
, ?. 41.
Russell J. The Formation of the Armenian Nation // University of Los Angeles The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. — New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2004. — ?. 19—36 . — ISBN 1403964211 .
?? 13 ??????? 2017 ?? Wayback Machine , ?????? «Armenian», ???. 105. Encyclopaedia Britannica , Inc., 2008:

???????????? ????? (????.)

Armenian Armenian Hay plural Hayk or Hayq Member of an Indo-European people first recognized in the early 7th century BC when they moved into areas of Transcaucasia, Anatolia, and the Middle East that came to be known as Armenia
???????????? ??????? . ??????: ?? 27 ?????? 2012 ?? Wayback Machine

???????????? ????? (????.)

Bordering on Media, Cappadocia, and Assyria, the Armenians settled, according to classical sources (beginning with Herodotus and Xenophon), in the east Anatolian mountains along the Araxes (Aras) river and around Mt. Ararat, Lake Van, Lake Rezaiyeh, and the upper courses of the Euphrates and Tigris; they extended as far north as the Cyrus (Kur) river. To that region they seem to have immigrated only about the 7th century B.C.
Mack Chahin « ?? 13 ??????? 2017 ?? Wayback Machine », ???. 109 ? 177, Routledge 2013
James Minahan « ?? 13 ??????? 2017 ?? Wayback Machine », ???. 5, Routledge 2013
? ???????? ?. ?. . — ??. : ???????????? ?? ????????? ???, 1968.

???????????? ????? (???.)

????? ? VI ?. ?? ?.?. ??????? ? ???????????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? «???????» ? «???????», ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???????, ???? ? ????????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????, ? ?????? — ???? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ????? (?? ?????????? ?, ????? ????, ??????? ?????) ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? «??????»), ???? ??? ??????????? XIII ???????? ????????????? ???????, ? ??????? ?? XVIII, ?????????? e?e ? ? ?? ????? ??????????????? ???????? (??????????; ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? «???????»); ?????????? ?? ???????? XIII ???????? (?????????) «?????», ??-????????, ?? ?? ???????, ? XVIII ???????? (????????????) — ?????-???? «??????»<...>? ??????, ? ????????? ? ???????? — ?????? ? ??????? ???????; ? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????????, ??? ?? ??????, ????? ? ? ???????. ???????????? ?????, ????? ?????????? ????? I ? ???????? ?????? ??????? (????? ??????? ????????) ??? ????????????? «?????????» ? ?? ?????? «??????? ???????».
?????????. ?? 23 ??? 2018 ?? Wayback Machine
— ?????? ?? Encyclopædia Iranica . R. Schmitt

???????????? ????? (????.)

Armina is named as a province (satrapy) of the Achaemenid empire; the inhabitants are called Arminiya- “Armenian.” As a by-form of the country’s name, the form Arminiya-, is attested six times in DB 2.33-63, but only in the locative form Arminiyaiy (on this word see R. Schmitt, Acta Antiqua 25, 1977, p. 96 n. 16). Armina is the source of Greek Arménioi “Armenians,” Armení?, Armení? [scil. Kh?r?] “Armenia;” it is rendered phonetically in Elamite as Har-mi-nu-ya (-ip), etc. The inscriptions’ Babylonian versions, however, use KURú-ra-áš-?u “Urartu” and LUú-ra-áš-?a-a-a “Urartean,” i.e., the name of the kingdom (and its inhabitants), mighty in former times in nearly the same region; the old name was preserved by the indigenous pre-Achaemenid cuneiform tradition. The Armenians’ name for themselves, attested from the 5th century A.D., is Hay, plural Hayk?, with Hayastan “Armenia” and other derivatives.
???????? ?. ?. «??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? IV ???? ?? ?. ?.» ?.-?., ???. ?? ????, 1956:

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???. 33—34 — ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (????????? ?? ??????) ? ????????? ???????. ????????? ??? ??????????, ??????? ??????, ?? ???? ??? ???? ? "?????????" ????? ??????? ??????-?? ????????? ???????????? ??????, ?? ??? ?????.
???. 318—319 — ????????? ? «?????????» ?????????? ??????? – ???????, ?? ??????????, ???? ? ?? ?? ?????, ??????????? ? ?????? – ??? ????????? ?? ?????, ?? ????????????????? ??? ? ???????? VI ?. ???????????. ???? ??, ??? ???????????? ????????? ? «?????????» ?????? ????????????, ?? ? ???? ??????, ??? ???????, ??? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????, ?????????? ??????? ?????????, ? ????????, ??? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ???????. ????????, ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????, ????????? ???????.
???. 353—354 — ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????, ???????, ????????, ?????????? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????????, ??? ??, ???????, ??????? ????????, ??? ?????????? ? ??????? «?????????» ???????? ?? ?????????. ????? ?????????, ??? ? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????, ??-??????, ? ????? ????????? ????? (?? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????) ? ??????-?? ??????????, ????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ? ????????, ??-??????, ? ????? ??????? ? «?????????»; ?-???????, ? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????.
??????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ?? ????????, ? ????, ????????? ?? ????? ???????
???. 355 — ????? ???????, ???? ??? ??????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ? ????????, ????????, ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????, ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???; ?????? ???????? ? ??, ??? ???????? ?????????? ? ??? ??????????, ? ???????? ???????? ?????????, ??????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????, ???? ?????, ?????????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???????, ????? ??? ? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??????.
??????? ???????: ? ????? ?????. ?. 1. ?????? ? ????????? / ???. ???. ?. ?. ???????. — ?. : ????. ???., 1997. — 688 ?. — ISBN 5-02-017936-1 . ????? XXIX, ?????? « ?? 12 ???? 2015 ?? Wayback Machine »:

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????????? ? "?????????" ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????? VI ?. ?? ?.?., ??????????? ????? (????????? ??????? ?? ????, ???????? ????????, ?? ??????? ?????????? ? ?.?.), ?? ???????????? ? ?????????????. ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????, ????????? ??? ??????? - ?????? (??????? ????) ? ???????, ???????????? ?????; ???????? ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ???? ???????. ???, ????? ??? ????????? ??????????, ???????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ?????????? ?? ????????? ? ??????-????????? ?? ???????? - ??????? (????????). ? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ????????.
???????????? ????????? ??????????, ?? ?????? ??????????????, ? ???????? ?? ??????? (? ??????? ?? ??????? ? 10 ???. ?????? ? ?????? ? "?????????") ???????? ????????????. ????? ????, ??? ??? ???????? ? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ????? ???? ? ????????? ????? ????????, ????? ???? ???????, ???????????? ?????? ?????; ????????, ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ?????. ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? "????? ???????".
Armenia: A Historical Atlas by Robert H. Hewsen. ???. 29:

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That the Armenians had already established a kingdom by the time of the Median conquest seems fairly certain; the Armenian historical tradition (MX I.21) tells us that Parouyr Skayordi ('Son of the Scyth'?) was the first crowned king of Armenia and that he received his crown from Median king. Still later, Xenophon (Kyropaideia, III.i.3,4) mentions an unnamed king of Armenia and his sons Sabaris and Tigranes, both of whose names appear in the king list of MX (I.19, 22) as Savars and Tigran. If such a monarchy did exist, however, it must have been suppressed after Persians took control of the Median Empire, for there is no trace of an Armenian kingdom under Achaemenid rule.
??????? ???????: ? ????? ?????. ?. 1. ?????? ? ????????? / ???. ???. ?. ?. ???????. — ?. : ????. ???., 1997. — 688 ?. — ISBN 5-02-017936-1 . ?????? « ?? 12 ???? 2015 ?? Wayback Machine »
???????? ?. ?. . — ??. : ???????????? ?? ????????? ???, 1968. :

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?????? ??? ????????, ??? ??????? ????????? ????????????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????, ?? ? ??????; ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????-??????, ??? ??????? ?. ?. ???????????, ?????????????? ????? ???????? ???????-?????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? VII ? VI ??. ?? ?. ?., ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??????; ???????? ?? ????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? — ??????? ???????? ??????? ? V ?. ?? ?. ?., ? ????? ???? ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? I ? VI ? ?? ?. ?., — «??????? ?????» XII—VIII ??. ?? ?. ?. ? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????????????? ????? ????????????? ? ???????? ??????? ???? XII—IX ??. ?? ?. ?.; ?? ??????? ? ????? ??????????, ????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? — ? ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????, ? ??????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????.
?. ?. ????????. ????????? ? ??????? // . — ?. : ??????, 1983. — ?. 302—318. 8 ???? 2014 ????.

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??????????? ? ??????-????????? ??????, ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ????????????, ?? ????????, ?? ???? ???????? ???????????, ????? ??? ??????, ? ????? ????????? ???????????? ? ????????????? ?????? ? ???????. ????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????, ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????????.
? / ??? ???. ?. ?????????, ?. ?????????, ?. ???????. — ?. , 1956. — ?. 2, ?. II, ??. XIII. 4 ????? 2016 ????.
????????? ??????? / ??? ???. ?. ?????????, ?. ?????????, ?. ???????. — ?. , 1956. — ?. 2, ?. II, ??. XIII. :

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? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????, ??? ??????????, ??????? ???? ???? ????????????? ?? ?????????? XVIII ???????? ????????????? ???????. ????????????? ???? ???????? ????? (??-???????? ??????) ??????? ?????? ??????????, ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ? 316 ?. ?? ?. ?. ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????????????. ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????, ????????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????????????. ? 220 ?. ??????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? III ? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ???????, ? ????? III ?. ????? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????????.
?????? ??????? ????: ??????????-??? ????? ????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??? / ??????? ?????????? ?????. — ???-?? ???????? ???? ????, 1956. — ?. 2. — ?. 422—424.:" ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????. "
?. ?. ??????????? . ? ??????????????? ?????????? “???? ??????” // ????????? ?????? ? ????????? ? ?????????????. — ?. : ?????, 1978. :

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??????????? ??????????, ??? ? III—II ??. ?? ?. ?. ????? ????????????, ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ??????-??????, ? ??????? ??????????? ??????.
? ??????? I // ??????? ????????? ???????????? : [? 30 ?.] / ??. ???. ?. ?. ???????? . — 3-? ???. — ?. : ????????? ????????????, 1969—1978.
? Encyclopaedia of Islam. — Leiden: BRILL, 1986. — ?. 1. — ?. 635.

???????????? ????? (????.)

When Antiochus III was defeated by the Romans at Magnesia (189 B.C.), the two "strategi" who governed Armenia made themselves independent, took the title of king and formed two kingdoms, the one, Artaxias, in Great Armenia or Armenia proper and the other, Zariadris, in Little Armenia (Sophene-Arzanene). Great Armenia fell afterwards under the suzerainty of the Arsacids. In the first century B.C. a descendant of Artaxias, Tigranes the Great, threw off the Parthian yoke, dethroned the king of Sophene and united all Armenia under his sceptre; having achieved Armenian unity, he established at the expense of the Parthians and the Seleucids a vast Armenian empire and played an important political role.
????????? ??????? / ??? ???. ?. ?????????, ?. ?????????, ?. ???????. — ?., 1956. — ?. 2, ?. II, ??. XIII.:

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????? ??? ????????, ? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ?????, ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? — ???????? ? ??????? (??-???????? ??????? ? ?????), ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????.
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The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 3. The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanid Periods, Part 1. ???. 535:

???????????? ????? (????.)

The most striking example of the syncretism of gods in ancient Parthia actually occurs in a former Armenian satellite kingdom, namely Commagene, the modern Malatya district. Here a scion of the Armenian Orontid house, King Antiochus I (69-34 B.C.) built himself a funeral hill at Nimrud Dagh (pis 37, 38).
? / ???. ???. ?. ?. ???????-?????? . — ?. , 1989. 8 ??? 2013 ????. :

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??????? ? ????????? ???? ?? ?. ?. ? ?????? ???? ?. ?. ???? ??????? ??????? ????????. ????? ?????????? ????? — ??????? ???????????. ??????????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????????????? ??????????????????. ??????????, ? ?????????, ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????.

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????? «???? ?????», ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? II, ??? ?????? ??????????? — ??? ??? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ???????
? ????????? ??????? / ??? ???. ?. ?????????, ?. ?????????, ?. ???????. — ?. , 1956. — ?. 2, ?. II, ??. XIII. :

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? 70-? ????? I ?. ?? ?. ?. ??????????? ??????? II ???????????? ????? ???????? ???????, ?????????????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ? ?? ???????????? ???? ?? ???????????.
? — ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? :

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During the 16th to 18th century, popular bards, or troubadours, called ashugh, arose; outstanding among them were Nahapet Kuchak and, especially, Aruthin Sayadian, called Sayat-Nova (d. 1795), whose love songs are still popular.
, ?. 42.
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????? ????????????, ??? ???????, ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????, ????????? ????? ???????? ? ?????????. ??? ???? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????, ? ????????????, ????? ??? ?????????, ????? ?????? (?????? — ????? ??????, ???????, ?????????? ? ????????? ?????? ????????, ? ????????? — ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????); ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????, ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????, ? ??????: ? ????? ??? ?????? ????????, ????????? ? ??????????; ? ?????? — ????????? ????????, ??????? ? ????????, ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????; ? ??????? ? ????????? — ?????????? ? ?????????, ??????? ???????? ? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????; ? ???????? — ????????? ? ??????? ?????? ?????????; ???????, ? ???????? — ??????????. ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????.
?. ?. ???????? . ??????????? ? ?????? 44-53 ???????? « ?? ?????????? ???????? ». ?? 4 ?????? 2011 ?? Wayback Machine
?? ?????-???????? ?? II ???? «????????? ???????» (?., 1956)
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???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????, ? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????, ??? ??? ????? ???, ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????????, ??????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ?????; ???????? ????? ?????????????????? ?????????, ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ???? ? ???????, ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????. ???? ? ?? ?????, ?? ?????????? ??????, ??? ?? ?????; ???????, ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????, ??? ???, ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????, ?? ?????? ???????, ??????????? ? ????, ??? ? ?????? ????? ? ????????, ?????? ? ?????? ???? ? ??????????, ? ?????????????. ????, ???????? ? ?????? ?????????, ? ??????? ????????? ??????? ? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????, ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????. ????????????????, ??????? ????, ??????? ??? ?????????, ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ??????????, ??????????????? ? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????; ??? ????, ????? ???????? ???????, ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????, ???? ??????? ???-????? ?? ??????? ???????; ??? ???????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????, ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????.
? / ??? ???. ?. ?. ????????? , ?. ?. ?????????, ?. ?. ?????????? . — 2-? ???. — ?. , 1983. — ?. 3. ?????? ??????? ???????. — ?. 201—220. 13 ??? 2012 ????.

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?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????? (64—226) ???? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????, ???????, ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? — ????? ? ??????, ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ? ????????. ?? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ???????, ???????? I (64 ?.), ? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ????? (226 ?.) ?? 160 ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????: ????? ?????????? ?????? ? 115 ?., ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????????; ????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? (161—180), ????? ???? (161—169), ? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????, ? ????? ?????????? ????????? ? 215 ?. ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????.
? ??????? ??????? // ??????? ????????? ???????????? : [? 30 ?.] / ??. ???. ?. ?. ???????? . — 3-? ???. — ?. : ????????? ????????????, 1969—1978.
? — ?????? ?? Encyclopædia Iranica . M. L. Chaumont
? / ???. ???????? ?.?. ???????.. — ?. : ?????, 1967. — ?. 1. 4 ????? 2016 ????.

???????????? ????? (???.)

????? ??????? ? 387 ?. ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ?????: ???????? (?????) ???????, ?????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????????. ??????, ????????? ? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ????????????? ????????, ?????????? ? IV—V ??. ?????? ?????????? ????????????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????. ? ????? IV ?. ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????, ? ? V ?. ??????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????, ?????????, ??????. ????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ? ???????, ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????, ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ??????. ? IV—V ??. ????????? ????????? ????????? ? ? ?????? ???????? ? ??????? ???????.
? — ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? :

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Although the Armenian nobles had thus destroyed their country’s sovereignty, a sense of national unity was furthered by the development of an Armenian alphabet and a national Christian literature; culturally, if not politically, the 5th century was a golden age.
Cyril Toumanoff . Armenia and Georgia // The Cambridge Medieval History. — Cambridge, 1966. — ?. IV: The Byzantine Empire, part I, chapter XIV . — P. 593—637.

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Though respecting the social and political status quo of their new dependency, the Sassanids attempted to spread Iranian cultural and religious influences. In this they were not successful. The conversion of Armenia had already thwarted their programe; and now the invention of the Armenian alphabet, at the turn of the fifth century, by St. Mesrop (Mashtots') ensured a more thorough Christianisation of the people and achieved Armenia's linguistic and cultural independence of its neighbours. Armenian literature was born and a school of translators arose who rendered into Armenian the Scriptures as well as Greek patristic, philosophical and historical works. Original writers made their appearance, especially in the field of history (2). To counterbalance this spiritual independence, Iran at first encouraged Syrian influence in Armenia. Iranian Christianity was largely Syrian and was already then drifting away from the rest of Christendom (as was soon manifesed in the Nestorian secession); thus it looked as though a link between Armenia and Iran might be forged, and Armenian ties with the Roman Empire weakened.
? — ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? :

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Saint Vardan Mamikonian, (died 451), Armenian military commander. The Persian attempt to impose Zoroastrianism on the Armenians provoked a rebellion, which ended when Vardan and his companions were slain at the Battle of Avarayr. Despite their victory the Persians renounced their plans to convert Armenia by force, and they deposed the traitorous Armenian governor.
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Saint Eghish? (Vardapet), , «History of Vardan and the Armenian War», 1982, p. 25:

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This war is not to be explained as caused by personal rancor, as Lazar explained it, but on more general grounds. It illustrates difficulties faced by Armenians not merely on 450/1 but perennially, and these difficulties are basically of a religious nature. The main problem is the preservation of Armenian traqditions (awrenk), which include religious practices but are more comprehensive than the term «religion» in a modern sense. … Elishe saw many parallels with the position of the Jews vis-a-vis the Seleucid kings of Antioch as described in the books of Maccabees, though, of course, the political circumstances were quite different. Elishe does not entirely hide his knowledge of the Maccabees, but he does conceal the extent to which he was indebted to the Armenian version. For his purpose was not just to borrow a few expressive phrases in order to embellish his own story — as, for example, many Armenian historians did in their descriptions of battles. Rather, he wanted to recreate the kind of situation in which the play of basic issues between the antagonists would become clear in general terms. So Elishe´s History takes a specific occasion — the revolt of 450/1 and its aftermath — and describes it in terms reminiscent of the Maccabees so that the general problems will emerge more clearly.
. — ?. : ?????, 1984. — ?. 2. — ?. 293. 6 ??????? 2014 ????.

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????????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? V ?., ???????????? ??????? ??????. ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ???????: «?? ???? ????? ? ?????????, ?????? ????????????? ? ????? ???????????? ??? ????? ???????????, ?????? ? ? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????, ????????? ???????? ? ????????». ? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ? ? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????, ??????????????? ????????? ??????, ?????? ?????????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ????? ???????.
Philip Wood. History and Identity in the Late Antique Near East (????.) . — Oxford University Press, 2013. — P. 30. :

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The Armenians secured their religious autonomy within the Persian empire a generation after the defeat at Avarayr, under the leadership of Vardan's nephew Vahan Mamikonyan, in 484.
Markus Aurelius. . — AuthorHouse, 2007. — ?. 182—183. :

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In 451 AD, the Armenian prince Vartan led a heroic, but unsuccessful revolt against the Persian Empire. Painfully outnumbered, they fought the Persians to nearly the last man at the Battle of Avarayr. Prince Vartan was killed as well, but not until they had killed uncountable numbers of Persian soldiers. Indeed, it was a pyrrhic victory for the Persians as they could not afford to deplete their forces in such stupendous quantities. As a consequence, the Persians were compelled later to give Armenia greater independence.
? ????????? ????????? ???????????????? ?????????? // ??????? ????????? ???????????? : [? 30 ?.] / ??. ???. ?. ?. ???????? . — 3-? ???. — ?. : ????????? ????????????, 1969—1978.
? Peter Charanis . The Armenians in the Byzantine Empire // Byzantinoslavica . — 1961. — ?. 22 .

???????????? ????? (????.)

The Armenians, however, did not always come willingly. They were sometimes forcibly removed from their homes and settled in other regions of the empire. Justinian had already resorted to this practice, but the numbers involved were small, perhaps a few families (11). Transplantations on a large scale took place during the reigns of Tiberius and Maurice. In 578, 10,000 Armenians were removed from their homes and settled in the island of Cyprus. "Thus", says Evagrius, "land, which had been previously untilled, was everywhere restored to cultivation. Numerous armies also were raised from among them that fought resolutely and courageously against the other nations. At the same time every household was completely furnished with domestics, on account of the easy rate at which slaves were procured" (12).
A transplantation on a vaster plan was conceived by Maurice and it was partially carried out. Maurice, who may have been of Armenian descent, though this is extremely doubtful (13), found the Armenians extremely troublesome in their own homeland. The plan which he conceived called for the cooperation of the Persian king in the removal from their homes of all Armenian chieftains and their followers. According to Sebeos, Maurice addressed the Persian king as follows: The Armenians are "a knavish and indocile nation. They are found between us and are a source of trouble. I am going to gather 'mine and send them to Thrace; [15] send yours to the East. If they die there, it will be so many enemies that will die; if, on the contrary, they kill, it will be so many enemies that they will kill. As for us, we shall live in peace. But if they remain in their country, there will never be any quiet for us". Sebeos further reports that the two rulers agreed to carry out this plan, but apparently the Persians failed to cooperate, for when the Byzantine emperor gave the necessary orders and pressed hard for their execution, many Armenians fled to Persia (14). The Byzantines, however, did carry out the deportation, though only in part. In ordering this removal, Maurice's real motive was, no doubt, the fact that he needed the Armenians as soldiers in Thrace.
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— ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????????
Encyclopaedia of Islam. — Leiden: BRILL, 1986. — ?. 1. — ?. 636. :

???????????? ????? (????.)

With the aid of these Arab forces Theodoros drove the Greeks from the country once more and was thereafter recognised by Muawiya as prince of Armenia, Georgia and Albania.
/ ???.???????? ???????? ??????? ?.?.. — ?. : ?????, 1967. — ?. 1. 8 ???? 2014 ????.

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? ?????????? ??????????, ? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ?????: ??? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????????, ??????????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????.
, ?. 44.
? John H. Rosser. Historical Dictionary of Byzantium. — 2-? ???. — Scarecrow Press, 2011. — ?. 52. :

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Beginning in the sixth century, Armenians emigrated to Byzantium in great numbers, becoming the most assimilated of any ethnic group, while, at the same time, maintaining their distinct literature, religion, and art. Thousands of Armenian soldiers served in imperial forces, and a number of important military leaders and civil administrators were Armenian, including emperors Leo V , Basil I , Romanos I Lekapenos , and John I Tzimiskes .
? Encyclopaedia of Islam. — Leiden: BRILL, 1986. — ?. 1. — ?. 638.

???????????? ????? (????.)

Thus, following their kings, an important part of the Armenian people settled down in the territories of the Byzantine empire. Armenians, however, had long been found outside Armenia. It is well known that they furnished Byzantium with soldiers and a number of generals and even emperors. It was Armenians who, under the famous Melias (Arm. Mleh), colonised the regions of Lykandos, Tzamandos, Larissa and Symposion, when, at the beginning of the loth century, Byzantium decided to reoccupy these territories of Cappadocia which had been devastated by the Arab raids, and who assured the defence of these lands and at the same time won renown in the Arab-Byzantine wars. There were Armenians, too, in the Muslim territories, serving the Caliphs, but converted to Islam, like the celebrated amir Ali al-Armani who died in 863, not long after he had been named governor of Armenia and Adharbaydjan. Armenians were also to be found in Egypt in the army of the Tulunids. It is above all in Byzantine territory, however, that the immigration was important and contributed, in the second part of the 10th century to the repopulation of the lands in Cilicia and northern Syria reconquered by Byzantium and evacuated by the Muslim inhabitants. The geographer Mukaddasl (EGA Hi, 189) states that in his time the Amanus was peopled with Armenians. Asoghik tells us that under the pontificate of Khacik I (972-92) there were Armenian bishops at Antioch and Tarsus. During the course of the 11th century the role of the Armenians in these regions (Cappadocia, Commagene, northern Syria and even Mesopotamia, e.g., at Edessa) was considerable; numerous Armenian officers acted as governors of towns for Byzantium and, profiting from the troubles caused by the first Saldjukid invasions, founded Armenian principalities (see ARM AN). During the same period Armenians were to be found with the Fatimids of Egypt. Following the Armenian Badr al-Djamali [q.v.] who, after being a slave, had become commander of the Egyptian troops in Syria and then rose to the rank of wazir at Cairo (1073/94), there entered into Egypt, first, the Armenians with whom he had already surrounded himself, and later all those whom he summoned there and who took service in the army and even in the administration. These Armenians furnished to the Fatimid Caliphate a number of wazirs, of whom one, Bahrain [q.v.] remained a Christian. The introduction into Egypt of an important Armenian population led to the creation of numerous Armenian monasteries and churches and also of an Armenian catholicosate. The Armenians were regarded with favour by some of the Fatimid Caliphs.
/ ????. ???. ???. ?.?. ????????. — ???. , 2011. — ?. 1. — ?. 124—125. 12 ??? 2014 ????.
? ??????? ???????? / ???. ???????? ?. ?. ???????. — ?. : ?????, 1967. — ?. 2. :

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? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ? VII ???????? ??? ??????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???. ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ????????? ???????, ? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????: ?????????? ??? ? 869 ?. ??????? ???????? ?????????????, ? ? 886 ?. ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????, ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????. ?? ? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????: ?????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ??????? I ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ? ??????.
? ??????? ?. ?. VI. 10. ????????? ??????? // . — ?. : ?????????, 1986. 24 ??????? 2010 ????.
— ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? :

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The election of Smbat’s son Ashot I the Great, who had been accepted as “prince of princes” by the Arabs in 862, to be king of Armenia in 885 was recognized by both the caliph and the Byzantine emperor, and it was he who by his successful defense of his country against local Arab chieftains laid the foundations of a new golden age of Armenian history.
— ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? :

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The election by the nobles of Smbat’s son Ashot I (the Great), who had been accepted as «prince of princes» by the Arabs in 862, to be king of Armenia in 885 was recognized by both caliph and emperor. Throughout the 10th century, art and literature flourished. Ashot III (the Merciful; 952—977) transferred his capital to Ani and began to make it into one of the architectural gems of the Middle Ages.
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???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????????: ???????? 11. ???? / ???????. ? ?????????? ? ??-?????? ?. ??????. — ?. : ??????. ???????. ????. ??????. ??????, 1864. — ?. 106.
Cyril Toumanoff . Armenia and Georgia // The Cambridge Medieval History. — Cambridge, 1966. — ?. IV: The Byzantine Empire, part I chapter XIV . — ?. 593—637 .
?. ?. ??????? . . — ???. , 1902. — ?. II. 27 ???????? 2013 ????. :

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????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????, ?? ? ??????, ??????? ? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????.
??????????. ?. ?. ?? ??????? ??????-???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? X—XI ?. (? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????) // ???????? ????????? ? ??????? ????. — 1978. — ???. 15 . — ?. 43—51 .
? , ?. 47.
? ?????????? ? XI—XV ??. // / ??? ???. ?. ?. ????????. — ?. : «????????? ??????????» ???, 1997. 14 ????? 2013 ????. :

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? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??????????. ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ? ????? ????????? ??????, ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ? ??????? ????????. ??? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???????, ????????????????? ?? ????? XIV ?. ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????. ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ? ? ???????? ??????????.
? James Stuart Olson. An Ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires. — Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994. — ?. 44. :

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The acceptance of Islam by the Mongols around 1300, the resurgence of the Turks under the Ottomans, and the European abandonment of the Levant sounded the death knell of the last Armenian kingdom, which fell to the Mamluks (or Mamelukes) in 1375. Only pockets such as Karabagh (Karabakh) and Zangezour in eastern Armenia and Sasun and Zeitun in western Armenia remained autonomous.
For the next four centuries, Armenians, who had begun their dispersion after the fall of Ani and Seljuk Turkish invasions in the eleventh century, continued to emigrate. In the meantime, Persia (Iran) experienced a revival under the Shi’i Safavids, who became the adversaries of the Sunni Ottomans. From 1501 until 1639, the two fought each other periodically in Armenia. Armenians were uprooted during these wars, and, in 1604, some 250,000 Armenians were forcibly transferred by Shah 'Abbas to Iran. By the seventeenth century, the Armenians had become a minority in parts of their historic lands.
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University of Cambridge. . — Cambridge University Press, 1991. — ?. 5. — ?. 64. :

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Alp-Arslan’s victory at Malazgirt also meant that, apart from the districts of Tashir and eastern Siunik', Armenia passes definitely into Muslim hands; and within the nest decade or so, the Byzantines, resolutely anti-Armenian to the end, exterminated several survivors of the native Bagratid and Ardzrunid dynasties.
?????????? ? XI—XV ??. // / ??? ???. ?. ?. ????????. — ?. : "????????? ??????????" ???, 1997. 14 ????? 2013 ????. :

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?? ??? ??? ? ????? XIV ?. ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????, ? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ? ?????, ? ????????? ? ??????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ?????.
????????? ???????. — ?. , 1957. — ?. 3, ?. III, ??. XXXIII. :

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???????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????, ??? ???? ?????? ? ????????????? ????????? ? ???????? ???????. ? ???????????? ?????? (1184—1213) ???? ??????????? ?????? ???, ????, ???? ? ???? ????? ???????, ????? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????????, ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???, ???????, ??????????? ??????????, ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ? ??????????? ???? ? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????????????? ??????????? ???????.
?. ?. ?????? . ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? // . — ??.—?., 1961. — ?. 102—106. 30 ???? 2013 ????.
? ??????? // ???????????? ??????? . — ???????? ????????, 2000.

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? 7 ?. ?.?. ??????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ? ????????????? ????. ? ????????? (?????????????) ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????, ??????? ????????????? ??? ??? ????????, ??? ? ????????? ??????, ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???????????. ????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? (1375) ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????.
? ????????? ???????. — ?. , 1957. — ?. 3, ?. IV, ??. XXXVII. :

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??????? ?????? ?? ???????? XV ?. ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????. ??????? ???? ????????, ?????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????. ?????? ???????????? ? ?????????????? ????????. ????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????. ????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ? ????, ????? ????????????. ????????? ???????-??????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????, ? ???????, ? ????? ? ?. ?.
— ?????? ?? Encyclopædia Iranica . S. Peter Cowe:

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Two other councils convoked at Ejmiatsin were directed against Persian rule over the eastern provinces of the Armenian homeland. Since the catholicos was recognized as ethnarch in both civil and religious affairs he has the obligation to take the initiative in such measures. Consequently, Catholicos Step?annos Salmastec?i summoned both clerics and lay representatives to the first in 1547 which planned overtures to Venice and the the Pope to institute the new crusade. Subsequently, the catholicos approached Emperor Charles V and Sigismund II of Poland. However, his death in 1552 brought the episode to a close. The second, which was destined to end in similar fashion, was organized by Catholicos Yakob Ju?ayec?i in 1677.
Ronald G. Suny, Michael D. Kennedy. Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation. — University of Michigan Press, 2001. — ?. 89. :

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In this memory, rumors about the Armenian catholicos’s participation in efforts "to liberate" Armenia allege that the first political move was made in 1547, when Catholicos Stepanos Salmasdetsi sought relief from Persian rule at a moment of crisis in that empire. Emboldened by a civil war that strained Shah Tahmasp’s power even as it brought misery to Armenians, Salmasdetsi is said to have consulted with clerical and lay notables — all "the coherence of will" needed in that still-feudal society- before setting out with his retinue on a difficult journey to the European West and the Armenian diaspora there. He met with Pope Julius III in Rome, visited the court of the Habsburg emperor, dealt at length with representatives of the Venetian republic, and finally went to meet King Sigismund II of Poland in Lviv (now a Ukrainian sity), where there was an influential community of Armenian merchants. This diplomatic journey brought no visible results, but in 1562 the next catholicos, Mikayel Sebastatsi, convened a secret gathering of clerical and lay notables in Sebastia, now Sivas, his hometown in the Ottoman Empire. After eliciting an invitation to travel to Venice, he declined to go and instead sent a spokesman, Apkar Tokatetsi, who died in Venice before he could report any results. Subsequently, in 1575, the catholicos Tadeos visited the prosperous diaspora in Lviv, probably to raise funds, but also to interest the Poles in military intervention. No action followed. Nearly a centure later, in 1677, Catholicos Hakob Jughayetsi arranged still another secret conclave of clergymen and landed gentry and led another delegation to Europe.
— ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? :

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On the death of the great Turkic conqueror Timur in 1405, the eastern Armenian regions had passed into the hands of rival Turkmen tribal confederacies, the Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep) and the Ak Koyunlu (White Sheep), until the defeat of the Ak Koyunlu by the Persian shah Ism???l I in 1502. Armenia again became the battlefield between two powerful neighbours, and in 1514–16 the Ottomans wrested it from Persian rule.
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???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????????: ???????? 11. ???? / ???????. ? ?????????? ? ??-?????? ?. ??????. — ?. : ??????. ???????. ????. ??????. ??????, 1864. — ?. 142.
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Peter Charanis. ?? 2 ??????? 2017 ?? Wayback Machine Variorum Reprints, 1972 p223(360): «Thus, every emperor who sat on the Byzantine throne the accession of Basil I to the death of Basil II (867—1025) was of Armenian or partially Armenian origin. But besides the emperors there were many others among the military and political leaders of Byzantine during this period who were Armenians or of Armenian descent »
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Chahin M. . — London: Routledge, 2001. — P. 232. — 350 p. — ISBN 978-0700714520 .
Dana Carleton Munro. ?? 30 ??? 2016 ?? Wayback Machine , p. 104
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? Ronald Grigor Suny, Michael D. Kennedy. Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation. — University of Michigan Press, 2001. — ?. 93.

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The same community published in 1794-95 the first Armenian newspaper in the world (Aztarar, edited by the priest Harootyun Shemavonian), after it had already published in 1773 the first Armenian political program, written by Emin's friend Movses Baghramian, Nor tetrak vor kochi hortorak ("A New Pamphlet Called Exhortation"). This advocated an Armenian force to liberate Armenia, and a constitutional monarchy with senatorial goverment. In 1788 Shahamir Shahamirian published, also in Madras, Girk Anvanyal Vorokayt Parats ("Book Named the Snare of Glory"), which advocated a mercantilist Armenian republic governed by merchants and productive artisans rather than the old nobility and the clergy. Five years earlier, in 1783, Shahamirian had published Nshavak (The Roadsign" or "Guideline"), which advocated a temporary Armenian settlement in South Russia to serve as a base for a return to Armenia. Two thousand copies of the Vorokayt were published in Russia and distributed to Armenians there. Hundreds were sent to Armenia, but Catholicos Erevantsi had all the copies burned; his medieval belief inhis exclusive position as intercessor between Armenians, God, and their political fate could hardly coexist with Shamairian's vision.
— ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? :

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In mountainous Karabakh a group of five Armenian maliks (princes) succeeded in conserving their autonomy and maintained a short period of independence (1722-30) during the struggle between Persia and Turkey at the beginning of the 18th century; despite the heroic resistance of the Armenian leader David Beg, the Turks occupied the region but were driven out by the Persians under the general N?dr Qol? Beg (from 1736-47, N?dir Shah) in 1735.
Encyclopaedia of Islam. — Leiden: BRILL, 1986. — ?. 1. — ?. 639—640. :

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Numismatic Society). were still to be fought on Armenian soil, and part of the Armenians of Adharbaydjan were later deported as a military security measure to Isfahan and elsewhere. Semi-autonomous seigniories survived, with varying fortunes, in the mountains of Karabagh, to the north of Adharbaydjan, but came to an end in the 18th century.
Cyril Toumanoff . Armenia and Georgia // The Cambridge Medieval History. — Cambridge, 1966. — ?. IV: The Byzantine Empire, part I chapter XIV . — ?. 593—637 . :

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The title of King of Armenia was inherited by the Lusgnans of Cyprus and, from them, by the House of Savoy. Only in Old Armenia could some vestiges of the once imposing structure of the Armenian polity be found in the houses of dynasts (meliks) in Qarabagh
. — ??. , 1990. — ?. IV. — ?. 505. 18 ????? 2016 ????. (????, ?. ???, ??.100/3, 1797—1799 ??. ?.464, ??.191-192. ?????)
????. ???? // ????????? ???????????? ???????????? : ? 16 ?. / ??? ???. ?. ?. ?????? . — ?. : ????????? ???????????? , 1969. — ?. 12 : ????????? — ???????. — 972 ???.
???????? ?????? ???????? // ??????? ????????? ???????????? : [? 30 ?.] / ??. ???. ?. ?. ???????? . — 3-? ???. — ?. : ????????? ????????????, 1969—1978.
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??????? // ???????????? ??????? . — ???????? ????????, 2000.
Family Tree DNA — Armenian DNA Project
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????? ???? // ??????? ????????? ???????????? : [? 30 ?.] / ??. ???. ?. ?. ???????? . — 3-? ???. — ?. : ????????? ????????????, 1969—1978.
????????? ???? // ??????? ????????? ???????????? : [? 30 ?.] / ??. ???. ?. ?. ???????? . — 3-? ???. — ?. : ????????? ????????????, 1969—1978.
?. ?. ??????. // ????????-?????????????? ??????. — ??. , 1991. — ? 1 . — ?. 97 . 13 ??????? 2017 ????.
. — ???-?? «???????» ??? ??, 2012. — ?. 7. — ?. 5. 12 ???????? 2017 ????.
?. ?????. ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????? (???.) // ??????. — ??. , 2006. — ??? 1 . — ?? 77 .
Kerns J.A., Schwartz B. On the Placing of Armenia//Language, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Jul. — Sep., 1942), p.226
// ????????? ???????. — ?. 2, ??. XXV . 14 ??? 2012 ????.
Dickran Kouymjian. // Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies Newsletter no. 4. — 2012. — ?. 19 . 5 ????? 2016 ????.
????????? ????????? ????????????. — ?. 6. — ?. 695.
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? ????????? ???????????? ??????? // ??????? ????????? ???????????? : [? 30 ?.] / ??. ???. ?. ?. ???????? . — 3-? ???. — ?. : ????????? ????????????, 1969—1978.
? — ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? :

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According to tradition, Armenia was evangelized by the apostles Bartholomew and Thaddeus. Armenia became the first country to adopt Christianity about 300 ce, when St. Gregory the Illuminator converted the Arsacid king Tiridates III.
? // ???????????? ???????????? . — ?. , 2001. — ?. 3 . — ?. 329—355 . 7 ???? 2012 ????.
????????? ??????????, ?????? ????????, «???????: „?????????????“ ???????????? ???????» ? ????? «???????????? ??????? ? ????????? ? ????????????? ????????????.» /??? ????????? ?. ???????????, ?. ?????????. ??????????? ?. ?????????. ???. 2-?, ????. ? ??????. — ?.: ???? ???????? ????????, ????-??, 2003. — 432 ?., ???. 146—147
??????? ?. ?. // Russian Review. — ?????????? ???????? , ?????? 2005. 8 ???? 2010 ????.
Hamed-Troyansky, Vladimir (2021). . Comparative Studies in Society and History . 63 (1): 242—272. doi : .
. ?????? ??????. ???? ?????????: 19 ??????? 2013. 4 ??????? 2008 ????.
— ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? :

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Modern Armenia comprises only a small portion of ancient Armenia, one of the world’s oldest centres of civilization. At its height, Armenia extended from the south-central Black Sea coast to the Caspian Sea and from the Mediterranean Sea to Lake Urmia in present-day Iran. Ancient Armenia was subjected to constant foreign incursions, finally losing its autonomy in the 14th century ce. The centuries-long rule of Ottoman and Persian conquerors imperiled the very existence of the Armenian people.
? ???????? ?. ?. . — ??. : ???????????? ?? ????????? ???, 1968. :

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?????????? ???????????????? ??????. ????, ? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ? ???????????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????? — ????????, ???????? ? ?????????? (?????? ?, ????????, ?????????). ??? ???? ???????, ??? ????? ??????????????, ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????????????, ? ???????????, ? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ??????????, ??-????????, ??? ????? ????????120). ???? ??????? ??????? ? XII ?. ??. ?. ?. ? ?????????? ? VI ?. ?? ?. ?., ??????, ????????, ? ????? ????? ??????? ? ??????????????? ????? ????? ? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? — ?????121).
???????? ?. ?. . — ??. : ???????????? ?? ????????? ???, 1968. — ?. 210—211. — 264 ?. :

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??? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????, ?? ??????, ??????????, ????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????, ? ?????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ? ????????; ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????, ????, ??????? ??? ?????. ? ???????? ?????? ??, ? ????????, ????? ????? ????, ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ???????, ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ? ????????? ????????
???????? ?. ?. / ?????? ?. ? . — ??????: ???????????? ?? ????????? ???, 1968. — ?. 211. — 266 ?. . ???. 242.:

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???????, ?????? ?????????? ?????????-????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????, ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ? VI—V ??. ?? ?. ?. ?????????????????? ?????????; ??? ???????? ? ???, ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????? [242] ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????, ? ????? ????????137).
. Urartu // Edwards I.E.S., Gadd C.J., Hammond N.G.L., Boardman J. Cambridge Ancient history. — London: Cambridge University Press, 1982. — Vol. 3, part 1. — P. 314—371. — ISBN 0-521-22496-9 .
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/ ???. ?. ?????????, ?. ?????????, ?. ???????. — ?. , 1956. — ?. 2. 14 ??? 2012 ????.

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???, ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????????????, ????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? (V—VII ??. ?. ?.).
The Oxford History of Historical Writing: 400-1400 (????.) / ??? ???. Sarah Foot, Chase F. Robinson. — Oxford University Press, 2012. — Vol. 2. — P. 189. :

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The section on Juansers exploits concludes with the earliest piece of secular Armenian poetry since the adoption of Christianity to have reached us, in the form of an abecedarian elegy extolling the prince and bewailing his passing.
Wellesz E. , Byzantine Music (in Proceedings of the Musical Association, 1932, vol. I)
Willi Apel. . — 2-? ???. — Harvard University Press, 1969. — ?. . :

???????????? ????? (????.)

Since Armenia was the first country officially to adopt the Christian faith (A.D. 303), the history of Armenian sacred literature and music has attracted much attention.
. — ?. : ????????? ????????????, 1990. 11 ??????? 2013 ????.
. ???? ?????????: 8 ?????? 2013. 16 ????? 2014 ????.
????????? ????????? ????????????. — ?. ?????????? «????????? ???????». — ?. 578.
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Alan Davidson. The Oxford Companion to Food . Oxford University Press, 2014. ISBN 0-19-967733-6 , 9780199677337. P. 37
?. ?. ????????, ?. ?. ????????? «????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ?????», ???. 97, 1981 ?.
. ???? ?????????: 25 ?????? 2012. ???????????? ?? 20 ?????? 2012 ????.
3 ??????? 2008 ????.
Charny I. W. Encyclopedia of genocide. — Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO , 1999. — Vol. 1. — P. 61. — 718 p. — ISBN 9780874369281 .
// ????????????????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? : ? 86 ?. (82 ?. ? 4 ???.). — ???. , 1890—1907.
David M. Lang, Armenia: Cradle of Civilization.
Charl Wolhuter, Corene de Wet. International Comparative Perspectives on Religion and Education, AFRICAN SUN MeDIA, 2014, p. 36

???????????? ????? (????.)

The most cultural influential of the Armenian colonies were those in Italy. In 1423, the first Armenian Church was built in Rome; in 1512, the Armenian semi-scientific calendar was printed in Venice.
Robin Cohen. . — Routledge, 2008. — P. .

???????????? ????? (????.)

What of the Armenian diaspora in France? Boyajian and Grigorian suggest that one difference between the Jewish and Armenian diasporas is that 'with rare exceptions the entire Armenian Community of the world is composed of survivors or their progeny. All were touched by the massacres'. This observation is less true of the Armenians in France, who have a long history of settlement . (For example, the last king of Armenia is buried in St Denis.)
The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity (????.) / Edited by Scott Fitzgerald Johnson. — Oxford University Press , 2012. — P. 115—116.

???????????? ????? (????.)

In 591 C.E., an unexpected visitor came before Gregory of Tours. The stranger introduced himself as bishop Simon and recounted somehing of his unfortunate life history. Simon claimed that he been captured in Armenia by the king of the Persians and taken off into Persia, togeether with his flock.
[[[s:hy:??:???????? ????????? ???????????? (Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia) 12.djvu/724]] ???????] // ????????? ????????? ???????????? . — ??. , 1986. — ?. 12 . — ?. 724—725 . 28 ???? 2018 ????. (???.)
??????? ?. // ????????? ???????????? ???? ?? ??????. — ??. , 1954. — ? 4 . — ?. 47 . 10 ?????? 2014 ????.
???. ?. ???????????. // ?. ?????. — ?????-?????????, 1847—1855. — ?. 431 .
? ?. ?. ?????????? . . — ?????—?., 1997. 5 ?????? 2013 ????. :

???????????? ????? (???.)

??????? ????????, ??? ?????? ? ????? ?????????????? ?? ?????????? XI, XII ? XIII ????? ? ????? ? ??????.
? ???????????? ? ????????? ??????? ??????, ? ????? ? ???????????? ????????? ????????, ?????? ?????, ?????? ? ????? — ????? ? ???????????? — ???? ? XV ? XVI ????? ? ??????? ??????? ??????? (??????? ? ?? ????? ?????????? ? ??????) ? ???????? ????????? ??????????.
? // ????????????????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? : ? 86 ?. (82 ?. ? 4 ???.). — ???. , 1890—1907.
?. ?. ???????. . ????????-?????????????? ??????? 2 . pp. 225-228. ISSN 0135-0536 (1982). ???? ?????????: 30 ??????? 2012. 5 ?????? 2013 ????. ?? 24 ???????? 2015 ?? Wayback Machine
"????????????? ?????? ? XIV—XV ?????"????????? ?. ?.; ???????????? ??????????? ????????????, 1957; ??? 215—216
. — ?. , 1957. — ?. 3. 9 ??????? 2014 ????.
???????? ?.?. . — ?. : ?????, 1974. 8 ???? 2014 ????.

???????????? ????? (???.)

???????? ? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????. ??????? I ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ? ??????. ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????, ? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. ??????? II, ????????, ??????? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ??????????? (???????), ? ?????? - ? ???????.
???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????????: ???????? 11. ???? / ???????. ? ?????????? ? ??-?????? ?. ??????. — ?. : ??????. ???????. ????. ??????. ??????, 1864. — ?. 146.
? James Stuart Olson. An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. — Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994. — ?. 40. :

???????????? ????? (????.)

In present-day terms, historic Armenia comprised a large parts of eastern Turkey, the northeastern corner of Iran, parts of the Azerbaijan and Georgian republics, as well as the entire territory of the Armenian Republic. It was defined by a number of natural boundaries: the Kura River, separating the Armenian highlands from Caspian and Georgian lowlands in the east and northeast; the Taurus-Zagros chains, connecting to the Iranian Plateau and separating Armenia from Kurdistan and Iran in the south and southwest, and Euphrates River, marking and western boundary of historic Armenia
/ ??????? ?.?. ???????.. — ?. , 1957. 9 ?????? 2014 ????.
Mkrtchian S. Contemporary Armenian Community in Tbilisi//Iran & the Caucasus, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2009), p. 299, 300.
University of Cambridge. / Edited by Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins, Michael Whitby. — Cambridge University Press, 2000. — ?. XIV. — ?. 675.

???????????? ????? (????.)

Just as Maurice settled colonies of Armenians in the west, so did Smbat find Armenian, Greeks and Syrians deported to Hyrcania when he was serving as governor there for Khusro II. Sebeos notes that the Armenian had even forgotten their own language, and that Smbat remedied this by arranging for the ministry of a priest. The role of language and religion as a means of preserving Armenian identity in colonies outside the homelands was already clear.
. ???? ?????????: 29 ???? 2013. 18 ?????? 2019 ????.
? ?. ????????? «The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times», ??? II, ?????? «The Armenians in America» ?? Robert Mirak, ???. 389—390. Macmillan 1997

??????????

?? ??????? ?????

?????? ?. ?. . — ??. : ???????????? ??????-?, 1940.
?????? ?. ?. / [?????????? ?????? ? ???????. ?. ???????????]; [???????. ?. ?. ??????]; ????. ???? ???. ???. ??-? ?????????? ??. ?. ???????. — ??????: ???-?? ????. ???? ???. ???, 1963. — 247 ?., 5 ?. ??. .
?????? ?. ?. . — ????? 1. — ?. : ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????, 1832. — 294 ?.
?????? ?. ?. . — ????? 2. — ?. : ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????, 1833. — 273 ?.
?????? ?. ?. . — ?. — ?. : ???????????? ?? ????, 1953.
???????? ?. ?. . . — ??. : ???????????? ?? ????????? ???, 1968.
????????? ????????? ????? / ???????. ????-????. ??? ????????? ?. ?. - ?.: ???????? ????????? ? ???????????? ??. ?.?.???????-?????? ???, ?? "?????????", 2015 - (????? ???????? ????).
/ ?.?. ????????, ?.?. ???????, ?.?. ???-????????? . — ???????? ????????? ? ???????????? ??. ?.?. ???????-?????? ???; ???????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??? ??. — ?. : ?????, 2012. — 648 ?. — 1000 ???. — ISBN 978-5-02-037563-5 (? ???.).
??????????? ?. ?. , ?????? ?. ?. , ???????? ?. ?. . — ?. : ?????, 1972.
?????????? ?. ?. . — ?. : ???????????, 2003.

?? ?????????? ?????

Elizabeth Redgate. . — Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 2000. — 352 ?. — ISBN 9780631220374 .
Armenians // / Jamie Stokes. — NY: ?Facts on File, 2009. — P. 52—66. — 880 p. — ISBN 9781438126760 .

[subethnic-51] ??? ??????? , ??? ? ?????????? ???????????? ? «?????????????» ?????? ???????, ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ? VIII-?? ? XV ?????.

[capitals-103] ? ?????????? ??????, ? ???????????? ???????, ???? ??????????? 6 ?? 11 ???????? ? ????????????? ?????? ??????? — ??????? (?????? ???????), ?????????? , ??????? , ?????????? , ???? , ??????? , ? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? (302—484 ??.) ? ???? (484—931 ??.).

[Koryun-122] ? ???? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? V ????, ???????? ???????, ?????? :« ?? ????????? ? ? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????, ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? » ( ?? 11 ?????? 2012 ?? Wayback Machine )

[emigration-158] ????? ??? ?????? ???????? (XIII—XIV ??.), ?????? ????? (XIV—XV ??.), ??????? ??????? (XVI ?.), ????? ??????? (XVI—XVII ??.), ???? ??????? (XVI—XVII ??.), ???????? ??????? (XVI—XVII ??.), ?????? ??????? (XVI—XVII ??.)

[????????????_??????_???????-1] ? ?? 2 ??????? 2014 ?? Wayback Machine (?????????? ?????????)

[2] {{Cite web |url= |title=??? 5. «???????????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????». ?? 30 ?????? 2020 ?? Wayback Machine (?????????? ?????????)

[???_???????-3] . ?? ????????? 13 ???????? 2018 . ???? ?????????: 15 ???? 2011 .

[ed-4] The 10 ?????? 2012 ????. maintains 12 ?????? 2012 ????. that includes information about the ?? 14 ?????? 2011 ?? Wayback Machine . Their numbers generally agree with other sources when those are available; where we don’t have a more authoritative source, we are following their numbers.

[5] . ???? ?????????: 21 ?????? 2007. 30 ????? 2012 ????.

[6] .

[7] . ???? ?????????: 7 ??????? 2019. 9 ??????? 2019 ????.

[8] . ???? ?????????: 23 ???? 2019. 23 ???? 2019 ????.

[joshuaproject-9] . ???? ?????????: 25 ???????? 2014. ???????????? ?? 28 ??????? 2015 ????.

[10] 1 ??? 2010 ????.

[11] PM Erdogan’s Armenian hostages . ???? ?????????: 21 ????? 2010. 5 ??? 2010 ????. .

[12] Turay, Anna . . ???? ?????????: 4 ?????? 2007. 1 ????? 2012 ????.

[13] ?? ???????????, ?????????????? ? 2014 ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ????? ?????? , ???????? ?? ???????????.

[14] . (????.) . ???????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????????: 28 ?????? 2016. 8 ??????? 2016 ????.

[15] ?? ???????????, ?????????????? ? 2002 ???? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ????? ?????? , ???????? ?? ???????????.

[statistics.ge-16] ?? 3 ??????? 2012 ?? Wayback Machine (????.)

[17] Georgia: ?? 18 ?????? 2008 ?? Wayback Machine : 248,900 represents 5,7 % ethnic Armenians in an estimated national population of 4,661,500 (The Official data of 2002). The World Factbook : 267,000 represents 5,7 % ethnic Armenians in an estimated national population of 4,693,892 (July 2004 est.). ?? 12 ??????? 2007 ?? Wayback Machine : 400,000 represents 8,1 % ethnic Armenians in an estimated national population of 4,934,413 (The Official data of 1989).

[LebanPpl-18] CIA The World Factbook . ???????? ?? 12 ???????? 2019 ?? Wayback Machine ????????? ?????? ?? ???? 2015 — 6 184 701 ???????, ??????, ???????? ???????????, ?????????? 4 % ????????? ??????, ? ?????? 247 388.

[19] ?? 15 ??? 2001 ?? Wayback Machine . ? ?????? Lebanon (? ??????? ?? 18 ???? 2015 ?? Wayback Machine ) ??????? ??? ??????????? ????? ? ?????? ?????????? 150,000 ???????, ???????? ?? ?????? ?? 14 ?????? 2016 ?? Wayback Machine ?? ???? ?? ?????????, ??????????? ????? ? ?????? ??????????? ? 300 000 ???????.

[20] ?? 7 ?????? 2019 ?? Wayback Machine .

[21] The ?? 10 ??? 2011 ?? Wayback Machine states that 160,000 Apostolic Armenians and 30,000 Catholic Armenians live in Syria. That number together makes up 190,000.

[22] ?? 22 ?????? 2012 ?? Wayback Machine "Before the (1979 Islamic) revolution there were 300,000 Armenians in Iran. Very frankly, today there are no more than 150,000," said Archbishop Goriun Babian, prelate of the Armenians in Iran and India.

[23] ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? 24 ???????? 2015 ?? Wayback Machine . ?? Panorama.am 05/04/2014.

[perepisU-24] . ???? ?????????: 19 ????? 2011. 21 ??????? 2011 ????.

[25] 27 ??? 2013 ????. .

[pop-armdiaspora-26] ? ?? 24 ??????? 2018 ?? Wayback Machine .

[??????2006-27] ?? 4 ????? 2016 ?? Wayback Machine , ?? ?????? ???????? 2006 ????.

[28] . Australian Bureau of Statistics. ???? ?????????: 4 ??????? 2013.

[??????????_?????_???????????-29] 23 ????? 2014 ????. .

[abh-30] ? ???????? ??????????? ?????? , ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? . ??????????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? , ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????????????.

[31] ?? 7 ?????? 2020 ?? Wayback Machine .

[32] ?? 16 ??????? 2019 ?? Wayback Machine .

[33] The 21 ???? 2006 ????. estimates 35,000.

[34] ?? 8 ??????? 2007 ?? Wayback Machine .

[35] ?? 27 ???? 2014 ?? Wayback Machine .

[36] ?? 3 ????? 2008 ?? Wayback Machine .

[37] ?? 12 ???? 2008 ?? Wayback Machine .

[38] 6 ???? 2011 ????. (????.)

[belstat.gov.by-39] ?? 5 ???? 2020 ?? Wayback Machine .

[40] . ???? ?????????: 23 ???? 2019. 23 ???? 2019 ????.

[41] ?? 7 ?????? 2012 ?? Wayback Machine .

[42] ?? 25 ??????? 2017 ?? Wayback Machine .

[43] ?? 5 ??????? 2014 ?? Wayback Machine .

[??????????????_??????_2010-44] ?? 22 ???? 2011 ?? Wayback Machine (?????.)

[45] . www.stat.kg . ???? ?????????: 4 ??????? 2023.

[BBC_estimation-46] (????.) . BBC (21 ??????? 2007). ???? ?????????: 24 ??????? 2009. 8 ???? 2012 ????.

[Astourian-2007-47] Astourian, Stephan H. (2007). «Armenian Demography, the Homeland, and the Diaspora: Trends and Consequences». in ed. Michel Bruneau. Arméniens et grecs en diaspora: approches comparatives. Athens: École française d’Athènes. pp. 191—210. ?? 14 ?????? 2012 ?? Wayback Machine .

[48] . ???? ?????????: 7 ??????? 2019. 9 ??????? 2019 ????.

[49] . ???? ?????????: 7 ??????? 2019. 9 ??????? 2019 ????.

[50] . ???? ?????????: 7 ??????? 2019. 9 ??????? 2019 ????.

[_174d4a95f031c1e1-52] ? , ?. 43.

[????????,237-53] ? ?. ?. ???????? . . — ???????????? ?? ????????? ???, 1968. — ?. 237. 12 ??????? 2018 ????.

[????-54] ??? ????????? ????. . — Olma Media Group, 2007, 2007. — ?. 60. — ISBN 5373006548 , 9785373006545.

[????????1983-55] ? ?. ?. ????????. . ? 4 . pp. 149-178. ISSN 0135-0536 . ????????-?????????????? ?????? (1983). ???? ?????????: 18 ??????? 2013. 8 ?????? 2014 ????.

???????????? ????? (???.)

????? ??????, ?????? — ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????, ????????? ??????????????? ????, ?? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? (??????????????? ???? ???, ?????? ??????? ??????, «??????»),— ?? ????? ??????? ????????, ???????? ?, ???????, ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????

[nytimes-56] ? . ???? ?????????: 29 ???????? 2017. 19 ??? 2020 ????.

[Preprint_2015-57] ? Marc Haber, Massimo Mezzavilla, Yali Xue, David Comas, Paolo Gasparini, Pierre Zalloua, Chris Tyler-Smith. . — 2015. — doi : . 3 ??? 2015 ????.

[????2016-58] // ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? 25 ??????? 2019 ?? Wayback Machine

[???_???????_2002-59] ?? 13 ???????? 2018 ?? Wayback Machine // ??? ???????, 16.12.2002

[perepis2010-60] . ???? ?????????: 1 ?????? 2012. ???????????? ?? 30 ?????? 2020 ????.

[61] Petrosyan A. Y. (2009) ?? 5 ????? 2022 ?? Wayback Machine . Journal of Indo-European Studies 37, 1 & 2: p. 155—163.

[:0-62] ? Petrosyan A. Y. (2007) ?? 6 ???? 2019 ?? Wayback Machine Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies 16: 25-66.

[63] ?????? / ???. ???. ?. ?. ????????, ?. ?. ????????, ?. ?. ?????????; ??-? ????????? ? ???????????? ??. ?. ?. ???????-?????? ???; ??-? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??? ??. — ?.: ?????, 2012. 648 ?. (?????? ? ????????).— ISBN 978-5-02-037563-5 (?. 43 — hay)

[64] ?????? — ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????????? .

[65] ?????= ???????? ?. ?.:??????: ????????????, ????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????????? ???? ? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????? ??????, — ? ??????? ???, ????????, ????????? ???????????, — ???????? «?????» ????? ? ?? ????????????????. ??-????????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? * ?????? ??? * ??????? (???(?)???) — ? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???(?-)119).

[66] ?????= ???????? ?. ?.:??????: ? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??? ????.

[67] Kitazumi, Tomoki. (???.) // Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. — Vol. 163. — P. 511–516. 28 ?????? 2022 ????.

[????1-68] ???? ??????? ???? (????????????) . ??????: ?? 9 ?????? 2014 ?? Wayback Machine .

[????2-69] ??????? ????????????????? ???????. ??????: [www.vedu.ru/bigencdic/67973/ ???? (????)] ?? 9 ?????? 2014 ?? Wayback Machine

[????3-70] ??????? ???. ????????????????? ???????. ??????: ?. ?. ???????. ???? // ??????? ???. ????????????????? ??????? ? 2-? ?????. — ????????????? . — ?. , 1998.

[71] Horace Abram Rigg. // Journal of the American Oriental Society. — 1937. — ?. 57 , ???. 4 . — ?. 416–418 . — ISSN . — doi : . 10 ?????? 2020 ????.

[72] ?. ???????. (???.??.) // ???????????? ???????, ???. 13(76). ???-?? ?? ????. — 1965. — ?. 64—66 . 10 ?????? 2020 ????.

[73] Archi, Alfonso. // Orientalia. — 2016. — ?. 85 . — ?. 3 . 15 ??????? 2021 ????.

[74] Martiros Kavoukjian, «The Genesis of Armenian People», Montreal, 1982.

[75] International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, 1915 ?? 21 ??????? 2012 ?? Wayback Machine ; Eric H. Cline and David O’Connor (eds.) Thutmose III , University of Michigan, 2006; ISBN 978-0-472-11467-2 .

[M._L._Chaumont-76] ? — ?????? ?? Encyclopædia Iranica . M. L. Chaumont:

???????????? ????? (????.)

The peoples who were thus brought together in the kingdoms of Armenia and Sophene all spoke one and the same language: Armenian (Strabo, ibid.)

[????????1981-77] ???????? ?.?. ????? ???? ? ??????? ????? 600 ?. ?? ?.?. ? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????? // ??????? ??????? ???????. — ??????: ?????, 1981. — ? 2 . — ?. 34—63 .

[78] A.E. Redgate. . — Oxford: Blackwell, 1998. — 332 ?. — ISBN 0-631-14372-6 .

[79] ???????? ?. ?. . — ??????: ???????????? ?? ????????? ???, 1968.

???????????? ????? (???.)

?????????? ???????????????? ??????. ????, ? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ? ???????????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????? — ????????, ???????? ? ?????????? (?????? ?, ????????, ?????????). ??? ???? ???????, ??? ????? ??????????????, ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????????????, ? ???????????, ? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????.

[80] ???????? ?. ?. . — ??????: ???????????? ?? ????????? ???, 1968. — ?. 210—211. — 264 ?.

???????????? ????? (???.)

??? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????, ?? ??????, ??????????, ????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????, ? ?????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ? ????????; ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????, ????, ??????? ??? ?????. ? ???????? ?????? ??, ? ????????, ????? ????? ????, ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ???????, ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ? ????????? ????????

[Safronov&Nikolaeva-81] ???????? ?. ?., ????????? ?. ?. ??????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????. ?., 2003.

[Safronov-82] ???????? ?. ?. ?? 28 ???????? 2013 ?? Wayback Machine

[???????_?????????_????????????-83] ?????? // ??????? ????????? ???????????? : [? 30 ?.] / ??. ???. ?. ?. ???????? . — 3-? ???. — ?. : ????????? ????????????, 1969—1978.

[_2561ed3b50e4c87b-84] , ?. 41.

[Russell2004-85] Russell J. The Formation of the Armenian Nation // University of Los Angeles The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. — New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2004. — ?. 19—36 . — ISBN 1403964211 .

[??????????VII-86] ?? 13 ??????? 2017 ?? Wayback Machine , ?????? «Armenian», ???. 105. Encyclopaedia Britannica , Inc., 2008:

???????????? ????? (????.)

Armenian Armenian Hay plural Hayk or Hayq Member of an Indo-European people first recognized in the early 7th century BC when they moved into areas of Transcaucasia, Anatolia, and the Middle East that came to be known as Armenia

[???????VII-87] ???????????? ??????? . ??????: ?? 27 ?????? 2012 ?? Wayback Machine

???????????? ????? (????.)

Bordering on Media, Cappadocia, and Assyria, the Armenians settled, according to classical sources (beginning with Herodotus and Xenophon), in the east Anatolian mountains along the Araxes (Aras) river and around Mt. Ararat, Lake Van, Lake Rezaiyeh, and the upper courses of the Euphrates and Tigris; they extended as far north as the Cyrus (Kur) river. To that region they seem to have immigrated only about the 7th century B.C.

[Chahin-88] Mack Chahin « ?? 13 ??????? 2017 ?? Wayback Machine », ???. 109 ? 177, Routledge 2013

[Minahan-89] James Minahan « ?? 13 ??????? 2017 ?? Wayback Machine », ???. 5, Routledge 2013

[armenian-90] ? ???????? ?. ?. . — ??. : ???????????? ?? ????????? ???, 1968.

???????????? ????? (???.)

????? ? VI ?. ?? ?.?. ??????? ? ???????????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? «???????» ? «???????», ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???????, ???? ? ????????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????, ? ?????? — ???? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ????? (?? ?????????? ?, ????? ????, ??????? ?????) ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? «??????»), ???? ??? ??????????? XIII ???????? ????????????? ???????, ? ??????? ?? XVIII, ?????????? e?e ? ? ?? ????? ??????????????? ???????? (??????????; ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? «???????»); ?????????? ?? ???????? XIII ???????? (?????????) «?????», ??-????????, ?? ?? ???????, ? XVIII ???????? (????????????) — ?????-???? «??????»<...>? ??????, ? ????????? ? ???????? — ?????? ? ??????? ???????; ? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????????, ??? ?? ??????, ????? ? ? ???????. ???????????? ?????, ????? ?????????? ????? I ? ???????? ?????? ??????? (????? ??????? ????????) ??? ????????????? «?????????» ? ?? ?????? «??????? ???????».

[91] ?????????. ?? 23 ??? 2018 ?? Wayback Machine

[92] — ?????? ?? Encyclopædia Iranica . R. Schmitt

???????????? ????? (????.)

Armina is named as a province (satrapy) of the Achaemenid empire; the inhabitants are called Arminiya- “Armenian.” As a by-form of the country’s name, the form Arminiya-, is attested six times in DB 2.33-63, but only in the locative form Arminiyaiy (on this word see R. Schmitt, Acta Antiqua 25, 1977, p. 96 n. 16). Armina is the source of Greek Arménioi “Armenians,” Armení?, Armení? [scil. Kh?r?] “Armenia;” it is rendered phonetically in Elamite as Har-mi-nu-ya (-ip), etc. The inscriptions’ Babylonian versions, however, use KURú-ra-áš-?u “Urartu” and LUú-ra-áš-?a-a-a “Urartean,” i.e., the name of the kingdom (and its inhabitants), mighty in former times in nearly the same region; the old name was preserved by the indigenous pre-Achaemenid cuneiform tradition. The Armenians’ name for themselves, attested from the 5th century A.D., is Hay, plural Hayk?, with Hayastan “Armenia” and other derivatives.

[?????????????-93] ???????? ?. ?. «??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? IV ???? ?? ?. ?.» ?.-?., ???. ?? ????, 1956:

???????????? ????? (???.)

???. 33—34 — ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (????????? ?? ??????) ? ????????? ???????. ????????? ??? ??????????, ??????? ??????, ?? ???? ??? ???? ? "?????????" ????? ??????? ??????-?? ????????? ???????????? ??????, ?? ??? ?????.
???. 318—319 — ????????? ? «?????????» ?????????? ??????? – ???????, ?? ??????????, ???? ? ?? ?? ?????, ??????????? ? ?????? – ??? ????????? ?? ?????, ?? ????????????????? ??? ? ???????? VI ?. ???????????. ???? ??, ??? ???????????? ????????? ? «?????????» ?????? ????????????, ?? ? ???? ??????, ??? ???????, ??? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????, ?????????? ??????? ?????????, ? ????????, ??? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ???????. ????????, ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????, ????????? ???????.
???. 353—354 — ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????, ???????, ????????, ?????????? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????????, ??? ??, ???????, ??????? ????????, ??? ?????????? ? ??????? «?????????» ???????? ?? ?????????. ????? ?????????, ??? ? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????, ??-??????, ? ????? ????????? ????? (?? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????) ? ??????-?? ??????????, ????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ? ????????, ??-??????, ? ????? ??????? ? «?????????»; ?-???????, ? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????.
??????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ?? ????????, ? ????, ????????? ?? ????? ???????
???. 355 — ????? ???????, ???? ??? ??????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ? ????????, ????????, ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????, ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???; ?????? ???????? ? ??, ??? ???????? ?????????? ? ??? ??????????, ? ???????? ???????? ?????????, ??????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????, ???? ?????, ?????????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???????, ????? ??? ? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??????.

[??????_???????-94] ??????? ???????: ? ????? ?????. ?. 1. ?????? ? ????????? / ???. ???. ?. ?. ???????. — ?. : ????. ???., 1997. — 688 ?. — ISBN 5-02-017936-1 . ????? XXIX, ?????? « ?? 12 ???? 2015 ?? Wayback Machine »:

???????????? ????? (???.)

????????? ? "?????????" ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????? VI ?. ?? ?.?., ??????????? ????? (????????? ??????? ?? ????, ???????? ????????, ?? ??????? ?????????? ? ?.?.), ?? ???????????? ? ?????????????. ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????, ????????? ??? ??????? - ?????? (??????? ????) ? ???????, ???????????? ?????; ???????? ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ???? ???????. ???, ????? ??? ????????? ??????????, ???????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ?????????? ?? ????????? ? ??????-????????? ?? ???????? - ??????? (????????). ? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ????????.
???????????? ????????? ??????????, ?? ?????? ??????????????, ? ???????? ?? ??????? (? ??????? ?? ??????? ? 10 ???. ?????? ? ?????? ? "?????????") ???????? ????????????. ????? ????, ??? ??? ???????? ? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ????? ???? ? ????????? ????? ????????, ????? ???? ???????, ???????????? ?????? ?????; ????????, ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ?????. ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? "????? ???????".

[??????_???????2-95] Armenia: A Historical Atlas by Robert H. Hewsen. ???. 29:

???????????? ????? (????.)

That the Armenians had already established a kingdom by the time of the Median conquest seems fairly certain; the Armenian historical tradition (MX I.21) tells us that Parouyr Skayordi ('Son of the Scyth'?) was the first crowned king of Armenia and that he received his crown from Median king. Still later, Xenophon (Kyropaideia, III.i.3,4) mentions an unnamed king of Armenia and his sons Sabaris and Tigranes, both of whose names appear in the king list of MX (I.19, 22) as Savars and Tigran. If such a monarchy did exist, however, it must have been suppressed after Persians took control of the Median Empire, for there is no trace of an Armenian kingdom under Achaemenid rule.

[??????-96] ??????? ???????: ? ????? ?????. ?. 1. ?????? ? ????????? / ???. ???. ?. ?. ???????. — ?. : ????. ???., 1997. — 688 ?. — ISBN 5-02-017936-1 . ?????? « ?? 12 ???? 2015 ?? Wayback Machine »

[97] ???????? ?. ?. . — ??. : ???????????? ?? ????????? ???, 1968. :

???????????? ????? (???.)

?????? ??? ????????, ??? ??????? ????????? ????????????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????, ?? ? ??????; ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????-??????, ??? ??????? ?. ?. ???????????, ?????????????? ????? ???????? ???????-?????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? VII ? VI ??. ?? ?. ?., ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??????; ???????? ?? ????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? — ??????? ???????? ??????? ? V ?. ?? ?. ?., ? ????? ???? ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? I ? VI ? ?? ?. ?., — «??????? ?????» XII—VIII ??. ?? ?. ?. ? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????????????? ????? ????????????? ? ???????? ??????? ???? XII—IX ??. ?? ?. ?.; ?? ??????? ? ????? ??????????, ????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? — ? ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????, ? ??????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????.

[98] ?. ?. ????????. ????????? ? ??????? // . — ?. : ??????, 1983. — ?. 302—318. 8 ???? 2014 ????.

???????????? ????? (???.)

??????????? ? ??????-????????? ??????, ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ????????????, ?? ????????, ?? ???? ???????? ???????????, ????? ??? ??????, ? ????? ????????? ???????????? ? ????????????? ?????? ? ???????. ????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????, ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????????.

[??.???.?2-99] ? / ??? ???. ?. ?????????, ?. ?????????, ?. ???????. — ?. , 1956. — ?. 2, ?. II, ??. XIII. 4 ????? 2016 ????.

[100] ????????? ??????? / ??? ???. ?. ?????????, ?. ?????????, ?. ???????. — ?. , 1956. — ?. 2, ?. II, ??. XIII. :

???????????? ????? (???.)

? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????, ??? ??????????, ??????? ???? ???? ????????????? ?? ?????????? XVIII ???????? ????????????? ???????. ????????????? ???? ???????? ????? (??-???????? ??????) ??????? ?????? ??????????, ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ? 316 ?. ?? ?. ?. ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????????????. ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????, ????????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????????????. ? 220 ?. ??????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? III ? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ???????, ? ????? III ?. ????? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????????.

[101] ?????? ??????? ????: ??????????-??? ????? ????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??? / ??????? ?????????? ?????. — ???-?? ???????? ???? ????, 1956. — ?. 2. — ?. 422—424.:" ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????. "

[102] ?. ?. ??????????? . ? ??????????????? ?????????? “???? ??????” // ????????? ?????? ? ????????? ? ?????????????. — ?. : ?????, 1978. :

???????????? ????? (???.)

??????????? ??????????, ??? ? III—II ??. ?? ?. ?. ????? ????????????, ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ??????-??????, ? ??????? ??????????? ??????.

[???????_I-104] ? ??????? I // ??????? ????????? ???????????? : [? 30 ?.] / ??. ???. ?. ?. ???????? . — 3-? ???. — ?. : ????????? ????????????, 1969—1978.

[Encyclopaedia_of_Islam_635-105] ? Encyclopaedia of Islam. — Leiden: BRILL, 1986. — ?. 1. — ?. 635.

???????????? ????? (????.)

When Antiochus III was defeated by the Romans at Magnesia (189 B.C.), the two "strategi" who governed Armenia made themselves independent, took the title of king and formed two kingdoms, the one, Artaxias, in Great Armenia or Armenia proper and the other, Zariadris, in Little Armenia (Sophene-Arzanene). Great Armenia fell afterwards under the suzerainty of the Arsacids. In the first century B.C. a descendant of Artaxias, Tigranes the Great, threw off the Parthian yoke, dethroned the king of Sophene and united all Armenia under his sceptre; having achieved Armenian unity, he established at the expense of the Parthians and the Seleucids a vast Armenian empire and played an important political role.

[????????????-106] ????????? ??????? / ??? ???. ?. ?????????, ?. ?????????, ?. ???????. — ?., 1956. — ?. 2, ?. II, ??. XIII.:

???????????? ????? (???.)

????? ??? ????????, ? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ?????, ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? — ???????? ? ??????? (??-???????? ??????? ? ?????), ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????.

[?????????1-107] ???????????? ??????? . ??????: ?? 16 ??????? 2014 ?? Wayback Machine

[?????????2-108] The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 3. The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanid Periods, Part 1. ???. 535:

???????????? ????? (????.)

The most striking example of the syncretism of gods in ancient Parthia actually occurs in a former Armenian satellite kingdom, namely Commagene, the modern Malatya district. Here a scion of the Armenian Orontid house, King Antiochus I (69-34 B.C.) built himself a funeral hill at Nimrud Dagh (pis 37, 38).

[???????_???????????-109] ? / ???. ???. ?. ?. ???????-?????? . — ?. , 1989. 8 ??? 2013 ????. :

???????????? ????? (???.)

??????? ? ????????? ???? ?? ?. ?. ? ?????? ???? ?. ?. ???? ??????? ??????? ????????. ????? ?????????? ????? — ??????? ???????????. ??????????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????????????? ??????????????????. ??????????, ? ?????????, ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????.

???????????? ????? (???.)

????? «???? ?????», ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? II, ??? ?????? ??????????? — ??? ??? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ???????

[?????????_???????,_2,_?._II,_??._XIII-110] ? ????????? ??????? / ??? ???. ?. ?????????, ?. ?????????, ?. ???????. — ?. , 1956. — ?. 2, ?. II, ??. XIII. :

???????????? ????? (???.)

? 70-? ????? I ?. ?? ?. ?. ??????????? ??????? II ???????????? ????? ???????? ???????, ?????????????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ? ?? ???????????? ???? ?? ???????????.

[Cultural_life-111] ? — ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? :

???????????? ????? (????.)

During the 16th to 18th century, popular bards, or troubadours, called ashugh, arose; outstanding among them were Nahapet Kuchak and, especially, Aruthin Sayadian, called Sayat-Nova (d. 1795), whose love songs are still popular.

[_2561ed3b50e4c878-112] , ?. 42.

[???????-113] ??????? . ?? 14 ??? 2018 ?? Wayback Machine :

???????????? ????? (???.)

????? ????????????, ??? ???????, ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????, ????????? ????? ???????? ? ?????????. ??? ???? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????, ? ????????????, ????? ??? ?????????, ????? ?????? (?????? — ????? ??????, ???????, ?????????? ? ????????? ?????? ????????, ? ????????? — ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????); ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????, ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????, ? ??????: ? ????? ??? ?????? ????????, ????????? ? ??????????; ? ?????? — ????????? ????????, ??????? ? ????????, ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????; ? ??????? ? ????????? — ?????????? ? ?????????, ??????? ???????? ? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????; ? ???????? — ????????? ? ??????? ?????? ?????????; ???????, ? ???????? — ??????????. ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????.

[114] ?. ?. ???????? . ??????????? ? ?????? 44-53 ???????? « ?? ?????????? ???????? ». ?? 4 ?????? 2011 ?? Wayback Machine

[115] ?? ?????-???????? ?? II ???? «????????? ???????» (?., 1956)

[?????-116] ? ?????. ?? 10 ?????? 2016 ?? Wayback Machine

???????????? ????? (???.)

???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????, ? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????, ??? ??? ????? ???, ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????????, ??????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ?????; ???????? ????? ?????????????????? ?????????, ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ???? ? ???????, ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????. ???? ? ?? ?????, ?? ?????????? ??????, ??? ?? ?????; ???????, ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????, ??? ???, ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????, ?? ?????? ???????, ??????????? ? ????, ??? ? ?????? ????? ? ????????, ?????? ? ?????? ???? ? ??????????, ? ?????????????. ????, ???????? ? ?????? ?????????, ? ??????? ????????? ??????? ? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????, ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????. ????????????????, ??????? ????, ??????? ??? ?????????, ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ??????????, ??????????????? ? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????; ??? ????, ????? ???????? ???????, ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????, ???? ??????? ???-????? ?? ??????? ???????; ??? ???????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????, ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????.

[???????_????????_????-117] ? / ??? ???. ?. ?. ????????? , ?. ?. ?????????, ?. ?. ?????????? . — 2-? ???. — ?. , 1983. — ?. 3. ?????? ??????? ???????. — ?. 201—220. 13 ??? 2012 ????.

???????????? ????? (???.)

?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????? (64—226) ???? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????, ???????, ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? — ????? ? ??????, ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ? ????????. ?? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ???????, ???????? I (64 ?.), ? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ????? (226 ?.) ?? 160 ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????: ????? ?????????? ?????? ? 115 ?., ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????????; ????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? (161—180), ????? ???? (161—169), ? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????, ? ????? ?????????? ????????? ? 215 ?. ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????.

[???-118] ? ??????? ??????? // ??????? ????????? ???????????? : [? 30 ?.] / ??. ???. ?. ?. ???????? . — 3-? ???. — ?. : ????????? ????????????, 1969—1978.

[iranica,ii-119] ? — ?????? ?? Encyclopædia Iranica . M. L. Chaumont

[???????_???????????????_?.?.-120] ? / ???. ???????? ?.?. ???????.. — ?. : ?????, 1967. — ?. 1. 4 ????? 2016 ????.

???????????? ????? (???.)

????? ??????? ? 387 ?. ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ?????: ???????? (?????) ???????, ?????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????????. ??????, ????????? ? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ????????????? ????????, ?????????? ? IV—V ??. ?????? ?????????? ????????????????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????. ? ????? IV ?. ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????, ? ? V ?. ??????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????, ?????????, ??????. ????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ? ???????, ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????, ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ??????. ? IV—V ??. ????????? ????????? ????????? ? ? ?????? ???????? ? ??????? ???????.

[golden_age-121] ? — ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? :

???????????? ????? (????.)

Although the Armenian nobles had thus destroyed their country’s sovereignty, a sense of national unity was furthered by the development of an Armenian alphabet and a national Christian literature; culturally, if not politically, the 5th century was a golden age.

[123] Cyril Toumanoff . Armenia and Georgia // The Cambridge Medieval History. — Cambridge, 1966. — ?. IV: The Byzantine Empire, part I, chapter XIV . — P. 593—637.

???????????? ????? (????.)

Though respecting the social and political status quo of their new dependency, the Sassanids attempted to spread Iranian cultural and religious influences. In this they were not successful. The conversion of Armenia had already thwarted their programe; and now the invention of the Armenian alphabet, at the turn of the fifth century, by St. Mesrop (Mashtots') ensured a more thorough Christianisation of the people and achieved Armenia's linguistic and cultural independence of its neighbours. Armenian literature was born and a school of translators arose who rendered into Armenian the Scriptures as well as Greek patristic, philosophical and historical works. Original writers made their appearance, especially in the field of history (2). To counterbalance this spiritual independence, Iran at first encouraged Syrian influence in Armenia. Iranian Christianity was largely Syrian and was already then drifting away from the rest of Christendom (as was soon manifesed in the Nestorian secession); thus it looked as though a link between Armenia and Iran might be forged, and Armenian ties with the Roman Empire weakened.

[Vardan-124] ? — ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? :

???????????? ????? (????.)

Saint Vardan Mamikonian, (died 451), Armenian military commander. The Persian attempt to impose Zoroastrianism on the Armenians provoked a rebellion, which ended when Vardan and his companions were slain at the Battle of Avarayr. Despite their victory the Persians renounced their plans to convert Armenia by force, and they deposed the traitorous Armenian governor.

[??????????-125] ? — ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????????

[126] ?????? ????????, ?? 19 ??????? 2021 ?? Wayback Machine

[Thomson25-127] Saint Eghish? (Vardapet), , «History of Vardan and the Armenian War», 1982, p. 25:

???????????? ????? (????.)

This war is not to be explained as caused by personal rancor, as Lazar explained it, but on more general grounds. It illustrates difficulties faced by Armenians not merely on 450/1 but perennially, and these difficulties are basically of a religious nature. The main problem is the preservation of Armenian traqditions (awrenk), which include religious practices but are more comprehensive than the term «religion» in a modern sense. … Elishe saw many parallels with the position of the Jews vis-a-vis the Seleucid kings of Antioch as described in the books of Maccabees, though, of course, the political circumstances were quite different. Elishe does not entirely hide his knowledge of the Maccabees, but he does conceal the extent to which he was indebted to the Armenian version. For his purpose was not just to borrow a few expressive phrases in order to embellish his own story — as, for example, many Armenian historians did in their descriptions of battles. Rather, he wanted to recreate the kind of situation in which the play of basic issues between the antagonists would become clear in general terms. So Elishe´s History takes a specific occasion — the revolt of 450/1 and its aftermath — and describes it in terms reminiscent of the Maccabees so that the general problems will emerge more clearly.

[128] . — ?. : ?????, 1984. — ?. 2. — ?. 293. 6 ??????? 2014 ????.

???????????? ????? (???.)

????????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? V ?., ???????????? ??????? ??????. ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ???????: «?? ???? ????? ? ?????????, ?????? ????????????? ? ????? ???????????? ??? ????? ???????????, ?????? ? ? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????, ????????? ???????? ? ????????». ? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ? ? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????, ??????????????? ????????? ??????, ?????? ?????????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ????? ???????.

[129] Philip Wood. History and Identity in the Late Antique Near East (????.) . — Oxford University Press, 2013. — P. 30. :

???????????? ????? (????.)

The Armenians secured their religious autonomy within the Persian empire a generation after the defeat at Avarayr, under the leadership of Vardan's nephew Vahan Mamikonyan, in 484.

[Markus-130] Markus Aurelius. . — AuthorHouse, 2007. — ?. 182—183. :

???????????? ????? (????.)

In 451 AD, the Armenian prince Vartan led a heroic, but unsuccessful revolt against the Persian Empire. Painfully outnumbered, they fought the Persians to nearly the last man at the Battle of Avarayr. Prince Vartan was killed as well, but not until they had killed uncountable numbers of Persian soldiers. Indeed, it was a pyrrhic victory for the Persians as they could not afford to deplete their forces in such stupendous quantities. As a consequence, the Persians were compelled later to give Armenia greater independence.

[???-131] ? ????????? ????????? ???????????????? ?????????? // ??????? ????????? ???????????? : [? 30 ?.] / ??. ???. ?. ?. ???????? . — 3-? ???. — ?. : ????????? ????????????, 1969—1978.

[Peter_Charanis-132] ? Peter Charanis . The Armenians in the Byzantine Empire // Byzantinoslavica . — 1961. — ?. 22 .

???????????? ????? (????.)

The Armenians, however, did not always come willingly. They were sometimes forcibly removed from their homes and settled in other regions of the empire. Justinian had already resorted to this practice, but the numbers involved were small, perhaps a few families (11). Transplantations on a large scale took place during the reigns of Tiberius and Maurice. In 578, 10,000 Armenians were removed from their homes and settled in the island of Cyprus. "Thus", says Evagrius, "land, which had been previously untilled, was everywhere restored to cultivation. Numerous armies also were raised from among them that fought resolutely and courageously against the other nations. At the same time every household was completely furnished with domestics, on account of the easy rate at which slaves were procured" (12).
A transplantation on a vaster plan was conceived by Maurice and it was partially carried out. Maurice, who may have been of Armenian descent, though this is extremely doubtful (13), found the Armenians extremely troublesome in their own homeland. The plan which he conceived called for the cooperation of the Persian king in the removal from their homes of all Armenian chieftains and their followers. According to Sebeos, Maurice addressed the Persian king as follows: The Armenians are "a knavish and indocile nation. They are found between us and are a source of trouble. I am going to gather 'mine and send them to Thrace; [15] send yours to the East. If they die there, it will be so many enemies that will die; if, on the contrary, they kill, it will be so many enemies that they will kill. As for us, we shall live in peace. But if they remain in their country, there will never be any quiet for us". Sebeos further reports that the two rulers agreed to carry out this plan, but apparently the Persians failed to cooperate, for when the Byzantine emperor gave the necessary orders and pressed hard for their execution, many Armenians fled to Persia (14). The Byzantines, however, did carry out the deportation, though only in part. In ordering this removal, Maurice's real motive was, no doubt, the fact that he needed the Armenians as soldiers in Thrace.

[133] ?? 4 ????? 2016 ?? Wayback Machine :

???????????? ????? (????.)

: « ??? — ????? ?????????? ? ??????????; ????? ????? ???? ? ?????. ???, ? ?????? ?????, ? ???????? ?? ??????; ?? ?????? ???? ?????, ? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ????? — ?? ????? ??????????, ? ???? ??? ????-?????? ?????, ?? ?????, ???????????; ? ?? ????? ???? ? ????. ???? ??? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? »

[134] — ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????????

[Encyclopaedia_of_Islam-135] Encyclopaedia of Islam. — Leiden: BRILL, 1986. — ?. 1. — ?. 636. :

???????????? ????? (????.)

With the aid of these Arab forces Theodoros drove the Greeks from the country once more and was thereafter recognised by Muawiya as prince of Armenia, Georgia and Albania.

[??1-136] / ???.???????? ???????? ??????? ?.?.. — ?. : ?????, 1967. — ?. 1. 8 ???? 2014 ????.

???????????? ????? (???.)

? ?????????? ??????????, ? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ?????: ??? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????????, ??????????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????.

[_2561ed3b50e4c87e-137] , ?. 44.

[John_H._Rosser-138] ? John H. Rosser. Historical Dictionary of Byzantium. — 2-? ???. — Scarecrow Press, 2011. — ?. 52. :

???????????? ????? (????.)

Beginning in the sixth century, Armenians emigrated to Byzantium in great numbers, becoming the most assimilated of any ethnic group, while, at the same time, maintaining their distinct literature, religion, and art. Thousands of Armenian soldiers served in imperial forces, and a number of important military leaders and civil administrators were Armenian, including emperors Leo V , Basil I , Romanos I Lekapenos , and John I Tzimiskes .

[Encyclopaedia_of_Islam,p.638-139] ? Encyclopaedia of Islam. — Leiden: BRILL, 1986. — ?. 1. — ?. 638.

???????????? ????? (????.)

Thus, following their kings, an important part of the Armenian people settled down in the territories of the Byzantine empire. Armenians, however, had long been found outside Armenia. It is well known that they furnished Byzantium with soldiers and a number of generals and even emperors. It was Armenians who, under the famous Melias (Arm. Mleh), colonised the regions of Lykandos, Tzamandos, Larissa and Symposion, when, at the beginning of the loth century, Byzantium decided to reoccupy these territories of Cappadocia which had been devastated by the Arab raids, and who assured the defence of these lands and at the same time won renown in the Arab-Byzantine wars. There were Armenians, too, in the Muslim territories, serving the Caliphs, but converted to Islam, like the celebrated amir Ali al-Armani who died in 863, not long after he had been named governor of Armenia and Adharbaydjan. Armenians were also to be found in Egypt in the army of the Tulunids. It is above all in Byzantine territory, however, that the immigration was important and contributed, in the second part of the 10th century to the repopulation of the lands in Cilicia and northern Syria reconquered by Byzantium and evacuated by the Muslim inhabitants. The geographer Mukaddasl (EGA Hi, 189) states that in his time the Amanus was peopled with Armenians. Asoghik tells us that under the pontificate of Khacik I (972-92) there were Armenian bishops at Antioch and Tarsus. During the course of the 11th century the role of the Armenians in these regions (Cappadocia, Commagene, northern Syria and even Mesopotamia, e.g., at Edessa) was considerable; numerous Armenian officers acted as governors of towns for Byzantium and, profiting from the troubles caused by the first Saldjukid invasions, founded Armenian principalities (see ARM AN). During the same period Armenians were to be found with the Fatimids of Egypt. Following the Armenian Badr al-Djamali [q.v.] who, after being a slave, had become commander of the Egyptian troops in Syria and then rose to the rank of wazir at Cairo (1073/94), there entered into Egypt, first, the Armenians with whom he had already surrounded himself, and later all those whom he summoned there and who took service in the army and even in the administration. These Armenians furnished to the Fatimid Caliphate a number of wazirs, of whom one, Bahrain [q.v.] remained a Christian. The introduction into Egypt of an important Armenian population led to the creation of numerous Armenian monasteries and churches and also of an Armenian catholicosate. The Armenians were regarded with favour by some of the Fatimid Caliphs.

[140] / ????. ???. ???. ?.?. ????????. — ???. , 2011. — ?. 1. — ?. 124—125. 12 ??? 2014 ????.

[???????_????????-141] ? ??????? ???????? / ???. ???????? ?. ?. ???????. — ?. : ?????, 1967. — ?. 2. :

???????????? ????? (???.)

? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ? VII ???????? ??? ??????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???. ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ????????? ???????, ? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????: ?????????? ??? ? 869 ?. ??????? ???????? ?????????????, ? ? 886 ?. ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????, ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????. ?? ? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????: ?????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ??????? I ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ? ??????.

[???????-142] ? ??????? ?. ?. VI. 10. ????????? ??????? // . — ?. : ?????????, 1986. 24 ??????? 2010 ????.

[143] — ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? :

???????????? ????? (????.)

The election of Smbat’s son Ashot I the Great, who had been accepted as “prince of princes” by the Arabs in 862, to be king of Armenia in 885 was recognized by both the caliph and the Byzantine emperor, and it was he who by his successful defense of his country against local Arab chieftains laid the foundations of a new golden age of Armenian history.

[144] — ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? :

???????????? ????? (????.)

The election by the nobles of Smbat’s son Ashot I (the Great), who had been accepted as «prince of princes» by the Arabs in 862, to be king of Armenia in 885 was recognized by both caliph and emperor. Throughout the 10th century, art and literature flourished. Ashot III (the Merciful; 952—977) transferred his capital to Ani and began to make it into one of the architectural gems of the Middle Ages.

[145] ?? 27 ???????? 2013 ?? Wayback Machine , III, XXII

[146] ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????????: ???????? 11. ???? / ???????. ? ?????????? ? ??-?????? ?. ??????. — ?. : ??????. ???????. ????. ??????. ??????, 1864. — ?. 106.

[Toumanoff-147] Cyril Toumanoff . Armenia and Georgia // The Cambridge Medieval History. — Cambridge, 1966. — ?. IV: The Byzantine Empire, part I chapter XIV . — ?. 593—637 .

[148] ?. ?. ??????? . . — ???. , 1902. — ?. II. 27 ???????? 2013 ????. :

???????????? ????? (???.)

????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????, ?? ? ??????, ??????? ? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????.

[149] ??????????. ?. ?. ?? ??????? ??????-???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? X—XI ?. (? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????) // ???????? ????????? ? ??????? ????. — 1978. — ???. 15 . — ?. 43—51 .

[_174d4a95f031c1e5-150] ? , ?. 47.

[???????_???????-151] ? ?????????? ? XI—XV ??. // / ??? ???. ?. ?. ????????. — ?. : «????????? ??????????» ???, 1997. 14 ????? 2013 ????. :

???????????? ????? (???.)

? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??????????. ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ? ????? ????????? ??????, ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ? ??????? ????????. ??? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???????, ????????????????? ?? ????? XIV ?. ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????. ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ? ? ???????? ??????????.

[James_Stuart_Olson-152] ? James Stuart Olson. An Ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires. — Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994. — ?. 44. :

???????????? ????? (????.)

The acceptance of Islam by the Mongols around 1300, the resurgence of the Turks under the Ottomans, and the European abandonment of the Levant sounded the death knell of the last Armenian kingdom, which fell to the Mamluks (or Mamelukes) in 1375. Only pockets such as Karabagh (Karabakh) and Zangezour in eastern Armenia and Sasun and Zeitun in western Armenia remained autonomous.
For the next four centuries, Armenians, who had begun their dispersion after the fall of Ani and Seljuk Turkish invasions in the eleventh century, continued to emigrate. In the meantime, Persia (Iran) experienced a revival under the Shi’i Safavids, who became the adversaries of the Sunni Ottomans. From 1501 until 1639, the two fought each other periodically in Armenia. Armenians were uprooted during these wars, and, in 1604, some 250,000 Armenians were forcibly transferred by Shah 'Abbas to Iran. By the seventeenth century, the Armenians had become a minority in parts of their historic lands.

[153] ???? ?????????: 15 ????? 2013. 17 ???????? 2016 ????.

[Cambridge-154] University of Cambridge. . — Cambridge University Press, 1991. — ?. 5. — ?. 64. :

???????????? ????? (????.)

Alp-Arslan’s victory at Malazgirt also meant that, apart from the districts of Tashir and eastern Siunik', Armenia passes definitely into Muslim hands; and within the nest decade or so, the Byzantines, resolutely anti-Armenian to the end, exterminated several survivors of the native Bagratid and Ardzrunid dynasties.

[155] ?????????? ? XI—XV ??. // / ??? ???. ?. ?. ????????. — ?. : "????????? ??????????" ???, 1997. 14 ????? 2013 ????. :

???????????? ????? (???.)

?? ??? ??? ? ????? XIV ?. ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????, ? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ? ?????, ? ????????? ? ??????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ?????.

[??,3,III,XXXIII-156] ????????? ???????. — ?. , 1957. — ?. 3, ?. III, ??. XXXIII. :

???????????? ????? (???.)

???????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????, ??? ???? ?????? ? ????????????? ????????? ? ???????? ???????. ? ???????????? ?????? (1184—1213) ???? ??????????? ?????? ???, ????, ???? ? ???? ????? ???????, ????? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????????, ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???, ???????, ??????????? ??????????, ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ? ??????????? ???? ? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????????????? ??????????? ???????.

[157] ?. ?. ?????? . ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? // . — ??.—?., 1961. — ?. 102—106. 30 ???? 2013 ????.

[????????????_???????-159] ? ??????? // ???????????? ??????? . — ???????? ????????, 2000.

???????????? ????? (???.)

? 7 ?. ?.?. ??????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ? ????????????? ????. ? ????????? (?????????????) ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????, ??????? ????????????? ??? ??? ????????, ??? ? ????????? ??????, ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???????????. ????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? (1375) ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????.

[??,XXXVII,3-160] ? ????????? ???????. — ?. , 1957. — ?. 3, ?. IV, ??. XXXVII. :

???????????? ????? (???.)

??????? ?????? ?? ???????? XV ?. ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????. ??????? ???? ????????, ?????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????. ?????? ???????????? ? ?????????????? ????????. ????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????. ????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ? ????, ????? ????????????. ????????? ???????-??????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????, ? ???????, ? ????? ? ?. ?.

[161] — ?????? ?? Encyclopædia Iranica . S. Peter Cowe:

???????????? ????? (????.)

Two other councils convoked at Ejmiatsin were directed against Persian rule over the eastern provinces of the Armenian homeland. Since the catholicos was recognized as ethnarch in both civil and religious affairs he has the obligation to take the initiative in such measures. Consequently, Catholicos Step?annos Salmastec?i summoned both clerics and lay representatives to the first in 1547 which planned overtures to Venice and the the Pope to institute the new crusade. Subsequently, the catholicos approached Emperor Charles V and Sigismund II of Poland. However, his death in 1552 brought the episode to a close. The second, which was destined to end in similar fashion, was organized by Catholicos Yakob Ju?ayec?i in 1677.

[162] Ronald G. Suny, Michael D. Kennedy. Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation. — University of Michigan Press, 2001. — ?. 89. :

???????????? ????? (????.)

In this memory, rumors about the Armenian catholicos’s participation in efforts "to liberate" Armenia allege that the first political move was made in 1547, when Catholicos Stepanos Salmasdetsi sought relief from Persian rule at a moment of crisis in that empire. Emboldened by a civil war that strained Shah Tahmasp’s power even as it brought misery to Armenians, Salmasdetsi is said to have consulted with clerical and lay notables — all "the coherence of will" needed in that still-feudal society- before setting out with his retinue on a difficult journey to the European West and the Armenian diaspora there. He met with Pope Julius III in Rome, visited the court of the Habsburg emperor, dealt at length with representatives of the Venetian republic, and finally went to meet King Sigismund II of Poland in Lviv (now a Ukrainian sity), where there was an influential community of Armenian merchants. This diplomatic journey brought no visible results, but in 1562 the next catholicos, Mikayel Sebastatsi, convened a secret gathering of clerical and lay notables in Sebastia, now Sivas, his hometown in the Ottoman Empire. After eliciting an invitation to travel to Venice, he declined to go and instead sent a spokesman, Apkar Tokatetsi, who died in Venice before he could report any results. Subsequently, in 1575, the catholicos Tadeos visited the prosperous diaspora in Lviv, probably to raise funds, but also to interest the Poles in military intervention. No action followed. Nearly a centure later, in 1677, Catholicos Hakob Jughayetsi arranged still another secret conclave of clergymen and landed gentry and led another delegation to Europe.

[163] — ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? :

???????????? ????? (????.)

On the death of the great Turkic conqueror Timur in 1405, the eastern Armenian regions had passed into the hands of rival Turkmen tribal confederacies, the Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep) and the Ak Koyunlu (White Sheep), until the defeat of the Ak Koyunlu by the Persian shah Ism???l I in 1502. Armenia again became the battlefield between two powerful neighbours, and in 1514–16 the Ottomans wrested it from Persian rule.

[164] ?????? ????????? «????? ???????», ??. 17

[165] ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????????: ???????? 11. ???? / ???????. ? ?????????? ? ??-?????? ?. ??????. — ?. : ??????. ???????. ????. ??????. ??????, 1864. — ?. 142.

[autogenerated4-166] ? . ???? ?????????: 29 ???? 2017. 28 ???? 2017 ????.

[167] (??????????? ??????)

[168] Peter Charanis. ?? 2 ??????? 2017 ?? Wayback Machine Variorum Reprints, 1972 p223(360): «Thus, every emperor who sat on the Byzantine throne the accession of Basil I to the death of Basil II (867—1025) was of Armenian or partially Armenian origin. But besides the emperors there were many others among the military and political leaders of Byzantine during this period who were Armenians or of Armenian descent »

[169] . ???? ?????????: 29 ???? 2017. 3 ???? 2017 ????.

[170] 25 ???????? 2011 ????.

[171] . ???? ?????????: 29 ???? 2017. 15 ?????? 2016 ????.

[172] ???????????? ??????? . ?? 14 ???????? 2017 ?? Wayback Machine

[??????????1-173] Chahin M. . — London: Routledge, 2001. — P. 232. — 350 p. — ISBN 978-0700714520 .

[Dana_Carleton_Munro-174] Dana Carleton Munro. ?? 30 ??? 2016 ?? Wayback Machine , p. 104

[175] . ???? ?????????: 6 ??????? 2007. 28 ??????? 2011 ????.

[176] . ???? ?????????: 29 ???? 2017. ???????????? ?? 15 ?????? 2009 ????.

[autogenerated2-178] ? ???????? ?. ?. ??? ???? ??????????

[Ronald_Grigor_Suny,_Michael_D._Kennedy-179] ? Ronald Grigor Suny, Michael D. Kennedy. Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation. — University of Michigan Press, 2001. — ?. 93.

???????????? ????? (????.)

The same community published in 1794-95 the first Armenian newspaper in the world (Aztarar, edited by the priest Harootyun Shemavonian), after it had already published in 1773 the first Armenian political program, written by Emin's friend Movses Baghramian, Nor tetrak vor kochi hortorak ("A New Pamphlet Called Exhortation"). This advocated an Armenian force to liberate Armenia, and a constitutional monarchy with senatorial goverment. In 1788 Shahamir Shahamirian published, also in Madras, Girk Anvanyal Vorokayt Parats ("Book Named the Snare of Glory"), which advocated a mercantilist Armenian republic governed by merchants and productive artisans rather than the old nobility and the clergy. Five years earlier, in 1783, Shahamirian had published Nshavak (The Roadsign" or "Guideline"), which advocated a temporary Armenian settlement in South Russia to serve as a base for a return to Armenia. Two thousand copies of the Vorokayt were published in Russia and distributed to Armenians there. Hundreds were sent to Armenia, but Catholicos Erevantsi had all the copies burned; his medieval belief inhis exclusive position as intercessor between Armenians, God, and their political fate could hardly coexist with Shamairian's vision.

[180] — ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? :

???????????? ????? (????.)

In mountainous Karabakh a group of five Armenian maliks (princes) succeeded in conserving their autonomy and maintained a short period of independence (1722-30) during the struggle between Persia and Turkey at the beginning of the 18th century; despite the heroic resistance of the Armenian leader David Beg, the Turks occupied the region but were driven out by the Persians under the general N?dr Qol? Beg (from 1736-47, N?dir Shah) in 1735.

[181] Encyclopaedia of Islam. — Leiden: BRILL, 1986. — ?. 1. — ?. 639—640. :

???????????? ????? (????.)

Numismatic Society). were still to be fought on Armenian soil, and part of the Armenians of Adharbaydjan were later deported as a military security measure to Isfahan and elsewhere. Semi-autonomous seigniories survived, with varying fortunes, in the mountains of Karabagh, to the north of Adharbaydjan, but came to an end in the 18th century.

[182] Cyril Toumanoff . Armenia and Georgia // The Cambridge Medieval History. — Cambridge, 1966. — ?. IV: The Byzantine Empire, part I chapter XIV . — ?. 593—637 . :

???????????? ????? (????.)

The title of King of Armenia was inherited by the Lusgnans of Cyprus and, from them, by the House of Savoy. Only in Old Armenia could some vestiges of the once imposing structure of the Armenian polity be found in the houses of dynasts (meliks) in Qarabagh

[183] . — ??. , 1990. — ?. IV. — ?. 505. 18 ????? 2016 ????. (????, ?. ???, ??.100/3, 1797—1799 ??. ?.464, ??.191-192. ?????)

[184] ????. ???? // ????????? ???????????? ???????????? : ? 16 ?. / ??? ???. ?. ?. ?????? . — ?. : ????????? ???????????? , 1969. — ?. 12 : ????????? — ???????. — 972 ???.

[185] ???????? ?????? ???????? // ??????? ????????? ???????????? : [? 30 ?.] / ??. ???. ?. ?. ???????? . — 3-? ???. — ?. : ????????? ????????????, 1969—1978.

[??????-186] ??? ?? ????, «?????? ???» ?? 8 ????? 2016 ?? Wayback Machine

[autogenerated1-187] ??????? // ???????????? ??????? . — ???????? ????????, 2000.

[188] Family Tree DNA — Armenian DNA Project

[Armenian-189] — ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????????

[190] ????? ???? // ??????? ????????? ???????????? : [? 30 ?.] / ??. ???. ?. ?. ???????? . — 3-? ???. — ?. : ????????? ????????????, 1969—1978.

[???,?????????_????-191] ????????? ???? // ??????? ????????? ???????????? : [? 30 ?.] / ??. ???. ?. ?. ???????? . — 3-? ???. — ?. : ????????? ????????????, 1969—1978.

[192] ?. ?. ??????. // ????????-?????????????? ??????. — ??. , 1991. — ? 1 . — ?. 97 . 13 ??????? 2017 ????.

[193] . — ???-?? «???????» ??? ??, 2012. — ?. 7. — ?. 5. 12 ???????? 2017 ????.

[194] ?. ?????. ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????? (???.) // ??????. — ??. , 2006. — ??? 1 . — ?? 77 .

[195] Kerns J.A., Schwartz B. On the Placing of Armenia//Language, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Jul. — Sep., 1942), p.226

[??._2,_??._XXV-196] // ????????? ???????. — ?. 2, ??. XXV . 14 ??? 2012 ????.

[197] Dickran Kouymjian. // Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies Newsletter no. 4. — 2012. — ?. 19 . 5 ????? 2016 ????.

[????????-198] ????????? ????????? ????????????. — ?. 6. — ?. 695.

[199] ???? ?????????: 2 ????? 2013. 4 ????? 2016 ????.

[???-200] ? ????????? ???????????? ??????? // ??????? ????????? ???????????? : [? 30 ?.] / ??. ???. ?. ?. ???????? . — 3-? ???. — ?. : ????????? ????????????, 1969—1978.

[Armenian_Apostolic_Church-201] ? — ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? :

???????????? ????? (????.)

According to tradition, Armenia was evangelized by the apostles Bartholomew and Thaddeus. Armenia became the first country to adopt Christianity about 300 ce, when St. Gregory the Illuminator converted the Arsacid king Tiridates III.

[pravenc.ru-202] ? // ???????????? ???????????? . — ?. , 2001. — ?. 3 . — ?. 329—355 . 7 ???? 2012 ????.

[203] ????????? ??????????, ?????? ????????, «???????: „?????????????“ ???????????? ???????» ? ????? «???????????? ??????? ? ????????? ? ????????????? ????????????.» /??? ????????? ?. ???????????, ?. ?????????. ??????????? ?. ?????????. ???. 2-?, ????. ? ??????. — ?.: ???? ???????? ????????, ????-??, 2003. — 432 ?., ???. 146—147

[204] ??????? ?. ?. // Russian Review. — ?????????? ???????? , ?????? 2005. 8 ???? 2010 ????.

[205] Hamed-Troyansky, Vladimir (2021). . Comparative Studies in Society and History . 63 (1): 242—272. doi : .

[206] . ?????? ??????. ???? ?????????: 19 ??????? 2013. 4 ??????? 2008 ????.

[207] — ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? :

???????????? ????? (????.)

Modern Armenia comprises only a small portion of ancient Armenia, one of the world’s oldest centres of civilization. At its height, Armenia extended from the south-central Black Sea coast to the Caspian Sea and from the Mediterranean Sea to Lake Urmia in present-day Iran. Ancient Armenia was subjected to constant foreign incursions, finally losing its autonomy in the 14th century ce. The centuries-long rule of Ottoman and Persian conquerors imperiled the very existence of the Armenian people.

[????????1-208] ? ???????? ?. ?. . — ??. : ???????????? ?? ????????? ???, 1968. :

???????????? ????? (???.)

?????????? ???????????????? ??????. ????, ? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ? ???????????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????? — ????????, ???????? ? ?????????? (?????? ?, ????????, ?????????). ??? ???? ???????, ??? ????? ??????????????, ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????????????, ? ???????????, ? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ??????????, ??-????????, ??? ????? ????????120). ???? ??????? ??????? ? XII ?. ??. ?. ?. ? ?????????? ? VI ?. ?? ?. ?., ??????, ????????, ? ????? ????? ??????? ? ??????????????? ????? ????? ? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? — ?????121).

[209] ???????? ?. ?. . — ??. : ???????????? ?? ????????? ???, 1968. — ?. 210—211. — 264 ?. :

???????????? ????? (???.)

??? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????, ?? ??????, ??????????, ????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????, ? ?????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ? ????????; ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????, ????, ??????? ??? ?????. ? ???????? ?????? ??, ? ????????, ????? ????? ????, ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ???????, ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ? ????????? ????????

[????????242-210] ???????? ?. ?. / ?????? ?. ? . — ??????: ???????????? ?? ????????? ???, 1968. — ?. 211. — 266 ?. . ???. 242.:

???????????? ????? (???.)

???????, ?????? ?????????? ?????????-????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????, ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ? VI—V ??. ?? ?. ?. ?????????????????? ?????????; ??? ???????? ? ???, ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????? [242] ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????, ? ????? ????????137).

[???????-211] . Urartu // Edwards I.E.S., Gadd C.J., Hammond N.G.L., Boardman J. Cambridge Ancient history. — London: Cambridge University Press, 1982. — Vol. 3, part 1. — P. 314—371. — ISBN 0-521-22496-9 .

[_9cfe8a91a6979a5e-212] .

[??,???2-213] / ???. ?. ?????????, ?. ?????????, ?. ???????. — ?. , 1956. — ?. 2. 14 ??? 2012 ????.

???????????? ????? (???.)

???, ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????????????, ????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? (V—VII ??. ?. ?.).

[214] The Oxford History of Historical Writing: 400-1400 (????.) / ??? ???. Sarah Foot, Chase F. Robinson. — Oxford University Press, 2012. — Vol. 2. — P. 189. :

???????????? ????? (????.)

The section on Juansers exploits concludes with the earliest piece of secular Armenian poetry since the adoption of Christianity to have reached us, in the form of an abecedarian elegy extolling the prince and bewailing his passing.

[215] Wellesz E. , Byzantine Music (in Proceedings of the Musical Association, 1932, vol. I)

[216] Willi Apel. . — 2-? ???. — Harvard University Press, 1969. — ?. . :

???????????? ????? (????.)

Since Armenia was the first country officially to adopt the Christian faith (A.D. 303), the history of Armenian sacred literature and music has attracted much attention.

[217] . — ?. : ????????? ????????????, 1990. 11 ??????? 2013 ????.

[UNESCO-218] . ???? ?????????: 8 ?????? 2013. 16 ????? 2014 ????.

[219] ????????? ????????? ????????????. — ?. ?????????? «????????? ???????». — ?. 578.

[220] ?????????. ?? 4 ??? 2020 ?? Wayback Machine , IV, 4, 2

[221] ???????. ????? ? ??????, 32

[?????????-222] ? ?????????, ?????? ?????????? «???????????? ????? ????? ???????», ?????? « ?? 11 ??????? 2014 ?? Wayback Machine »

[223] Alan Davidson. The Oxford Companion to Food . Oxford University Press, 2014. ISBN 0-19-967733-6 , 9780199677337. P. 37

[??????-224] ?. ?. ????????, ?. ?. ????????? «????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ?????», ???. 97, 1981 ?.

[union-225] . ???? ?????????: 25 ?????? 2012. ???????????? ?? 20 ?????? 2012 ????.

[NKR_census-226] 3 ??????? 2008 ????.

[Encyclopedia_of_genocide,_61-227] Charny I. W. Encyclopedia of genocide. — Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO , 1999. — Vol. 1. — P. 61. — 718 p. — ISBN 9780874369281 .

[228] // ????????????????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? : ? 86 ?. (82 ?. ? 4 ???.). — ???. , 1890—1907.

[229] David M. Lang, Armenia: Cradle of Civilization.

[230] Charl Wolhuter, Corene de Wet. International Comparative Perspectives on Religion and Education, AFRICAN SUN MeDIA, 2014, p. 36

???????????? ????? (????.)

The most cultural influential of the Armenian colonies were those in Italy. In 1423, the first Armenian Church was built in Rome; in 1512, the Armenian semi-scientific calendar was printed in Venice.

[Robin_Cohen-231] Robin Cohen. . — Routledge, 2008. — P. .

???????????? ????? (????.)

What of the Armenian diaspora in France? Boyajian and Grigorian suggest that one difference between the Jewish and Armenian diasporas is that 'with rare exceptions the entire Armenian Community of the world is composed of survivors or their progeny. All were touched by the massacres'. This observation is less true of the Armenians in France, who have a long history of settlement . (For example, the last king of Armenia is buried in St Denis.)

[232] The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity (????.) / Edited by Scott Fitzgerald Johnson. — Oxford University Press , 2012. — P. 115—116.

???????????? ????? (????.)

In 591 C.E., an unexpected visitor came before Gregory of Tours. The stranger introduced himself as bishop Simon and recounted somehing of his unfortunate life history. Simon claimed that he been captured in Armenia by the king of the Persians and taken off into Persia, togeether with his flock.

[???,12,724-725-233] [[[s:hy:??:???????? ????????? ???????????? (Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia) 12.djvu/724]] ???????] // ????????? ????????? ???????????? . — ??. , 1986. — ?. 12 . — ?. 724—725 . 28 ???? 2018 ????. (???.)

[234] ??????? ?. // ????????? ???????????? ???? ?? ??????. — ??. , 1954. — ? 4 . — ?. 47 . 10 ?????? 2014 ????.

[235] ???. ?. ???????????. // ?. ?????. — ?????-?????????, 1847—1855. — ?. 431 .

[??????????-236] ? ?. ?. ?????????? . . — ?????—?., 1997. 5 ?????? 2013 ????. :

???????????? ????? (???.)

??????? ????????, ??? ?????? ? ????? ?????????????? ?? ?????????? XI, XII ? XIII ????? ? ????? ? ??????.
? ???????????? ? ????????? ??????? ??????, ? ????? ? ???????????? ????????? ????????, ?????? ?????, ?????? ? ????? — ????? ? ???????????? — ???? ? XV ? XVI ????? ? ??????? ??????? ??????? (??????? ? ?? ????? ?????????? ? ??????) ? ???????? ????????? ??????????.

[????-237] ? // ????????????????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? : ? 86 ?. (82 ?. ? 4 ???.). — ???. , 1890—1907.

[238] ?. ?. ???????. . ????????-?????????????? ??????? 2 . pp. 225-228. ISSN 0135-0536 (1982). ???? ?????????: 30 ??????? 2012. 5 ?????? 2013 ????. ?? 24 ???????? 2015 ?? Wayback Machine

[239] "????????????? ?????? ? XIV—XV ?????"????????? ?. ?.; ???????????? ??????????? ????????????, 1957; ??? 215—216

[240] . — ?. , 1957. — ?. 3. 9 ??????? 2014 ????.

[241] ???????? ?.?. . — ?. : ?????, 1974. 8 ???? 2014 ????.

???????????? ????? (???.)

???????? ? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????. ??????? I ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ? ??????. ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????, ? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. ??????? II, ????????, ??????? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ??????????? (???????), ? ?????? - ? ???????.

[242] ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????????: ???????? 11. ???? / ???????. ? ?????????? ? ??-?????? ?. ??????. — ?. : ??????. ???????. ????. ??????. ??????, 1864. — ?. 146.

[Olson-243] ? James Stuart Olson. An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. — Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994. — ?. 40. :

???????????? ????? (????.)

In present-day terms, historic Armenia comprised a large parts of eastern Turkey, the northeastern corner of Iran, parts of the Azerbaijan and Georgian republics, as well as the entire territory of the Armenian Republic. It was defined by a number of natural boundaries: the Kura River, separating the Armenian highlands from Caspian and Georgian lowlands in the east and northeast; the Taurus-Zagros chains, connecting to the Iranian Plateau and separating Armenia from Kurdistan and Iran in the south and southwest, and Euphrates River, marking and western boundary of historic Armenia

[244] / ??????? ?.?. ???????.. — ?. , 1957. 9 ?????? 2014 ????.

[245] Mkrtchian S. Contemporary Armenian Community in Tbilisi//Iran & the Caucasus, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2009), p. 299, 300.

[Armenian_identity-246] University of Cambridge. / Edited by Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins, Michael Whitby. — Cambridge University Press, 2000. — ?. XIV. — ?. 675.

???????????? ????? (????.)

Just as Maurice settled colonies of Armenians in the west, so did Smbat find Armenian, Greeks and Syrians deported to Hyrcania when he was serving as governor there for Khusro II. Sebeos notes that the Armenian had even forgotten their own language, and that Smbat remedied this by arranging for the ministry of a priest. The role of language and religion as a means of preserving Armenian identity in colonies outside the homelands was already clear.

[247] . ???? ?????????: 29 ???? 2013. 18 ?????? 2019 ????.

[Armerica-248] ? ?. ????????? «The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times», ??? II, ?????? «The Armenians in America» ?? Robert Mirak, ???. 389—390. Macmillan 1997

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